机械对称的概念、作用及其应用知识获取的研究
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摘要
对称广泛存在于机械系统中,小至标准件,大至整机系统,具体如几何结构,抽象如功能原理,都有对称的存在。深入系统的研究机械对称,可以指导对称在机械系统中的科学应用,更好的实现机械系统的功能、提高机械系统的性能、满足机械系统的设计约束,提高机械系统的技术性、经济性和社会性,有助于产品创新设计,提高产品的市场竞争力。在综合分析了各领域对称的研究历史和研究现状后,本文针对当前机械对称研究存在的问题,对机械对称的概念、作用及其应用知识获取进行了研究。主要研究内容及成果体现在以下四个方面：
一.机械对称概念体系的建立
在研究了跨学科领域对称和机械对称的存在后,提出了机械对称的概念和层次结构体系。总结和扩展了对称在生物学和物理学中的概念体系,建立了生物对称和物理对称的本体论框架,提出了适用于一般系统的对称本体框架。在此基础上结合对大量机械对称实例的研究,对比研究了对称在机械工程科学中的存在体系,提出了按结构对称、原理对称和功能对称分类的机械对称本体体系。对各种机械对称进行定义并阐明了其在机械中的存在和作用原理。探讨了机械结构对称、原理对称及功能对称在改进和创新产品中的应用方法。揭示了对称在自然和工程系统中的存在模式具有层次结构性、相关性、多体性、多元性、多维性和组合性等共性特征。
二.机械结构对称知识发现方法和比较模式映射关联规则挖掘算法的研究
大量的对称实例中存在着规律性的对称设计知识,将知识发现的方法应用到对称实例的知识挖掘中,采用计算机辅助方法挖掘出深层次的设计知识是促进对称在机械设计中正确应用的基础。提出了基于实例的机械结构对称设计知识发现进程和方法,建立了结构对称设计基础知识库,建立了结构对称实例模型和结构对称设计知识模板。基于机械对称实例库属性数量较大而事务数量不大的特征,建立了基于事务属性合并和比较模式映射关联规则挖掘算法。与经典算法的对比分析表明,该算法对属性数量较大的中小型数据具有较高的求解效率,尤其在求解低支持度频繁模式时效果明显较好。运用机械结构对称知识发现方法和比较模式映射关联规则挖掘算法从对称实例中挖掘出关联知识,对关联知识加以提炼可得到具有普适性的结构对称应用知识。
三.结构对称在机械设计中的应用知识的建立
为指导对称在机械设计过程中的科学、系统的应用,在应用机械结构对称知识发现方法从大量对称实例中挖掘出关联知识的基础上,对关联知识进行整理、总结和提炼,提出了若干机械结构对称的应用知识。建立了设计需求、通用设计原理以及结构对称三者之间的双向关联知识。建立了结构对称在实现功能需求及性能需求中的若干应用知识。恰当的应用机械结构对称应用知识有助于更好地实现机械系统的设计需求,有助于提高机械系统的技术性、经济性和社会性,同时提高设计效率,实现能快速响应需求的产品创新。
四.计算机辅助机械对称实例知识挖掘系统的实现和应用
在上述理论的基础上,研制了机械对称实例知识挖掘系统,构建了由基础知识管理、对称实例管理和对称知识挖掘等模块组成的软件框架体系,将系统应用于机械结构对称实例的知识发现中,挖掘出了大量机械结构对称关联知识。
There widely exists symmetry in mechanical systems, covering the mechanical systems from small standard parts to large machine system. Symmetry is embodied by the visual geometrical structures, the abstract functions and the principles of mechanical systems. Deep and systemic research on mechanical symmetry can guide the application of symmetry to better realize the function of mechanical systems, improve their performance, meet their design restrictions, and finally increase the technical, economic and social performances of mechanical products. Moreover, research on symmetry will also benefit innovative design, and escalate the market competitiveness of mechanical products. After synthetic analysis on the research history and situation of symmetry in different domains, aiming at the drawbacks of current research in mechanical symmetry, research on mechanical symmetry concept, function and acquisition of application knowledge is carried out. The main research and primary contributions are reflected in the following four aspects:
Firstly, the concept system of mechanical symmetry was established. After the research on the existence of symmetry in mechanics and other domains, the concept and hierarchical structure framework of mechanical symmetry was proposed. By summarizing and extending of concept framewrok of biologic symmetry and physical symmetry, the ontology framework of biology symmetry and physics symmetry was established, and then a symmetry ontology framework for general systems was presented. By combining the above works with the analysis of a large number of instances of mechanical symmetry, the framework of mechanical symmetry ontology, categorized into function symmetry, principle symmetry, structure symmetry, was set up. Furthermore, the definitions of different kinds of mechanical symmetry were put forward and their existence and working principles in mechanical systems were illustrated. Then the application strategies of structure symmetry, principle symmetry and function symmetry on improving and innovating products were discussed. Finally, the commonness of symmetry in natural and engineering systems, including hierarchical structure, correlation, multi-body, multi-element, multi-dimension and combination was discovered.
Secondly, the research on knowledge discovery method of mechanical structure symmetry design and an algorithm for mining associating rules based on transaction attribute combination and comparative pattern mapping (CPM) was conducted. There existed much regular symmetry application knowledge in the large number of symmetry instances. The application of KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Database) in the knowledge discovery of symmetry instances and utilization of computer-aid methods to mine design knowledge in deep-level is the basis to promote the correct application of symmetry in mechanical design. An instance-based knowledge discovery process and method for mechanical structure symmetry design was proposed. And then the basic knowledge database of structure symmetry design, the model of structure symmetry instance and the template of structure symmetry design knowledge were established. A mining algorithm for associating rules based on transaction attribute combination and comparative pattern mapping (CPM) was presented aiming at the databases with a large mount of attributes but a small mount of transactions. By comparing CPM algorithm and classical algorithms, it is indicated that CPM has a satisfactory effect in calculating associating rules for databases with multiple attributes, especially for low supporting associating rule. By using knowledge discovery method of mechanical structure symmetry design and the CPM algorithm to mine associating knowledge from symmetric instances and abstract the associating knowledge, the general structure symmetry application knowledge could be obtained.
Thirdly, the application knowledge of mechanical structure symmetry were established. By applying the knowledge discovery method of mechanical structure symmetry design to mine the associating knowledge from vast symmetric instances, the associating knowledge was sorted, summarized and abstracted and some application knowledge of symmetry in mechanical structure design was proposed. The bidirectional associating knowledge between design demands, general design principle and structure symmetry was proposed. Some knowledge of applying structure symmetry in realizing design function demands and design performance demands were proposed. Correctly applying the mechanical structure symmetry application knowledge could be beneficial for realizing design demands better, increasing the technical, economic and social performances of mechanical products, improving design efficiency and implementing product innovation with rapid response to consumers'demands.
Fourthly, research on realization and application of computer-aided knowledge discovery system for mechanical symmetric instances was put forward. On the basis of above theory, the knowledge discovery system for mechanical symmetric instances (KDDMSI) was established. The software framework included basic knowledge management module, symmetric instance management module and symmetry design knowledge mining module. By applying the KDDMSI system in mechanical structure symmetry design knowledge discovery, a lot of mechanical symmetry associating knowledge was mined.
一.机械对称概念体系的建立
在研究了跨学科领域对称和机械对称的存在后,提出了机械对称的概念和层次结构体系。总结和扩展了对称在生物学和物理学中的概念体系,建立了生物对称和物理对称的本体论框架,提出了适用于一般系统的对称本体框架。在此基础上结合对大量机械对称实例的研究,对比研究了对称在机械工程科学中的存在体系,提出了按结构对称、原理对称和功能对称分类的机械对称本体体系。对各种机械对称进行定义并阐明了其在机械中的存在和作用原理。探讨了机械结构对称、原理对称及功能对称在改进和创新产品中的应用方法。揭示了对称在自然和工程系统中的存在模式具有层次结构性、相关性、多体性、多元性、多维性和组合性等共性特征。
二.机械结构对称知识发现方法和比较模式映射关联规则挖掘算法的研究
大量的对称实例中存在着规律性的对称设计知识,将知识发现的方法应用到对称实例的知识挖掘中,采用计算机辅助方法挖掘出深层次的设计知识是促进对称在机械设计中正确应用的基础。提出了基于实例的机械结构对称设计知识发现进程和方法,建立了结构对称设计基础知识库,建立了结构对称实例模型和结构对称设计知识模板。基于机械对称实例库属性数量较大而事务数量不大的特征,建立了基于事务属性合并和比较模式映射关联规则挖掘算法。与经典算法的对比分析表明,该算法对属性数量较大的中小型数据具有较高的求解效率,尤其在求解低支持度频繁模式时效果明显较好。运用机械结构对称知识发现方法和比较模式映射关联规则挖掘算法从对称实例中挖掘出关联知识,对关联知识加以提炼可得到具有普适性的结构对称应用知识。
三.结构对称在机械设计中的应用知识的建立
为指导对称在机械设计过程中的科学、系统的应用,在应用机械结构对称知识发现方法从大量对称实例中挖掘出关联知识的基础上,对关联知识进行整理、总结和提炼,提出了若干机械结构对称的应用知识。建立了设计需求、通用设计原理以及结构对称三者之间的双向关联知识。建立了结构对称在实现功能需求及性能需求中的若干应用知识。恰当的应用机械结构对称应用知识有助于更好地实现机械系统的设计需求,有助于提高机械系统的技术性、经济性和社会性,同时提高设计效率,实现能快速响应需求的产品创新。
四.计算机辅助机械对称实例知识挖掘系统的实现和应用
在上述理论的基础上,研制了机械对称实例知识挖掘系统,构建了由基础知识管理、对称实例管理和对称知识挖掘等模块组成的软件框架体系,将系统应用于机械结构对称实例的知识发现中,挖掘出了大量机械结构对称关联知识。
There widely exists symmetry in mechanical systems, covering the mechanical systems from small standard parts to large machine system. Symmetry is embodied by the visual geometrical structures, the abstract functions and the principles of mechanical systems. Deep and systemic research on mechanical symmetry can guide the application of symmetry to better realize the function of mechanical systems, improve their performance, meet their design restrictions, and finally increase the technical, economic and social performances of mechanical products. Moreover, research on symmetry will also benefit innovative design, and escalate the market competitiveness of mechanical products. After synthetic analysis on the research history and situation of symmetry in different domains, aiming at the drawbacks of current research in mechanical symmetry, research on mechanical symmetry concept, function and acquisition of application knowledge is carried out. The main research and primary contributions are reflected in the following four aspects:
Firstly, the concept system of mechanical symmetry was established. After the research on the existence of symmetry in mechanics and other domains, the concept and hierarchical structure framework of mechanical symmetry was proposed. By summarizing and extending of concept framewrok of biologic symmetry and physical symmetry, the ontology framework of biology symmetry and physics symmetry was established, and then a symmetry ontology framework for general systems was presented. By combining the above works with the analysis of a large number of instances of mechanical symmetry, the framework of mechanical symmetry ontology, categorized into function symmetry, principle symmetry, structure symmetry, was set up. Furthermore, the definitions of different kinds of mechanical symmetry were put forward and their existence and working principles in mechanical systems were illustrated. Then the application strategies of structure symmetry, principle symmetry and function symmetry on improving and innovating products were discussed. Finally, the commonness of symmetry in natural and engineering systems, including hierarchical structure, correlation, multi-body, multi-element, multi-dimension and combination was discovered.
Secondly, the research on knowledge discovery method of mechanical structure symmetry design and an algorithm for mining associating rules based on transaction attribute combination and comparative pattern mapping (CPM) was conducted. There existed much regular symmetry application knowledge in the large number of symmetry instances. The application of KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Database) in the knowledge discovery of symmetry instances and utilization of computer-aid methods to mine design knowledge in deep-level is the basis to promote the correct application of symmetry in mechanical design. An instance-based knowledge discovery process and method for mechanical structure symmetry design was proposed. And then the basic knowledge database of structure symmetry design, the model of structure symmetry instance and the template of structure symmetry design knowledge were established. A mining algorithm for associating rules based on transaction attribute combination and comparative pattern mapping (CPM) was presented aiming at the databases with a large mount of attributes but a small mount of transactions. By comparing CPM algorithm and classical algorithms, it is indicated that CPM has a satisfactory effect in calculating associating rules for databases with multiple attributes, especially for low supporting associating rule. By using knowledge discovery method of mechanical structure symmetry design and the CPM algorithm to mine associating knowledge from symmetric instances and abstract the associating knowledge, the general structure symmetry application knowledge could be obtained.
Thirdly, the application knowledge of mechanical structure symmetry were established. By applying the knowledge discovery method of mechanical structure symmetry design to mine the associating knowledge from vast symmetric instances, the associating knowledge was sorted, summarized and abstracted and some application knowledge of symmetry in mechanical structure design was proposed. The bidirectional associating knowledge between design demands, general design principle and structure symmetry was proposed. Some knowledge of applying structure symmetry in realizing design function demands and design performance demands were proposed. Correctly applying the mechanical structure symmetry application knowledge could be beneficial for realizing design demands better, increasing the technical, economic and social performances of mechanical products, improving design efficiency and implementing product innovation with rapid response to consumers'demands.
Fourthly, research on realization and application of computer-aided knowledge discovery system for mechanical symmetric instances was put forward. On the basis of above theory, the knowledge discovery system for mechanical symmetric instances (KDDMSI) was established. The software framework included basic knowledge management module, symmetric instance management module and symmetry design knowledge mining module. By applying the KDDMSI system in mechanical structure symmetry design knowledge discovery, a lot of mechanical symmetry associating knowledge was mined.
引文
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