霍克斯英译《红楼梦》细节化的认知研究
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摘要
霍克斯《红楼梦》英译本的出版,促进了中国古典小说的翻译事业,并为《红楼梦》英译研究的发展开辟了一条新路。本文通过对霍克斯和杨宪益两个全译本前80回英译的比较,将全部的语料加以梳理和归类,用大量的语料证明霍克斯的英译具有着细节化的特点。考虑到霍克斯作为以英语为母语的西方译者的特殊性,从这种特定译者及其特定译法的实践出发,运用认知语言学理论分析译者的认知机制,或可深入探究译者“为什么这么翻译”的问题。笔者尝试借助认知语言学的相关理论,采取定量与定性、归纳与演绎相结合的方法,力求对译者翻译操作的内在心理机制作出较为系统深刻的阐明,从而为翻译理论研究提供一个新的视角。
论文在导言中概述了《红楼梦》原作的主要特征,并通过对两个全译本的对比,从霍译本300多处细节化处理的事实,概括出霍译本细节化的显著特征;同时说明了本研究的目的。第二章回顾了前人的相关研究以及有待解决的问题。借鉴前人从文化学视角、语言学视角和接受美学视角研究的成果,提出从认知语言学视角来深入研究霍译内在机制的新思路。第三章简述了本研究的理论框架与研究方法。在必须涉及的相关翻译理论的基础上,着重阐释了认知语言学的体验哲学观:人类的认知源于对人体、社会和文化的体验,并且遵循着一定的客观规律,具有一定的结构;其“识解”则揭示人类普遍的认知过程,其中明显地体现着人类认知的主体性;具体地说,便是人类在与现实世界互动体验的基础上,形成意象图式,建立理想认知模型。理想认知模型中包含命题结构原则、意象图式原则、隐喻映射原则和转喻映射原则。第四章通过典型译例分析了霍克斯对于文化内容,如成语典故、诗词曲艺、中医药、礼仪风俗等,进行的细节化补偿,说明这种细节化补偿有助于译文读者理想认知模型的建立。第五章具体讨论霍克斯在文本构建方式的细节化补偿,如通过对呈现方式、语义表达和事件描述等方面的细节化,来突显视听效果、明确语义和逻辑关系等,让读者建立起应有的理想认知模型。第六章从人类认知能力的五个方面,即背景化、选择、视角化、详略度和突显性,深究霍克斯英译细节化的认知机制,说明这种细节化补偿十分符合人类的普通认知规律。第七章进一步通过比较传统翻译理论视角与认知语言学视角下霍译的研究,论证认知语言学途径的翻译研究可以阐明细节化的必要性、解释细节化的合理性,并揭示译者翻译操作中内在的认知活动及其巨大的主体性。
我们看到,霍克斯细节化翻译的主体性发挥,就在于他的对原文忠实的认知体验以及对读者认知背景的把握,尤其是他恰到好处地施展自己的识解能力来寻求读者应有理想认知模式的最佳构建方式。通过翔实的语料分析证明,认知语言学有关体验的观点、识解以及理想认知模式建构的原则,能够从深层次的认知活动对译者的特定译法作出切实合理的解释。
简言之,认知语言学视角可以揭示出特定译者特定译法的内在必然性,及其同时不失忠实又充分有效地译介原作文化的有力理据。这对于翻译理论和翻译实践的启迪应该是不可小视的。
The publication of David Hawkes' English translation of Hong Lou Meng is a great drive to translations of Chinese classical novels, and opens a new perspective to the concerned studies. The present dissertation exhibits the feature of specificity in Hawkes' translation by comparing and analyzing the two English versions of the first 80 chapters of Hong Lou Meng by Hawkes and Yang Xianyi, and it attempts to make a study on the cognitive mechanism of Hawkes, that is, to seek the reasons for the translator to have such a specificity,and thus to answer the question of "why there is such a translation".
The introduction briefly sums up the features of the Chinese original Hong Lou Meng and suggests the striking feature of specificity by in Hawkes' translation, and we also lays out our aim of the present study. Chapter Two overviews the relevant researches other scholars did and points out the problem to be solved. We trace back the studies from the cultural, linguistic and aesthetical points of view, and put forward the idea of further research on the cognitive mechanism of the translator. The third chapter is about the theoretical frame and research method of this dissertation. After briefing the relevant translation theories, it focuses on the cognitive linguistic theory, and explains that bodily experienced cognition is the philosophical basis of cognitive linguistics, and the experience of the human body, society and culture is the source of human cognition, which abides by objective rules and goes with certain models. In such models the construal shows a kind of subjectivity as a general procedure of cognition, including some basic cognitive abilities, while Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM) involves four principles, that is, Propositional Structure, Image-Schematic Structure, Metaphoric Mapping and Metonymic Mapping. Chapter Four analyses Hawkes' specific and detailed compensations on Chinese cultural content, such as in idioms and allusions, poems and dramas, traditional Chinese medicine, and rituals and customs, which helps the target readers to form their proper ICM. Chapter five deals with specific and detailed translations of the composition of text, such as in formats, expressions and descriptions, in order to hightlight the effect and clarify meanings and logic, which is also to bring proper ICM to the readers. Chapter Six explores, from the five aspects of cognitive abilities, background, selection, perspective, specificity and salience, Hawkes' cognitive mechanism in his specificity, which is indeed a universal law in human cognition. Chapter Seven further demonstrates that the study from the cognitive linguistic point of view can explain the necessity and rationality of specificity translation, and it can illustrate the cognitive mechanisms of the translator and his great subjectivity in translating.
Thus we see clearly that Hawkes' subjectivity in his specificity translation lies just in his faithful expereince of the original and his good grasp of the target reader's cognitive conditions, and especially in his best construal of the reader's proper ICM. And by analyzing somewhat rich data, we are pleased to find that cognitive linguistics and its major concepts can render reasonable interpretation of particular translator's inner cognitive activity in his specific translating.
In short, cognitive linguistics can reveal the necessity of particular translator's specific translation, and demonstrate cogently how he can introduce the original culture faithfully and effectively in his own particular way. Such a discussion is sure to be valuable for translation study and practice.
论文在导言中概述了《红楼梦》原作的主要特征,并通过对两个全译本的对比,从霍译本300多处细节化处理的事实,概括出霍译本细节化的显著特征;同时说明了本研究的目的。第二章回顾了前人的相关研究以及有待解决的问题。借鉴前人从文化学视角、语言学视角和接受美学视角研究的成果,提出从认知语言学视角来深入研究霍译内在机制的新思路。第三章简述了本研究的理论框架与研究方法。在必须涉及的相关翻译理论的基础上,着重阐释了认知语言学的体验哲学观:人类的认知源于对人体、社会和文化的体验,并且遵循着一定的客观规律,具有一定的结构;其“识解”则揭示人类普遍的认知过程,其中明显地体现着人类认知的主体性;具体地说,便是人类在与现实世界互动体验的基础上,形成意象图式,建立理想认知模型。理想认知模型中包含命题结构原则、意象图式原则、隐喻映射原则和转喻映射原则。第四章通过典型译例分析了霍克斯对于文化内容,如成语典故、诗词曲艺、中医药、礼仪风俗等,进行的细节化补偿,说明这种细节化补偿有助于译文读者理想认知模型的建立。第五章具体讨论霍克斯在文本构建方式的细节化补偿,如通过对呈现方式、语义表达和事件描述等方面的细节化,来突显视听效果、明确语义和逻辑关系等,让读者建立起应有的理想认知模型。第六章从人类认知能力的五个方面,即背景化、选择、视角化、详略度和突显性,深究霍克斯英译细节化的认知机制,说明这种细节化补偿十分符合人类的普通认知规律。第七章进一步通过比较传统翻译理论视角与认知语言学视角下霍译的研究,论证认知语言学途径的翻译研究可以阐明细节化的必要性、解释细节化的合理性,并揭示译者翻译操作中内在的认知活动及其巨大的主体性。
我们看到,霍克斯细节化翻译的主体性发挥,就在于他的对原文忠实的认知体验以及对读者认知背景的把握,尤其是他恰到好处地施展自己的识解能力来寻求读者应有理想认知模式的最佳构建方式。通过翔实的语料分析证明,认知语言学有关体验的观点、识解以及理想认知模式建构的原则,能够从深层次的认知活动对译者的特定译法作出切实合理的解释。
简言之,认知语言学视角可以揭示出特定译者特定译法的内在必然性,及其同时不失忠实又充分有效地译介原作文化的有力理据。这对于翻译理论和翻译实践的启迪应该是不可小视的。
The publication of David Hawkes' English translation of Hong Lou Meng is a great drive to translations of Chinese classical novels, and opens a new perspective to the concerned studies. The present dissertation exhibits the feature of specificity in Hawkes' translation by comparing and analyzing the two English versions of the first 80 chapters of Hong Lou Meng by Hawkes and Yang Xianyi, and it attempts to make a study on the cognitive mechanism of Hawkes, that is, to seek the reasons for the translator to have such a specificity,and thus to answer the question of "why there is such a translation".
The introduction briefly sums up the features of the Chinese original Hong Lou Meng and suggests the striking feature of specificity by in Hawkes' translation, and we also lays out our aim of the present study. Chapter Two overviews the relevant researches other scholars did and points out the problem to be solved. We trace back the studies from the cultural, linguistic and aesthetical points of view, and put forward the idea of further research on the cognitive mechanism of the translator. The third chapter is about the theoretical frame and research method of this dissertation. After briefing the relevant translation theories, it focuses on the cognitive linguistic theory, and explains that bodily experienced cognition is the philosophical basis of cognitive linguistics, and the experience of the human body, society and culture is the source of human cognition, which abides by objective rules and goes with certain models. In such models the construal shows a kind of subjectivity as a general procedure of cognition, including some basic cognitive abilities, while Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM) involves four principles, that is, Propositional Structure, Image-Schematic Structure, Metaphoric Mapping and Metonymic Mapping. Chapter Four analyses Hawkes' specific and detailed compensations on Chinese cultural content, such as in idioms and allusions, poems and dramas, traditional Chinese medicine, and rituals and customs, which helps the target readers to form their proper ICM. Chapter five deals with specific and detailed translations of the composition of text, such as in formats, expressions and descriptions, in order to hightlight the effect and clarify meanings and logic, which is also to bring proper ICM to the readers. Chapter Six explores, from the five aspects of cognitive abilities, background, selection, perspective, specificity and salience, Hawkes' cognitive mechanism in his specificity, which is indeed a universal law in human cognition. Chapter Seven further demonstrates that the study from the cognitive linguistic point of view can explain the necessity and rationality of specificity translation, and it can illustrate the cognitive mechanisms of the translator and his great subjectivity in translating.
Thus we see clearly that Hawkes' subjectivity in his specificity translation lies just in his faithful expereince of the original and his good grasp of the target reader's cognitive conditions, and especially in his best construal of the reader's proper ICM. And by analyzing somewhat rich data, we are pleased to find that cognitive linguistics and its major concepts can render reasonable interpretation of particular translator's inner cognitive activity in his specific translating.
In short, cognitive linguistics can reveal the necessity of particular translator's specific translation, and demonstrate cogently how he can introduce the original culture faithfully and effectively in his own particular way. Such a discussion is sure to be valuable for translation study and practice.
引文
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