控释肥硫膜在土壤中的降解转化机理及对作物生长的影响研究
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摘要
随着硫包膜控释肥的大面积连续施用,硫膜对土壤环境的影响问题受到关注。只有探明硫膜在土壤中的迁移转化过程,才能在理论上解释硫膜转化过程对土壤造成的影响。对硫膜在土壤中降解动态及迁移转化过程进行研究,既可发现控释肥硫膜降解对土壤微域某些性质的影响,也可探明其影响机理,从而为控释肥的推广、应用提供科学依据,以期指导硫包膜控释肥的应用及推广。
研究采用室内模拟培养试验、砂培试验和池栽试验并结合扫描电镜、微域技术、同位素示踪等手段,对控释肥硫膜在土壤中的迁移转化过程、硫膜施入土壤后在不同时期的形貌及超微形态变化做细致研究,探明降解过程的中间产物和最终降解产物对土壤环境的影响,揭示控释肥硫膜在土壤中的具体去向,并分析硫膜对土壤中营养元素活化和控释肥包膜控释下氮素的迁移转化及对作物生长发育的影响。本文主要研究结果如下:
采用连续两年的盆栽试验,观察硫膜降解过程中形貌及超微形态的变化,选择硫磺膜壳、硫磺外喷涂石蜡为密封剂的膜壳和硫磺包被热固性树脂的膜壳,在土壤中培养的不同时期对膜壳的横断面和表面进行扫描电镜分析,电镜照片显示:①仅由硫磺构成的膜壳表面粗糙,并遍布细缝和孔洞,并随着培养时间的延长,很快裂缝和孔洞逐渐变大,使膜壳断裂变小,这也是仅用硫磺包膜控释效果差的原因;②外涂石蜡为密封剂的膜壳表面较光滑略有细小突起,虽然因包膜时温度变化表层会存在细小的裂缝,但较好的覆盖了硫磺形成的细缝和小孔。在培养中可发现原本光滑连续的石蜡膜逐渐出现侵蚀孔洞,孔洞由小变大,由浅变深,并慢慢连成一片。在培养的中后期,发现缺乏密封剂保护的硫磺由膜状碎裂成小块,进而粉化;③硫加树脂膜壳的树脂层较薄,可见膜下硫磺表面的孔隙。随着膜壳的降解,树脂层变薄,树脂在膜壳表面收缩,原本光滑的表面变得有些粗糙,树脂层完整变得间断,逐渐露出树脂膜内的硫磺膜。与外涂石蜡的硫磺膜相比包被树脂的硫磺膜降解时间较长,可以对养分起到更好的控释作用。
无硫砂培试验得出硫膜降解的中间产物为硫代硫酸根,最终产物为硫酸根,硫酸根也是硫膜降解的主要产物。硫膜在基质中的主要转化途径是S~0→S_2O_3~(2-)→SO_4~(2-)。并且残膜在基质中降解的速率要高于包膜肥料膜壳的降解速率。浸提液中硫酸根离子浓度较高的时期,植株中全硫含量也较高,表明硫膜降解促进了植株对硫素的吸收。
硫磺和硫膜在土壤中的降解,导致了棕壤各处理微域土壤pH值的显著变化,而对非微域土壤影响不显著,在培养的中后期pH值均有回升;与棕壤相比潮土中pH值下降幅度较小。各处理在棕壤、潮土中的氧化速度是:硫磺>硫膜>硫加树脂膜。施用硫膜和硫加树脂膜起到了活化微域土壤中微量元素的作用,在培养的中后期增加了微域土壤中有效态铁、有效态锰及有效态铜的含量。并显著提高了棕壤微域有效硫的含量,非微域中有效硫也有升高的趋势;潮土微域中有效硫和有效磷的含量均有增加的趋势,随着硫膜在土壤中降解时间的延长,非微域土壤的有效硫、有效磷含量也有上升的趋势。试验表明:硫际微域(≤5 mm)土壤受硫膜降解产物的影响显著,而对非微域(>5 mm)土壤影响不显著。表明硫包膜或硫加树脂包膜控释肥在土壤中施用仅显著影响小范围土壤的化学性质,而对整个土体影响不显著。
采用棕壤池栽试验,对夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系中土壤硫组分动态变化分析发现,0-20 cm土层是土壤水溶性硫含量变化幅度较大的层次,硫包膜和硫加树脂包膜控释肥的施用可显著增加作物生育中后期0-20 cm土壤水溶性硫含量。在作物种植过程中,土壤水溶性硫与吸附态硫之间存在动态平衡。棕壤中无机硫组分以水溶性硫和盐酸可溶性硫为主,并且盐酸可溶性硫含量有逐渐下降的趋势,表明当土壤中水溶性硫和吸附态硫不充足时,盐酸可溶性硫可以进行及时的补充。硫加树脂包膜控释肥的施用增加了土壤中无机硫总量,在玉米的整个生育期内稳定持续的供给作物生长所需的硫素。在降雨、灌溉淋溶作用下SO42-有向土壤深层运移的趋势。硫包膜控释肥促进了夏玉米大口期及乳熟期对硫素的吸收,其顺序为:PSCU> SCU+PCU>PCU >Urea,也增加了冬小麦开花期及成熟期植株全硫含量,在冬小麦开花期,与Urea处理相比PSCU处理植株全硫含量增加了25.64%,SCU+PCU处理增加了17.16%。土壤中硫组分的动态变化促进了作物对硫素的吸收利用。
采用15N同位素示踪技术研究了包膜控释氮肥与普通尿素在夏玉米-冬小麦轮作系统中肥料氮的转化及去向,肥料氮的残留,肥料氮在剖面中的运移及作物对肥料氮的吸收利用。研究结果表明:在夏玉米季,施用控释肥与普通尿素相比,控释肥可获得较高的氮肥利用率;PCU处理与Urea处理相比肥料氮回收率增加3.9%、残留率增加5.02%、损失率减少7.67%;冬小麦季与Urea处理相比PCU处理肥料氮回收率增加1.88%、氮肥的残留率增加5.45%、损失率减少7.32%。
硫包膜和硫加树脂包膜控释氮肥的施用可增加夏玉米季和冬小麦季拔节期植株的干物质积累量,并增加成熟期作物的籽粒产量,并可使作物的氮素利用效率与硫素利用效率协同提高,增加植株氮素累积量和硫素累积量。硫包膜和硫加树脂包膜控释氮肥通过提高氮、硫的收获指数促进籽粒产量的增加,夏玉米季产量PSCU,PCU处理与Urea处理相比分别高出16.0%,13.43%。冬小麦季产量分别高出11.85%,9.79%。硫加树脂包膜控释氮肥的施用可实现夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系作物对氮素的高效利用,并且硫加树脂包膜尿素较低的价格有利于大田作物大面积使用。
在超级玉米“登海661”高产栽培过程中,通过对不同控释肥处理的产量和产量构成因素的研究,由相关分析及通径分析结果可知施用不同控释肥处理对产量的提高由不同产量构成因素的结果。施用控释掺混肥时,千粒重、穗行数、穗粗和穗粒数对玉米产量起决定性作用;施用硫加树脂包膜尿素,千粒重、行粒数、穗粗和穗行数为玉米产量的主要影响因素;而施用树脂包膜尿素,起决定性作用的产量构成因素为千粒重、行粒数、穗粒数和穗行数。各控释肥处理主要决定因素均为千粒重,主要限制因素各不相同,树脂包膜尿素和硫加树脂包膜尿素为穗行数,控释掺混肥为行粒数。因此在夏玉米高产栽培,选用不同的控释肥和掺混肥组合时,要注意协调产量构成主要因素之间的关系,使之处于最佳结合状态,并兼顾其他产量构成因素是实现夏玉米最佳产量的有效途径。
With continuous application of SCU (sulfur coated urea) in wide area, there are growing concerns about SC (sulfur coating) effect on the soil environment. Only by exploration of the migration and transformation process of SC in the soil, the impact of SC conversion on the soil can be theoretically explained. The research of degradation dynamics and transformation process of SC not only can explore SCU degradation effect on certain properties oil micro-sulfur domain, but also can ascertain the impact mechanism, which will provide scientific proof of CRFs (controlled release fertilizers) application and dissemination and guide SCU application and promotion.
In this study, the migration and transformation process of SC of CRFs and the various times morphology and ultrastructure changes in soil SC were explored thoroughly by the indoor simulation training, sand culture and pool culture experiment combined with scanning electron microscopy, micro-domain technology and isotope tracer so on, the researches ascertain the intermediates during the degradation process and the final degradation products effect on soil environment, and reveal SC of CRFs specific destination in the soil sulfur specific destination, and also analysis SC effect on activation of soil nutrient elements, migration and transformation of N and the impact on crop growth and development. The main results are as follows:
(1) Using the pot experiment of two consecutive years to observe feature and ultrastructure changes during the degradation of SC. In this research, the cross-section and surface of coating (SC, SC spraying paraffin sealant outer coating and packing thermosetting resins SC) were analyzed by scanning electron microscope in different cultivating stages, the electron microscope images show that only SC surface is rough, and has slits and holes all over. Along with the extending of time, the cracks and holes become gradually very big, whose reason is only the poor effect of SC control;②The surface of SC spraying paraffin sealant outer coating, on which some tiny cracks will be produced when coating because of temperature changes, has some relative smooth and thin coatings formed by paraffin, but it can better coat the slits and holes formed by sulfur. During the cultivating, the erosion holes, whose size enlarged increasingly and become darker in color from light, occurred on smooth and continuous paraffin coating. During the mid-late cultivation, sulfur of lack of sealant cracked into small pieces from coating condition and turned to powder.③Polymer-sulfur coating has relatively thin polymer layer and the gap of sulfur surface under coating can be seen, and with the degradation of the coating, the coating of sulfur under polymer coating can be found. Compared with SC spraying paraffin sealant outer coating, the degradation of packing thermosetting resins SC need a long time, which can control the release of nutrients better.
(2) By the quartz sand sulfur-free culture experiment of 560 days, the intermediate product of the degradation of SC is thiosulfate, and at the end of culture the final product of is sulfate that is the main product of SC degradation. In matrix, SC main transformation approach is S~0→S_2O_3~(2-)→SO_4~(2-), and the rate of degradation of sulfur coating residual is higher than that of packing fertilizer coating. In the period when the concentration of sulfate ions of is higher, the total sulfur content in plants is also higher, which indicates that the degradation of SC can promote the sulfur absorption of plant.
(3) The degradation of sulfur and SC in the soil gives rise to significant change of pH in each treatment micro-domain soil of brown soil, the less effect in non-micro-domain soil, but at the middle-late stage of culture, their PH value increase. Compared with the brown, PH value of fluvo-aquic soils descended in a narrow range. The each sulfur-containing treatment oxidation rate in brown and fluvo-aquic soil is Sulphur>SC>Polymer-sulfur coating. The application of SC and polymer-sulfur coating plays role of activation of trace elements in micro-domain soil. At the middle-late stage of culture the content of available ferrum, manganese and copper get exaltation, and the content of available sulphur in brown micro-domain soil has increase trend, also rising trend in non-micro-domain soil. In fluvo-aquic micro-domain soil, the content of available sulfur and phosphorus has a growing tendency, and with the extension of degradation time that in non-micro-domain soil also has rising trend.
The experiment results show that the soil of sulfur micro-domain (≤5 mm) is significantly affected by the products of SC degradation, while the soil of non-micro-domain (>5 mm) is less affected. The above conclusions show that the controlled-release fertilizers application of SC and polymer-sulfur coating will dramatically affect the chemical properties of soil in a small range, no obvious effects were observed in the whole soil.
(4) With brown pool culture experiment, the content change of soil sulfur components in the rotation system of summer corn-winter wheat shows the water-soluble sulfur content has a big margin in 0-20 cm layer, and the application of controlled-release fertilizers of SC and polymer-sulfur coating can significantly increase the water-soluble sulfur content in mid-late period of crop cultivation. In the process of crop growth, there exist the balance of mutual transformation between water-soluble sulfur and adsorbed sulfur. In brown soil, the water-soluble sulfur and soluble sulfur of hydrochloric acid is the main components of inorganic sulfur, and the content of soluble sulfur of hydrochloric acid has a gradually downward trend, which indicates when the adsorbed sulfur and water-soluble sulfur in soil is not sufficient, the soluble sulfur of hydrochloric acid can be timely supplied. The application of controlled-release fertilizers of polymer-sulfur coating increased the total amount of inorganic sulfur in soil, which guarantees the steady and continuous supply of sulfur required for crop growth in the whole growth period of corn. By the role of rainfall and irrigation-leaching, SO_4~(2-) has the migration trend to the deep soil layers.
(5) Controlled release fertilizer of SC promotes absorption of sulfur in 12-leaf stage and milk ripe stage of summer wheat, the absorption of sulfur of each treatment is PSCU> SCU + PCU> PCU> Urea. The application of Controlled release fertilizer of SC increased total sulfur content of plant at flowering and mature stage of winter wheat. At flowering stage, total sulfur content of plant of PSCU and SCU+PCU treatment have the increase of 25.64% and 17.16% compared with Urea treatment respectively. The dynamic change of sulfur components in soil promotes the absorption of sulfur for crop.
(6) In the rotation system of the summer corn-winter wheat, the isotope tracer technique is used to compare with N fate of Controlled release fertilizer of SC, the residual nitrogen in soil, the soil nitrate N migration in the profile and absorption and use of N in crop. The results show that in the summer corn, the application of controlled-release fertilizer has the higher availability of N fertilizer compared with urea, and N recovery rate, residue rate and loss rate of PCU treatment has the increase of 3.9% and 5.02% and the decrease of 7.67% compared with Urea treatment, respectively. In winter wheat, N recovery rate, residue rate and loss rate of PCU treatment has the increase of 1.88% and5.45% and the decrease of 7.32% compared with Urea treatment, respectively.
(7) Application of controlled-release fertilizers of SC and polymer-sulfur coating can increase the plant dry matter accumulation and grain yield of crop maturity. Furthermore, the use efficiency of crop nitrogen and sulfur gain improvement synchronously, which will increase nitrogen and sulfur concentrations of grain, and accumulation amount of N and sulfur in plant. By increasing the harvest index of N and sulfur to promote the increase of grain yield, the yield of grain of summer corn of PSCU and PCU treatment has an increase of 16.0% and 13.43% compared with Urea treatment (11.85% and 9.79% for winter wheat, respectively). Application of controlled-release fertilizers of polymer-sulfur coating may realize the efficient use of nitrogen in rotation system of summer corn-winter wheat, and the lower price of PSCU will benefit large-scale use of field crops.
(8) Path-coefficients of yield and yield components shows that when applied the mixture of PSCU and SCU(Sulfur coated urea), TGW(thousand-grain weight), R/E( rows per ear), ED (ear diameter) and G/E(the grain per ear) play a decisive role in yield of maize; in only application of PSCU, TGW, G/R(row grains), ED and G/E have the main role, while in that of PSU, TGW, G/R, ED and R/E play decisive role. Each key decision factors is TGW, and in limiting factor PSCU and PCU is R/E, SCU and PCU is G/R. Therefore, in high-yield maize cultivation, selection of combinations of different CRFs should coordinate the main factors of yield to guarantee the best combination of each factor.
研究采用室内模拟培养试验、砂培试验和池栽试验并结合扫描电镜、微域技术、同位素示踪等手段,对控释肥硫膜在土壤中的迁移转化过程、硫膜施入土壤后在不同时期的形貌及超微形态变化做细致研究,探明降解过程的中间产物和最终降解产物对土壤环境的影响,揭示控释肥硫膜在土壤中的具体去向,并分析硫膜对土壤中营养元素活化和控释肥包膜控释下氮素的迁移转化及对作物生长发育的影响。本文主要研究结果如下:
采用连续两年的盆栽试验,观察硫膜降解过程中形貌及超微形态的变化,选择硫磺膜壳、硫磺外喷涂石蜡为密封剂的膜壳和硫磺包被热固性树脂的膜壳,在土壤中培养的不同时期对膜壳的横断面和表面进行扫描电镜分析,电镜照片显示:①仅由硫磺构成的膜壳表面粗糙,并遍布细缝和孔洞,并随着培养时间的延长,很快裂缝和孔洞逐渐变大,使膜壳断裂变小,这也是仅用硫磺包膜控释效果差的原因;②外涂石蜡为密封剂的膜壳表面较光滑略有细小突起,虽然因包膜时温度变化表层会存在细小的裂缝,但较好的覆盖了硫磺形成的细缝和小孔。在培养中可发现原本光滑连续的石蜡膜逐渐出现侵蚀孔洞,孔洞由小变大,由浅变深,并慢慢连成一片。在培养的中后期,发现缺乏密封剂保护的硫磺由膜状碎裂成小块,进而粉化;③硫加树脂膜壳的树脂层较薄,可见膜下硫磺表面的孔隙。随着膜壳的降解,树脂层变薄,树脂在膜壳表面收缩,原本光滑的表面变得有些粗糙,树脂层完整变得间断,逐渐露出树脂膜内的硫磺膜。与外涂石蜡的硫磺膜相比包被树脂的硫磺膜降解时间较长,可以对养分起到更好的控释作用。
无硫砂培试验得出硫膜降解的中间产物为硫代硫酸根,最终产物为硫酸根,硫酸根也是硫膜降解的主要产物。硫膜在基质中的主要转化途径是S~0→S_2O_3~(2-)→SO_4~(2-)。并且残膜在基质中降解的速率要高于包膜肥料膜壳的降解速率。浸提液中硫酸根离子浓度较高的时期,植株中全硫含量也较高,表明硫膜降解促进了植株对硫素的吸收。
硫磺和硫膜在土壤中的降解,导致了棕壤各处理微域土壤pH值的显著变化,而对非微域土壤影响不显著,在培养的中后期pH值均有回升;与棕壤相比潮土中pH值下降幅度较小。各处理在棕壤、潮土中的氧化速度是:硫磺>硫膜>硫加树脂膜。施用硫膜和硫加树脂膜起到了活化微域土壤中微量元素的作用,在培养的中后期增加了微域土壤中有效态铁、有效态锰及有效态铜的含量。并显著提高了棕壤微域有效硫的含量,非微域中有效硫也有升高的趋势;潮土微域中有效硫和有效磷的含量均有增加的趋势,随着硫膜在土壤中降解时间的延长,非微域土壤的有效硫、有效磷含量也有上升的趋势。试验表明:硫际微域(≤5 mm)土壤受硫膜降解产物的影响显著,而对非微域(>5 mm)土壤影响不显著。表明硫包膜或硫加树脂包膜控释肥在土壤中施用仅显著影响小范围土壤的化学性质,而对整个土体影响不显著。
采用棕壤池栽试验,对夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系中土壤硫组分动态变化分析发现,0-20 cm土层是土壤水溶性硫含量变化幅度较大的层次,硫包膜和硫加树脂包膜控释肥的施用可显著增加作物生育中后期0-20 cm土壤水溶性硫含量。在作物种植过程中,土壤水溶性硫与吸附态硫之间存在动态平衡。棕壤中无机硫组分以水溶性硫和盐酸可溶性硫为主,并且盐酸可溶性硫含量有逐渐下降的趋势,表明当土壤中水溶性硫和吸附态硫不充足时,盐酸可溶性硫可以进行及时的补充。硫加树脂包膜控释肥的施用增加了土壤中无机硫总量,在玉米的整个生育期内稳定持续的供给作物生长所需的硫素。在降雨、灌溉淋溶作用下SO42-有向土壤深层运移的趋势。硫包膜控释肥促进了夏玉米大口期及乳熟期对硫素的吸收,其顺序为:PSCU> SCU+PCU>PCU >Urea,也增加了冬小麦开花期及成熟期植株全硫含量,在冬小麦开花期,与Urea处理相比PSCU处理植株全硫含量增加了25.64%,SCU+PCU处理增加了17.16%。土壤中硫组分的动态变化促进了作物对硫素的吸收利用。
采用15N同位素示踪技术研究了包膜控释氮肥与普通尿素在夏玉米-冬小麦轮作系统中肥料氮的转化及去向,肥料氮的残留,肥料氮在剖面中的运移及作物对肥料氮的吸收利用。研究结果表明:在夏玉米季,施用控释肥与普通尿素相比,控释肥可获得较高的氮肥利用率;PCU处理与Urea处理相比肥料氮回收率增加3.9%、残留率增加5.02%、损失率减少7.67%;冬小麦季与Urea处理相比PCU处理肥料氮回收率增加1.88%、氮肥的残留率增加5.45%、损失率减少7.32%。
硫包膜和硫加树脂包膜控释氮肥的施用可增加夏玉米季和冬小麦季拔节期植株的干物质积累量,并增加成熟期作物的籽粒产量,并可使作物的氮素利用效率与硫素利用效率协同提高,增加植株氮素累积量和硫素累积量。硫包膜和硫加树脂包膜控释氮肥通过提高氮、硫的收获指数促进籽粒产量的增加,夏玉米季产量PSCU,PCU处理与Urea处理相比分别高出16.0%,13.43%。冬小麦季产量分别高出11.85%,9.79%。硫加树脂包膜控释氮肥的施用可实现夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系作物对氮素的高效利用,并且硫加树脂包膜尿素较低的价格有利于大田作物大面积使用。
在超级玉米“登海661”高产栽培过程中,通过对不同控释肥处理的产量和产量构成因素的研究,由相关分析及通径分析结果可知施用不同控释肥处理对产量的提高由不同产量构成因素的结果。施用控释掺混肥时,千粒重、穗行数、穗粗和穗粒数对玉米产量起决定性作用;施用硫加树脂包膜尿素,千粒重、行粒数、穗粗和穗行数为玉米产量的主要影响因素;而施用树脂包膜尿素,起决定性作用的产量构成因素为千粒重、行粒数、穗粒数和穗行数。各控释肥处理主要决定因素均为千粒重,主要限制因素各不相同,树脂包膜尿素和硫加树脂包膜尿素为穗行数,控释掺混肥为行粒数。因此在夏玉米高产栽培,选用不同的控释肥和掺混肥组合时,要注意协调产量构成主要因素之间的关系,使之处于最佳结合状态,并兼顾其他产量构成因素是实现夏玉米最佳产量的有效途径。
With continuous application of SCU (sulfur coated urea) in wide area, there are growing concerns about SC (sulfur coating) effect on the soil environment. Only by exploration of the migration and transformation process of SC in the soil, the impact of SC conversion on the soil can be theoretically explained. The research of degradation dynamics and transformation process of SC not only can explore SCU degradation effect on certain properties oil micro-sulfur domain, but also can ascertain the impact mechanism, which will provide scientific proof of CRFs (controlled release fertilizers) application and dissemination and guide SCU application and promotion.
In this study, the migration and transformation process of SC of CRFs and the various times morphology and ultrastructure changes in soil SC were explored thoroughly by the indoor simulation training, sand culture and pool culture experiment combined with scanning electron microscopy, micro-domain technology and isotope tracer so on, the researches ascertain the intermediates during the degradation process and the final degradation products effect on soil environment, and reveal SC of CRFs specific destination in the soil sulfur specific destination, and also analysis SC effect on activation of soil nutrient elements, migration and transformation of N and the impact on crop growth and development. The main results are as follows:
(1) Using the pot experiment of two consecutive years to observe feature and ultrastructure changes during the degradation of SC. In this research, the cross-section and surface of coating (SC, SC spraying paraffin sealant outer coating and packing thermosetting resins SC) were analyzed by scanning electron microscope in different cultivating stages, the electron microscope images show that only SC surface is rough, and has slits and holes all over. Along with the extending of time, the cracks and holes become gradually very big, whose reason is only the poor effect of SC control;②The surface of SC spraying paraffin sealant outer coating, on which some tiny cracks will be produced when coating because of temperature changes, has some relative smooth and thin coatings formed by paraffin, but it can better coat the slits and holes formed by sulfur. During the cultivating, the erosion holes, whose size enlarged increasingly and become darker in color from light, occurred on smooth and continuous paraffin coating. During the mid-late cultivation, sulfur of lack of sealant cracked into small pieces from coating condition and turned to powder.③Polymer-sulfur coating has relatively thin polymer layer and the gap of sulfur surface under coating can be seen, and with the degradation of the coating, the coating of sulfur under polymer coating can be found. Compared with SC spraying paraffin sealant outer coating, the degradation of packing thermosetting resins SC need a long time, which can control the release of nutrients better.
(2) By the quartz sand sulfur-free culture experiment of 560 days, the intermediate product of the degradation of SC is thiosulfate, and at the end of culture the final product of is sulfate that is the main product of SC degradation. In matrix, SC main transformation approach is S~0→S_2O_3~(2-)→SO_4~(2-), and the rate of degradation of sulfur coating residual is higher than that of packing fertilizer coating. In the period when the concentration of sulfate ions of is higher, the total sulfur content in plants is also higher, which indicates that the degradation of SC can promote the sulfur absorption of plant.
(3) The degradation of sulfur and SC in the soil gives rise to significant change of pH in each treatment micro-domain soil of brown soil, the less effect in non-micro-domain soil, but at the middle-late stage of culture, their PH value increase. Compared with the brown, PH value of fluvo-aquic soils descended in a narrow range. The each sulfur-containing treatment oxidation rate in brown and fluvo-aquic soil is Sulphur>SC>Polymer-sulfur coating. The application of SC and polymer-sulfur coating plays role of activation of trace elements in micro-domain soil. At the middle-late stage of culture the content of available ferrum, manganese and copper get exaltation, and the content of available sulphur in brown micro-domain soil has increase trend, also rising trend in non-micro-domain soil. In fluvo-aquic micro-domain soil, the content of available sulfur and phosphorus has a growing tendency, and with the extension of degradation time that in non-micro-domain soil also has rising trend.
The experiment results show that the soil of sulfur micro-domain (≤5 mm) is significantly affected by the products of SC degradation, while the soil of non-micro-domain (>5 mm) is less affected. The above conclusions show that the controlled-release fertilizers application of SC and polymer-sulfur coating will dramatically affect the chemical properties of soil in a small range, no obvious effects were observed in the whole soil.
(4) With brown pool culture experiment, the content change of soil sulfur components in the rotation system of summer corn-winter wheat shows the water-soluble sulfur content has a big margin in 0-20 cm layer, and the application of controlled-release fertilizers of SC and polymer-sulfur coating can significantly increase the water-soluble sulfur content in mid-late period of crop cultivation. In the process of crop growth, there exist the balance of mutual transformation between water-soluble sulfur and adsorbed sulfur. In brown soil, the water-soluble sulfur and soluble sulfur of hydrochloric acid is the main components of inorganic sulfur, and the content of soluble sulfur of hydrochloric acid has a gradually downward trend, which indicates when the adsorbed sulfur and water-soluble sulfur in soil is not sufficient, the soluble sulfur of hydrochloric acid can be timely supplied. The application of controlled-release fertilizers of polymer-sulfur coating increased the total amount of inorganic sulfur in soil, which guarantees the steady and continuous supply of sulfur required for crop growth in the whole growth period of corn. By the role of rainfall and irrigation-leaching, SO_4~(2-) has the migration trend to the deep soil layers.
(5) Controlled release fertilizer of SC promotes absorption of sulfur in 12-leaf stage and milk ripe stage of summer wheat, the absorption of sulfur of each treatment is PSCU> SCU + PCU> PCU> Urea. The application of Controlled release fertilizer of SC increased total sulfur content of plant at flowering and mature stage of winter wheat. At flowering stage, total sulfur content of plant of PSCU and SCU+PCU treatment have the increase of 25.64% and 17.16% compared with Urea treatment respectively. The dynamic change of sulfur components in soil promotes the absorption of sulfur for crop.
(6) In the rotation system of the summer corn-winter wheat, the isotope tracer technique is used to compare with N fate of Controlled release fertilizer of SC, the residual nitrogen in soil, the soil nitrate N migration in the profile and absorption and use of N in crop. The results show that in the summer corn, the application of controlled-release fertilizer has the higher availability of N fertilizer compared with urea, and N recovery rate, residue rate and loss rate of PCU treatment has the increase of 3.9% and 5.02% and the decrease of 7.67% compared with Urea treatment, respectively. In winter wheat, N recovery rate, residue rate and loss rate of PCU treatment has the increase of 1.88% and5.45% and the decrease of 7.32% compared with Urea treatment, respectively.
(7) Application of controlled-release fertilizers of SC and polymer-sulfur coating can increase the plant dry matter accumulation and grain yield of crop maturity. Furthermore, the use efficiency of crop nitrogen and sulfur gain improvement synchronously, which will increase nitrogen and sulfur concentrations of grain, and accumulation amount of N and sulfur in plant. By increasing the harvest index of N and sulfur to promote the increase of grain yield, the yield of grain of summer corn of PSCU and PCU treatment has an increase of 16.0% and 13.43% compared with Urea treatment (11.85% and 9.79% for winter wheat, respectively). Application of controlled-release fertilizers of polymer-sulfur coating may realize the efficient use of nitrogen in rotation system of summer corn-winter wheat, and the lower price of PSCU will benefit large-scale use of field crops.
(8) Path-coefficients of yield and yield components shows that when applied the mixture of PSCU and SCU(Sulfur coated urea), TGW(thousand-grain weight), R/E( rows per ear), ED (ear diameter) and G/E(the grain per ear) play a decisive role in yield of maize; in only application of PSCU, TGW, G/R(row grains), ED and G/E have the main role, while in that of PSU, TGW, G/R, ED and R/E play decisive role. Each key decision factors is TGW, and in limiting factor PSCU and PCU is R/E, SCU and PCU is G/R. Therefore, in high-yield maize cultivation, selection of combinations of different CRFs should coordinate the main factors of yield to guarantee the best combination of each factor.
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