内蒙古东部霍林河煤田早白垩世古火灾研究
摘要
古火灾(paleowildfire)研究是古生态学一个新的研究领域,我国在该领域研究较少。本文首次运用煤岩学、古植物学、孢粉学、地层学以及地球化学等多种学科交叉的综合性研究方法,首次对内蒙古东部霍林河煤田早白垩世霍林河古火灾事件进行了研究,选择霍林河煤田下含煤段中的木炭作为古火灾研究的主要对象,取得以下进展。
1、首次分析研究了以木炭化石为代表的霍林河古火灾事件的燃烧植物的组成成分。确认霍林河煤田木炭主要为松柏类植物,包括叶枝杉型木、紫杉型木、原始雪松型木及异木等。
2、确定了霍林河古火灾事件的类型及各种古火灾指示标志;确认霍林河煤田古火灾类型为松柏类森林火。与此同时,开展了霍林河煤田火灾与全球早白垩世古火灾的对比。
3、确定了霍林河古火灾事件各类木炭的燃烧温度。木炭煤木炭的形成温度最高(475～550℃);泥煤木炭相对最低(360～370℃);褐煤木炭居中,形成温度约为442～520℃。由此推断霍林河森林树冠火温度为442～550℃,局部地表火温度为360～370℃。
4、开展了生物标志物(biomarker)的研究,由于芳香二萜类可能源于针叶树的树脂,确认芳香萜类是陆源植物输入的生物标志物;根据木炭煤中芳香二萜类惹稀的丰度值断定森林火燃烧温度较高,霍林河古火灾主要源于松柏类植物的燃烧。
5、进一步确认了霍林河植物群主要由裸子植物和蕨类植物构成,其中裸子植物以松柏类、银杏类植物组成,它们是霍林河煤田主要成煤植物。新描述木材植物化石4属4种,孢粉化石38属62种,丰富了霍林河植物群的组成内容。综上所述,本文首次运用木材化石(木炭)与煤岩学等综合研究的方法深入研究了霍林河煤田早白垩世古火灾事件及其相关古生态环境。对深入探讨早白垩世我国东北部地区的成煤机制、古火灾侵蚀对成煤环境的影响、以及东北亚地区含煤地层对比等研究,具有一定的学术价值。对深入开展内蒙古-我国东北煤田地质研究具有一定的指导意义。在学科交叉和综合性研究方法等方面,也是一个较好的尝试。
The study of paleowildfire is a new field in paleoecological research, and has still been rare in China. The present thesis applies the integrated method including of the coal petrology, paleobotany, palynology, stratigraphy, and geochemistry, for the study of the paleowildfire event occurred in Huolinhe during the Early Cretaceous which was recorded in the coal-bearing strata of Huolinhe Coal-Field. The study focuses on the charcoal from the Lower Coal-bearing Member of the Huolinhe Formation in the Huolinhe Coal-Field as the main object of the study, and gained the following achievements.
1. The author analyzed the composition of the burned plant charcoal fossils representing the Huolinhe paleowildfire event for the first time, and confirmed conifers as the main charcoal in floral composition, including Phyllocladoxylon, Taxoxylon, Protocedroxylon, and Xenoxylon.
2. The author confirmed the types of the paleowildfire events in Huolinhe and the symbols of the various paleowildfires, and confirmed the conifer forest was the main type of the Huolinhe paleowildfires. Meanwhile, a global correlation on the Early Cretaceous paleowildfires has been made.
3. The burn temperatures of various types of paleowildfires in Huolinhe are made, including the temperature of charcoal in charcoal-coal is higher (475~550℃), and the temperature of charcoal in peat coal is lower (360~370℃), and charcoal of lignite is between 442℃and 520℃. Based these data, it is suggested that the temperature of the forest crown fire is 442~550℃with the temperature of surface fire in some areas is 360~370℃.
4. Taking the biomark research for this study, confirmed the diterpenoid compounds were as the biomark of the terrestrial plants input, which is based on the fact that the presence of the diterpenoid compounds re?ect the terrestrial higher plants wax origin;and the paleofires were mainly caused by the woody conifers firing . The high content of retene in charcoal indicates a high degree of aromatization, which in turn infers that pyrolysis process at different temperatures with organic molecules changes their structures accordingly.
5. Further confirmed the Early Cretaceous Huolinhe flora mainly composed of gymnosperms and ferns, in which the gymnosperms mainly consist of conifers and gingkoales, being both the major coal-forming plants. Fossil wood of 4 genera and 4 species, and spores-pollen of 38 genera and 62 species are newly described, which enriched the recognizing the composition of Early Cretaceous Huolinhe flora.
In sum, this thesis used the method of integrated study on wood fossils (charcoals) and coal petrology on the Huolinhe paleowildfire event and its related paleoecological environment. This work is significant for better understanding the coal-forming mechanism and impact of paleowildfire erosion to the coal-forming environment in NE China, and coal-bearing strata correlations in NE Asia. On the other hand, it also benefits the coal-geology study in Inner Mongolia and NE China. The method of interdisciplinary and integrated study in this thesis appears to be a good attempt.
1、首次分析研究了以木炭化石为代表的霍林河古火灾事件的燃烧植物的组成成分。确认霍林河煤田木炭主要为松柏类植物,包括叶枝杉型木、紫杉型木、原始雪松型木及异木等。
2、确定了霍林河古火灾事件的类型及各种古火灾指示标志;确认霍林河煤田古火灾类型为松柏类森林火。与此同时,开展了霍林河煤田火灾与全球早白垩世古火灾的对比。
3、确定了霍林河古火灾事件各类木炭的燃烧温度。木炭煤木炭的形成温度最高(475～550℃);泥煤木炭相对最低(360～370℃);褐煤木炭居中,形成温度约为442～520℃。由此推断霍林河森林树冠火温度为442～550℃,局部地表火温度为360～370℃。
4、开展了生物标志物(biomarker)的研究,由于芳香二萜类可能源于针叶树的树脂,确认芳香萜类是陆源植物输入的生物标志物;根据木炭煤中芳香二萜类惹稀的丰度值断定森林火燃烧温度较高,霍林河古火灾主要源于松柏类植物的燃烧。
5、进一步确认了霍林河植物群主要由裸子植物和蕨类植物构成,其中裸子植物以松柏类、银杏类植物组成,它们是霍林河煤田主要成煤植物。新描述木材植物化石4属4种,孢粉化石38属62种,丰富了霍林河植物群的组成内容。综上所述,本文首次运用木材化石(木炭)与煤岩学等综合研究的方法深入研究了霍林河煤田早白垩世古火灾事件及其相关古生态环境。对深入探讨早白垩世我国东北部地区的成煤机制、古火灾侵蚀对成煤环境的影响、以及东北亚地区含煤地层对比等研究,具有一定的学术价值。对深入开展内蒙古-我国东北煤田地质研究具有一定的指导意义。在学科交叉和综合性研究方法等方面,也是一个较好的尝试。
The study of paleowildfire is a new field in paleoecological research, and has still been rare in China. The present thesis applies the integrated method including of the coal petrology, paleobotany, palynology, stratigraphy, and geochemistry, for the study of the paleowildfire event occurred in Huolinhe during the Early Cretaceous which was recorded in the coal-bearing strata of Huolinhe Coal-Field. The study focuses on the charcoal from the Lower Coal-bearing Member of the Huolinhe Formation in the Huolinhe Coal-Field as the main object of the study, and gained the following achievements.
1. The author analyzed the composition of the burned plant charcoal fossils representing the Huolinhe paleowildfire event for the first time, and confirmed conifers as the main charcoal in floral composition, including Phyllocladoxylon, Taxoxylon, Protocedroxylon, and Xenoxylon.
2. The author confirmed the types of the paleowildfire events in Huolinhe and the symbols of the various paleowildfires, and confirmed the conifer forest was the main type of the Huolinhe paleowildfires. Meanwhile, a global correlation on the Early Cretaceous paleowildfires has been made.
3. The burn temperatures of various types of paleowildfires in Huolinhe are made, including the temperature of charcoal in charcoal-coal is higher (475~550℃), and the temperature of charcoal in peat coal is lower (360~370℃), and charcoal of lignite is between 442℃and 520℃. Based these data, it is suggested that the temperature of the forest crown fire is 442~550℃with the temperature of surface fire in some areas is 360~370℃.
4. Taking the biomark research for this study, confirmed the diterpenoid compounds were as the biomark of the terrestrial plants input, which is based on the fact that the presence of the diterpenoid compounds re?ect the terrestrial higher plants wax origin;and the paleofires were mainly caused by the woody conifers firing . The high content of retene in charcoal indicates a high degree of aromatization, which in turn infers that pyrolysis process at different temperatures with organic molecules changes their structures accordingly.
5. Further confirmed the Early Cretaceous Huolinhe flora mainly composed of gymnosperms and ferns, in which the gymnosperms mainly consist of conifers and gingkoales, being both the major coal-forming plants. Fossil wood of 4 genera and 4 species, and spores-pollen of 38 genera and 62 species are newly described, which enriched the recognizing the composition of Early Cretaceous Huolinhe flora.
In sum, this thesis used the method of integrated study on wood fossils (charcoals) and coal petrology on the Huolinhe paleowildfire event and its related paleoecological environment. This work is significant for better understanding the coal-forming mechanism and impact of paleowildfire erosion to the coal-forming environment in NE China, and coal-bearing strata correlations in NE Asia. On the other hand, it also benefits the coal-geology study in Inner Mongolia and NE China. The method of interdisciplinary and integrated study in this thesis appears to be a good attempt.
引文
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