准噶尔盆地克夏断裂带成岩作用对断层输导性能的影响
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摘要
准噶尔盆地克夏断裂带已发现的大部分油气藏均与断裂相关,随着勘探程度的深入,寻找新的潜在储量成为急需解决的问题。影响本地区油气藏分布的重要因素就是断裂的输导性能,实际上就是断层的开启和封闭问题,也即断层的封闭程度——封闭性。开展成岩作用对断层封闭性的影响研究,尤其是胶结作用对断层封闭性影响的研究在国内是一个全新的课题,对深化该地区油气藏的勘探,寻找新的断块型油气藏,拓展勘探空间,具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。
论文通过对克夏断裂带典型断块型油气藏精细的解剖,确定了控制本区油气藏分布的主控断层。在分析各断层特征及断层封闭史的基础上,通过岩心观察结合测井、录井数据,应用定量计算结合模糊评价的方法研究压实作用、充填作用对断裂输导能力的影响。通过对取心井岩心的系统梳理,结合野外露头踏勘,在断层附近取样,采用岩石薄片、扫描电镜、流体包裹体等技术研究了胶结作用、溶蚀作用对断裂输导能力的影响。在此基础上,预测了断块油气藏的有利区带。最后分析了胶结作用的影响范围和断层流体活动期次。
通过对克夏断裂带典型断块油气藏的精细解剖,认为克夏断裂带断块型油气藏的形成以断层-不整合复合输导为基础,上倾方向断层的封闭遮挡为关键,两侧和下倾方向岩性或沉积相限制为必要条件。并确定了克拉玛依断裂、南白碱滩断裂,百口泉断裂、百乌断裂和夏红北断裂五条一级断裂,以及426井断裂、乌29井断裂、沥青村断裂、夏10井断裂和夏21井断裂等次级断裂为影响本区油气藏分布的主控断层。这些断层横向上,直线型、S型、波浪型等多种形态并存;纵向上,分为深层断裂和浅层断裂两个断裂体系。断层封闭史研究表明,克夏断裂带在侏罗纪三工河组沉积以后,虽然埋藏较浅,但是由于当时的构造活动剧烈导致断面压应力很大,还是为油气的储集提供了良好的圈闭条件,南白碱滩断层的封闭性最好,其次是百口泉断层和夏红北断层,这些断层都有可能封堵油气,形成断层遮挡型油气藏,而克拉玛依断层当时封闭性差,主要是为油气运移提供了通道。
克夏地区的断层主要是在强烈挤压推覆作用下形成的,由于受到强烈的挤压作用,导致研究区的断层压实作用强烈,其对断层封闭性的影响较为明显。横向上,乌夏地区(多在40MPa以上)总体压实作用强于克百地区,克夏断裂带中部的百口泉断层和百乌断层的压实作用强于其两端的断层,克拉玛依断层的压实作用相对最弱;纵向上,浅层压实作用主要受区域主应力影响,随着断层倾角的增大而增大,深层压实作用则主要受地层深度和断层倾角的双重影响,埋藏越深,倾角越小,压实作用越强,断层封闭性越好。克夏断裂带断层的充填作用一般,Rm值很少能达到0.6以上,总体上乌夏地区(Rm>0.3)断裂的充填效果好于克百地区(Rm<0.3),该特征主要受区域岩性差异的影响和控制。
克夏断裂带内胶结作用十分发育,使断裂带的孔隙度、渗透率降低,输导能力变差。克夏断裂带胶结作用矿物的先后序列为绿泥石、沸石→方解石胶结→高岭石→伊利石→铁碳酸盐胶结。受地层水性质和断裂活动历史的影响,由南往北克拉玛依断裂-南白碱滩断裂及426井断裂-百口泉断裂-西百乌断裂-夏红北断裂,成岩胶结矿物依次为绿泥石、浊沸石相带-方解石(早期碳酸盐)相带-方解石(早期碳酸盐)、粘土矿物相带-方解石(早期碳酸盐)、铁方解石(晚期碳酸盐)相带-铁白云石(晚期碳酸盐)、菱铁矿相带,显示本区断裂由南往北胶结作用次序由早期趋向晚期的特点。克夏断裂带内常见长石的溶蚀现象,少见碳酸盐胶结物的溶解现象。溶蚀作用在克夏地区断裂带内表现不明显,对断裂带封闭性影响较小。
通过成岩作用对断层封闭性影响的研究,预测克拉玛依断裂下盘侏罗系、百口泉断裂下盘侏罗系和夏红北断裂上盘为研究区有利勘探区带。
克夏断裂带胶结作用对断裂带封闭性能影响范围较大,一级断裂胶结作用影响范围60m～120m,次级断裂胶结作用影响范围40m～50m。断裂带内岩石方解石脉中包裹体分析结果显示,克夏断裂带内大致经历了3期流体活动。盐水包裹体主要有两期,对应的均一温度区间为40~70℃、70~110℃,烃类包裹体有三期,对应的均一温度区间为40~70℃,70~100℃及100~130℃。可以确定第Ⅰ期流体活动的时间为早三叠纪(距今230~240Ma),第Ⅱ期流体活动的时间为晚三叠—早侏罗纪(距今200~220Ma),第Ⅲ期主要为烃类运移,时间为晚侏罗—早白垩纪(距今125~150Ma)。断裂带方解石脉在第Ⅰ、Ⅱ期流体活动时期形成,与第Ⅲ期流体活动关系较小。各断裂流体活动期次有所差别,这是导致不同断层内胶结物所处成岩作用阶段差异性的重要原因。
Most of the explored hydrocarbon reservoirs of Kexia Fracture Belt in Jungger Basin are related with fault. As explorative developing, finding potential reserve volume becomes more and more important. Fault sealing is the significant factor which affected distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Study on the affection of diagenesis on fault sealing, especially the affection of cementation is a new theme. Therefore, further studies should be carried on, which is significant for the formation and occurrence of fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs
By means of analysis on fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs of Kexia Fracture Belt, this dissertation defined master control faults which dominate distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Based on feature of fault, history of sealing and well logging, studied the affection of compaction and packing action on fault sealing with quantitative assessment and ambiguous evaluation. Based on rock core and outcrop, studied the affection of cementation and denudation on fault sealing with core wafer, scanning electron microscope and fluid inclusion. Then prospects of fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs were predicted. Influenced range and stage of diagenesis were analysed at last.
The study on formation of fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs showed that fault- unconformity compound conduction was base, updip seal of fault was key, lithology and sedimentary facies in downdip direction and lateral layer were necessary conditions. Moreover, control faults, which include 5 primary faults that are Kelamayi, Nanbaijiantan, Baikouquan, Baiwu and Xiahongbei Faults, and 5 secondary faults that are 426 Fault, wu29 Fault, Liqingcun Fault, Xia10 Fault and Xia21 Fault, were defined. These faults displayed straight mode, S mode and wave mode in plane; were divided to two rift systems which include deep rift system and shallow rift system in section. History of fault sealing demonstrates that buried depth was low, but because of strong tectonic stress, fault sealing was good for hydrocarbon reservoir in Kexia Fracture Belt after the stage of Jurassic Sangonghe group. In that time fault sealing of Nanbaijiantan Fault was best, secondly include Baikouquan Fault and Xiahongbei Fault, they could seal hydrocarbon and create fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs. Fault sealing of Kelamayi Fault was worse, which could become pathway for migration of hydrocarbon.
Faults in Kexia Fracture Belt were formed by strong compression and overthrust. Thus compaction was intense in research area and the affection of compaction was obvious. Compaction in Wuxia area(>40MPa) was stronger than that in Kebai area in plane. Compaction of Baikouquan Fault and Baiwu Fault was strongest, which of Kelamayi Fault was worst. In section, shallow compaction was mainly affected by regional major stress, it become stronger with fault dip angle increase. Deep compaction was affected by buried depth and fault dip angle. Low depth and small angle generated strong compaction and good sealing. Packing action of fault in Kexia Fracture Belt was ordinary. Few Rm value exceed 0.6. Generally, Packing action of faults in Wuxia area(Rm>0.3)was better than that in Kebai area(Rm<0.3).This feature of Packing action was affected and controlled by regional lithologic character.
Cementation was intense in Kexia Fracture Belt, which made porosity and permeability decreased, fault sealing became better. The mineral sequence of cementation was chlorite & zeolite- calcite- kaolinite- illite- ferrocarbonatite. Affect by formation water and history of fault development. From south to north, Kelamayi Fault-Nanbaijiantan Fault and 426 Fault-Baikouquan Fault-Xibaiwu Fault-Xiahongbei Fault, mineral of cementation successively was chlorite, zeolite- calcite- calcite, clay mineral- calcite, ferroan calcite- ferrodolomite, siderite. Those indicated the sequence of cementation from south to north incline to late period. Occurrence of feldspar corrosion was common and dissolution of carbonate cement was few. Denudation was not evident in Kexia Fracture Belt, the affection of denudation on fault sealing was faintish.
Based on the research that affection of diagenesis on Fault Sealing in Kexia Fracture Belt, favourable regions of reservoirs were predicted: Jurassic formation in foot wall of Kelamayi Fault and Baikouquan Fault; hanging wall of Xiahongbei Fault.
The affection coverage of cementation was wide. The coverage of primary faults was about 60-120m, that of secondary faults was about 40-50m. Analysis of inclusion in calcite showed that there are 3 stages of geofluid in Kexia Fracture Belt. Saline inclusion had 2 stages, correspondent homogenization temperature was 40~70℃、70~110℃. Hydrocarbon inclusion had 3 stages, correspondent homogenization temperature was 40~70℃、70~110℃and 100~130℃. So the time of geofluid migration could be ascertain that the first stage of geofluid migration was early Triassic period (B.P.230~240Ma), the second stage was late Triassic period to early Jurassic period(B.P.200~220Ma), the third stage was late Jurassic period to Cretaceous period(B.P.125~150Ma). Calcite in fault was formatted in the first and second stage of geofluid migration.
论文通过对克夏断裂带典型断块型油气藏精细的解剖,确定了控制本区油气藏分布的主控断层。在分析各断层特征及断层封闭史的基础上,通过岩心观察结合测井、录井数据,应用定量计算结合模糊评价的方法研究压实作用、充填作用对断裂输导能力的影响。通过对取心井岩心的系统梳理,结合野外露头踏勘,在断层附近取样,采用岩石薄片、扫描电镜、流体包裹体等技术研究了胶结作用、溶蚀作用对断裂输导能力的影响。在此基础上,预测了断块油气藏的有利区带。最后分析了胶结作用的影响范围和断层流体活动期次。
通过对克夏断裂带典型断块油气藏的精细解剖,认为克夏断裂带断块型油气藏的形成以断层-不整合复合输导为基础,上倾方向断层的封闭遮挡为关键,两侧和下倾方向岩性或沉积相限制为必要条件。并确定了克拉玛依断裂、南白碱滩断裂,百口泉断裂、百乌断裂和夏红北断裂五条一级断裂,以及426井断裂、乌29井断裂、沥青村断裂、夏10井断裂和夏21井断裂等次级断裂为影响本区油气藏分布的主控断层。这些断层横向上,直线型、S型、波浪型等多种形态并存;纵向上,分为深层断裂和浅层断裂两个断裂体系。断层封闭史研究表明,克夏断裂带在侏罗纪三工河组沉积以后,虽然埋藏较浅,但是由于当时的构造活动剧烈导致断面压应力很大,还是为油气的储集提供了良好的圈闭条件,南白碱滩断层的封闭性最好,其次是百口泉断层和夏红北断层,这些断层都有可能封堵油气,形成断层遮挡型油气藏,而克拉玛依断层当时封闭性差,主要是为油气运移提供了通道。
克夏地区的断层主要是在强烈挤压推覆作用下形成的,由于受到强烈的挤压作用,导致研究区的断层压实作用强烈,其对断层封闭性的影响较为明显。横向上,乌夏地区(多在40MPa以上)总体压实作用强于克百地区,克夏断裂带中部的百口泉断层和百乌断层的压实作用强于其两端的断层,克拉玛依断层的压实作用相对最弱;纵向上,浅层压实作用主要受区域主应力影响,随着断层倾角的增大而增大,深层压实作用则主要受地层深度和断层倾角的双重影响,埋藏越深,倾角越小,压实作用越强,断层封闭性越好。克夏断裂带断层的充填作用一般,Rm值很少能达到0.6以上,总体上乌夏地区(Rm>0.3)断裂的充填效果好于克百地区(Rm<0.3),该特征主要受区域岩性差异的影响和控制。
克夏断裂带内胶结作用十分发育,使断裂带的孔隙度、渗透率降低,输导能力变差。克夏断裂带胶结作用矿物的先后序列为绿泥石、沸石→方解石胶结→高岭石→伊利石→铁碳酸盐胶结。受地层水性质和断裂活动历史的影响,由南往北克拉玛依断裂-南白碱滩断裂及426井断裂-百口泉断裂-西百乌断裂-夏红北断裂,成岩胶结矿物依次为绿泥石、浊沸石相带-方解石(早期碳酸盐)相带-方解石(早期碳酸盐)、粘土矿物相带-方解石(早期碳酸盐)、铁方解石(晚期碳酸盐)相带-铁白云石(晚期碳酸盐)、菱铁矿相带,显示本区断裂由南往北胶结作用次序由早期趋向晚期的特点。克夏断裂带内常见长石的溶蚀现象,少见碳酸盐胶结物的溶解现象。溶蚀作用在克夏地区断裂带内表现不明显,对断裂带封闭性影响较小。
通过成岩作用对断层封闭性影响的研究,预测克拉玛依断裂下盘侏罗系、百口泉断裂下盘侏罗系和夏红北断裂上盘为研究区有利勘探区带。
克夏断裂带胶结作用对断裂带封闭性能影响范围较大,一级断裂胶结作用影响范围60m～120m,次级断裂胶结作用影响范围40m～50m。断裂带内岩石方解石脉中包裹体分析结果显示,克夏断裂带内大致经历了3期流体活动。盐水包裹体主要有两期,对应的均一温度区间为40~70℃、70~110℃,烃类包裹体有三期,对应的均一温度区间为40~70℃,70~100℃及100~130℃。可以确定第Ⅰ期流体活动的时间为早三叠纪(距今230~240Ma),第Ⅱ期流体活动的时间为晚三叠—早侏罗纪(距今200~220Ma),第Ⅲ期主要为烃类运移,时间为晚侏罗—早白垩纪(距今125~150Ma)。断裂带方解石脉在第Ⅰ、Ⅱ期流体活动时期形成,与第Ⅲ期流体活动关系较小。各断裂流体活动期次有所差别,这是导致不同断层内胶结物所处成岩作用阶段差异性的重要原因。
Most of the explored hydrocarbon reservoirs of Kexia Fracture Belt in Jungger Basin are related with fault. As explorative developing, finding potential reserve volume becomes more and more important. Fault sealing is the significant factor which affected distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Study on the affection of diagenesis on fault sealing, especially the affection of cementation is a new theme. Therefore, further studies should be carried on, which is significant for the formation and occurrence of fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs
By means of analysis on fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs of Kexia Fracture Belt, this dissertation defined master control faults which dominate distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Based on feature of fault, history of sealing and well logging, studied the affection of compaction and packing action on fault sealing with quantitative assessment and ambiguous evaluation. Based on rock core and outcrop, studied the affection of cementation and denudation on fault sealing with core wafer, scanning electron microscope and fluid inclusion. Then prospects of fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs were predicted. Influenced range and stage of diagenesis were analysed at last.
The study on formation of fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs showed that fault- unconformity compound conduction was base, updip seal of fault was key, lithology and sedimentary facies in downdip direction and lateral layer were necessary conditions. Moreover, control faults, which include 5 primary faults that are Kelamayi, Nanbaijiantan, Baikouquan, Baiwu and Xiahongbei Faults, and 5 secondary faults that are 426 Fault, wu29 Fault, Liqingcun Fault, Xia10 Fault and Xia21 Fault, were defined. These faults displayed straight mode, S mode and wave mode in plane; were divided to two rift systems which include deep rift system and shallow rift system in section. History of fault sealing demonstrates that buried depth was low, but because of strong tectonic stress, fault sealing was good for hydrocarbon reservoir in Kexia Fracture Belt after the stage of Jurassic Sangonghe group. In that time fault sealing of Nanbaijiantan Fault was best, secondly include Baikouquan Fault and Xiahongbei Fault, they could seal hydrocarbon and create fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs. Fault sealing of Kelamayi Fault was worse, which could become pathway for migration of hydrocarbon.
Faults in Kexia Fracture Belt were formed by strong compression and overthrust. Thus compaction was intense in research area and the affection of compaction was obvious. Compaction in Wuxia area(>40MPa) was stronger than that in Kebai area in plane. Compaction of Baikouquan Fault and Baiwu Fault was strongest, which of Kelamayi Fault was worst. In section, shallow compaction was mainly affected by regional major stress, it become stronger with fault dip angle increase. Deep compaction was affected by buried depth and fault dip angle. Low depth and small angle generated strong compaction and good sealing. Packing action of fault in Kexia Fracture Belt was ordinary. Few Rm value exceed 0.6. Generally, Packing action of faults in Wuxia area(Rm>0.3)was better than that in Kebai area(Rm<0.3).This feature of Packing action was affected and controlled by regional lithologic character.
Cementation was intense in Kexia Fracture Belt, which made porosity and permeability decreased, fault sealing became better. The mineral sequence of cementation was chlorite & zeolite- calcite- kaolinite- illite- ferrocarbonatite. Affect by formation water and history of fault development. From south to north, Kelamayi Fault-Nanbaijiantan Fault and 426 Fault-Baikouquan Fault-Xibaiwu Fault-Xiahongbei Fault, mineral of cementation successively was chlorite, zeolite- calcite- calcite, clay mineral- calcite, ferroan calcite- ferrodolomite, siderite. Those indicated the sequence of cementation from south to north incline to late period. Occurrence of feldspar corrosion was common and dissolution of carbonate cement was few. Denudation was not evident in Kexia Fracture Belt, the affection of denudation on fault sealing was faintish.
Based on the research that affection of diagenesis on Fault Sealing in Kexia Fracture Belt, favourable regions of reservoirs were predicted: Jurassic formation in foot wall of Kelamayi Fault and Baikouquan Fault; hanging wall of Xiahongbei Fault.
The affection coverage of cementation was wide. The coverage of primary faults was about 60-120m, that of secondary faults was about 40-50m. Analysis of inclusion in calcite showed that there are 3 stages of geofluid in Kexia Fracture Belt. Saline inclusion had 2 stages, correspondent homogenization temperature was 40~70℃、70~110℃. Hydrocarbon inclusion had 3 stages, correspondent homogenization temperature was 40~70℃、70~110℃and 100~130℃. So the time of geofluid migration could be ascertain that the first stage of geofluid migration was early Triassic period (B.P.230~240Ma), the second stage was late Triassic period to early Jurassic period(B.P.200~220Ma), the third stage was late Jurassic period to Cretaceous period(B.P.125~150Ma). Calcite in fault was formatted in the first and second stage of geofluid migration.
引文
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