钱塘江冲海积粉土工程特性试验研究
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摘要
杭州的发展已由“西湖时代”跨向“钱塘江时代”,钱塘江冲海积粉土已成为城市发展建设中普遍遇到的土类。粉土是介于砂性土和黏性土之间的一种过渡类型土,工程性质既与砂性土不同又与黏性土有较大区别。本文通过工程地质调查研究、室内试验研究和自行研制开发粉土抗渗强度测定设备等方法,对钱塘江冲海积粉土工程特性开展研究,主要工作有以下几个方面。
一、钱塘江冲海积粉土地质特征研究。根据杭州钱塘江两岸几十项工程近千个钻孔的试验成果,从地质成因着手分别归纳出下沙区、钱江新城、滨江区三个研究区冲海积粉土层典型地质剖面。通过统计分析,研究其颗粒组成特征及基本物理力学性质。冲海积粉土层以砂质粉土为主,呈“高粉性、低黏性”的地区特点,在地下水动水压力作用下极易产生渗透破坏。
二、钱塘江冲海积粉土土水体系特性试验研究。通过对钱塘江冲海积粉土的x衍射试验和扫描电镜试验,研究钱塘江冲海积粉土矿物成份和微观结构特征。通过对不同粉粒、砂粒、黏粒比例土样的液塑限联合测定试验,研究圆锥在三个不同下沉深度范围(3-4mm,7-9 mm,15-17 mm)的下滑情况,圆锥下沉量与含水率关系。常规的液限和塑限不能代表粉土的塑性特征。结合近百个粉土和粉质黏土密度计法测定的试验结果,提出粉土分类定名的几点建议。
三、钱塘江冲海积粉土剪胀特性试验研究。通过三轴固结不排水CU和固结排水CD试验,研究钱塘江冲海积饱和粉土的应力应变性状和剪胀特性。在对钱塘江饱和粉土三轴试验研究的基础上,采用常规三轴仪,通过对不同饱和度系列粉土的固结排水CD试验,研究钱塘江冲海积非饱和粉土的应力应变性状和剪胀特性。钱塘江冲海积粉土的剪切破坏要经历一个大的变形过程,固结排水剪切过程的应力应变性状可分为四个阶段。取应变继续而没有进一步体积变化的临界状态做破坏标准,确定粉土排水剪切强度指标较合理。
四、钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透特性试验研究。采用改进的常水头试验方法,研究了钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透规律。对钱塘江两岸下沙区,钱江新城,滨江区三个研究区30余项工程变水头试验结果进行统计分析,结合典型工程现场抽水试验结果,研究具微层理构造的钱塘江冲海积粉土层的渗透特性,提出钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透性指标。
五、自行研制开发粉土抗渗强度测定设备。针对目前还没有合适的室内试验仪器测试粉土抗渗强度的现状,从试样极限平衡状态出发,对土体进行受力分析,研制粉土抗渗强度测定设备,研究解决粉土饱和难问题的试验方法。设计变水头装置和透明接水容器,保证粉土抗渗强度测定的可靠性和准确性。多个渗透容器并联成多套装置,可实现多个样本同时测定。
六、钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透稳定特性试验研究。采用自行研制的粉土抗渗强度测定设备,对五种典型钱塘江冲海积粉土样本进行了渗透稳定特性试验,对微层理原状样进行了渗透稳定各向异性试验,对设置尼龙滤网土工布抗渗层进行了渗透稳定特性试验。研究钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透破坏机理,并提出相应的工程防治措施。为粉土地基渗透破坏的防控提供依据,为工程建设引起的地质灾害防治打下良好的基础。
With Hangzhou entering a new development stage known as Qiangtang Era, Qiangtang alluvial silts have been frequently encountered in the metropolitan construction of Hangzhou. Silt is a kind of complex and transitional soil between sand and clay and its engineering property is different from both of them. For this reason, the thesis studied engineering properties of Qiantangjiang alluvial silts through investigations, laboratory testing and with the self-developed apparatus for testing seepage stability. The main work is as follows:
Firstly, the thesis investigated and analyzed the geological characteristics of Qiantang alluvial silts. Based on the test results of a large number of samples from dozens of projects along the Qiantang River in Hangzhou, typical geological sections of silts in Xiasha area, New Qianjiang area and Binjiang area were summarized respectively in terms of geological origins. Components of particles and basic properties of silts were analyzed with statistical methods. The research revealed that Qiangtang alluvial layers were composed of sandy silt and were characterized by "high silty and low clayey". Seepage failure easily occurred in these soil layers under hydrodynamic pressure.
Secondly, the thesis studied characteristics of the soil-water system of Qiantang alluvial silts. Through X-ray diffraction and Electron Scanning Microscope tests, the mineralogy and microstructure of silts were analysed. The falling conditions of cones within three ranges of sinking depths (3～4 mm,7～9 mm and 15～17 mm) were measured and analysed in the fall cone tests, which was designed to determine the liquid limit and plastic limit of the samples with different ratios of silt, sand and clay. The relationship between water content and penetration was also studied in the tests. The conventional liquid and plastic limits cannot represent the plasticity characteristics of silts. Based on the hydrometer analysis results of nearly one hundred samples, suggestions on the classification and nomination of silts are proposed.
Thirdly, the thesis studied the dilatancy of Qiantang alluvial silts. Drained and undrained triaxial tests were conducted to study the dilatancy of saturated silts. General triaxial drained tests of five groups of silts with different saturation degrees were carried out afterwards to study the dilatancy of the unsaturated silts. The failure of Qiantang alluvial silts usually goes through large deformations. The stress-strain curve of drained tests can be divided into four stages. It is reasonable that the point where the strain can continue without further change of volume is chosen as a failure criterion to define the drained strength of silt.
Fourthly, the thesis studied seepage characteristics of Qiantang alluvial silts. Using improved constant head test, the permeability law of silts was studied. Statistical analysis was made of the results of variable water head tests of over 30 projects in Xiasha area, New Qianjiang area and Binjiang area. The seepage characteristics of silts layer were studied and the indexes of permeability of Qiantang alluvial silts were proposed by taking into account both the results of the statistical analysis and the outcomes of the field pumping water tests.
Fifthly, the apparatus for testing seepage stability were developed. According to the limit equilibrium analysis of silt samples, the new apparatus were developed for effective measurement of the critical hydraulic gradient of silt undergoing seepage failure in laboratory tests. The changing water level device and the transparent vessel insure the accuracy and dependability of impermeability intensity measuring. Parallel multi-containers were used so that more samples could be tested simultaneously.
Lastly, the thesis studied the seepage stability of Qiantang alluvial silts. The apparatus were used to conduct experiments on five typical silt samples, undisturbed soil samples with horizontal bedding and anti-seepage layers with geotextile. Failure mechnisms of silt under seepage were analyzed and corresponding preventive measures were proposed. The research provides more knowledge on the prevention of silt seepage failure, and can be used as an important reference for general engineering.
一、钱塘江冲海积粉土地质特征研究。根据杭州钱塘江两岸几十项工程近千个钻孔的试验成果,从地质成因着手分别归纳出下沙区、钱江新城、滨江区三个研究区冲海积粉土层典型地质剖面。通过统计分析,研究其颗粒组成特征及基本物理力学性质。冲海积粉土层以砂质粉土为主,呈“高粉性、低黏性”的地区特点,在地下水动水压力作用下极易产生渗透破坏。
二、钱塘江冲海积粉土土水体系特性试验研究。通过对钱塘江冲海积粉土的x衍射试验和扫描电镜试验,研究钱塘江冲海积粉土矿物成份和微观结构特征。通过对不同粉粒、砂粒、黏粒比例土样的液塑限联合测定试验,研究圆锥在三个不同下沉深度范围(3-4mm,7-9 mm,15-17 mm)的下滑情况,圆锥下沉量与含水率关系。常规的液限和塑限不能代表粉土的塑性特征。结合近百个粉土和粉质黏土密度计法测定的试验结果,提出粉土分类定名的几点建议。
三、钱塘江冲海积粉土剪胀特性试验研究。通过三轴固结不排水CU和固结排水CD试验,研究钱塘江冲海积饱和粉土的应力应变性状和剪胀特性。在对钱塘江饱和粉土三轴试验研究的基础上,采用常规三轴仪,通过对不同饱和度系列粉土的固结排水CD试验,研究钱塘江冲海积非饱和粉土的应力应变性状和剪胀特性。钱塘江冲海积粉土的剪切破坏要经历一个大的变形过程,固结排水剪切过程的应力应变性状可分为四个阶段。取应变继续而没有进一步体积变化的临界状态做破坏标准,确定粉土排水剪切强度指标较合理。
四、钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透特性试验研究。采用改进的常水头试验方法,研究了钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透规律。对钱塘江两岸下沙区,钱江新城,滨江区三个研究区30余项工程变水头试验结果进行统计分析,结合典型工程现场抽水试验结果,研究具微层理构造的钱塘江冲海积粉土层的渗透特性,提出钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透性指标。
五、自行研制开发粉土抗渗强度测定设备。针对目前还没有合适的室内试验仪器测试粉土抗渗强度的现状,从试样极限平衡状态出发,对土体进行受力分析,研制粉土抗渗强度测定设备,研究解决粉土饱和难问题的试验方法。设计变水头装置和透明接水容器,保证粉土抗渗强度测定的可靠性和准确性。多个渗透容器并联成多套装置,可实现多个样本同时测定。
六、钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透稳定特性试验研究。采用自行研制的粉土抗渗强度测定设备,对五种典型钱塘江冲海积粉土样本进行了渗透稳定特性试验,对微层理原状样进行了渗透稳定各向异性试验,对设置尼龙滤网土工布抗渗层进行了渗透稳定特性试验。研究钱塘江冲海积粉土渗透破坏机理,并提出相应的工程防治措施。为粉土地基渗透破坏的防控提供依据,为工程建设引起的地质灾害防治打下良好的基础。
With Hangzhou entering a new development stage known as Qiangtang Era, Qiangtang alluvial silts have been frequently encountered in the metropolitan construction of Hangzhou. Silt is a kind of complex and transitional soil between sand and clay and its engineering property is different from both of them. For this reason, the thesis studied engineering properties of Qiantangjiang alluvial silts through investigations, laboratory testing and with the self-developed apparatus for testing seepage stability. The main work is as follows:
Firstly, the thesis investigated and analyzed the geological characteristics of Qiantang alluvial silts. Based on the test results of a large number of samples from dozens of projects along the Qiantang River in Hangzhou, typical geological sections of silts in Xiasha area, New Qianjiang area and Binjiang area were summarized respectively in terms of geological origins. Components of particles and basic properties of silts were analyzed with statistical methods. The research revealed that Qiangtang alluvial layers were composed of sandy silt and were characterized by "high silty and low clayey". Seepage failure easily occurred in these soil layers under hydrodynamic pressure.
Secondly, the thesis studied characteristics of the soil-water system of Qiantang alluvial silts. Through X-ray diffraction and Electron Scanning Microscope tests, the mineralogy and microstructure of silts were analysed. The falling conditions of cones within three ranges of sinking depths (3～4 mm,7～9 mm and 15～17 mm) were measured and analysed in the fall cone tests, which was designed to determine the liquid limit and plastic limit of the samples with different ratios of silt, sand and clay. The relationship between water content and penetration was also studied in the tests. The conventional liquid and plastic limits cannot represent the plasticity characteristics of silts. Based on the hydrometer analysis results of nearly one hundred samples, suggestions on the classification and nomination of silts are proposed.
Thirdly, the thesis studied the dilatancy of Qiantang alluvial silts. Drained and undrained triaxial tests were conducted to study the dilatancy of saturated silts. General triaxial drained tests of five groups of silts with different saturation degrees were carried out afterwards to study the dilatancy of the unsaturated silts. The failure of Qiantang alluvial silts usually goes through large deformations. The stress-strain curve of drained tests can be divided into four stages. It is reasonable that the point where the strain can continue without further change of volume is chosen as a failure criterion to define the drained strength of silt.
Fourthly, the thesis studied seepage characteristics of Qiantang alluvial silts. Using improved constant head test, the permeability law of silts was studied. Statistical analysis was made of the results of variable water head tests of over 30 projects in Xiasha area, New Qianjiang area and Binjiang area. The seepage characteristics of silts layer were studied and the indexes of permeability of Qiantang alluvial silts were proposed by taking into account both the results of the statistical analysis and the outcomes of the field pumping water tests.
Fifthly, the apparatus for testing seepage stability were developed. According to the limit equilibrium analysis of silt samples, the new apparatus were developed for effective measurement of the critical hydraulic gradient of silt undergoing seepage failure in laboratory tests. The changing water level device and the transparent vessel insure the accuracy and dependability of impermeability intensity measuring. Parallel multi-containers were used so that more samples could be tested simultaneously.
Lastly, the thesis studied the seepage stability of Qiantang alluvial silts. The apparatus were used to conduct experiments on five typical silt samples, undisturbed soil samples with horizontal bedding and anti-seepage layers with geotextile. Failure mechnisms of silt under seepage were analyzed and corresponding preventive measures were proposed. The research provides more knowledge on the prevention of silt seepage failure, and can be used as an important reference for general engineering.
引文
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