高频谱效率的无线网络广义协作通信技术研究
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摘要
近年来,无线通信技术飞速发展。较之有线通信,从通信线路架设的周期、成本,通信覆盖范围,所受地理环境限制以及线路维护是否便利等方面综合考虑,无线通信在绝大多数应用场合均表现出了极大的优势,已成为信息通信领域发展最快、应用最广的支撑技术。伴随人们对于无线通信质量、业务种类以及数量需求的日益增加,加之无线网络受无线信道衰落、网络节点功率和通信范围限制,以及网络拓扑不固定等诸多因素影响,如何在现有有限的资源下,最大限度地满足人们的通信需求,已成为通信领域各国专家急切关注的焦点问题。
以协作中继、协作分集、协作复用、机会通信、网络编码以及它们之间的融合技术为重要支撑的广义协作通信技术恰恰针对这一焦点问题,从其具有的多节点参与、基于中继转发方式、按照某种协议或机制、通过多次收/发完成通信等特征入手,利用通信参与者之间的相互协作,可有效提升无线网络的整体性能。广义协作通信技术从多个通信参与者乃至整个网络的角度综合考虑系统的联合优化,它的出现预示着无线通信技术必将进入一个崭新的发展阶段。
本文以分布式无线网络为研究背景,在深入剖析广义协作通信主要支撑技术的基本特征、技术优势的基础上,探索研究高频谱效率的无线网络广义协作通信的新技术、新方法,从实现机理、特征描述及性能分析等方面进行探讨,主要工作如下:
1.针对无线双向中继信道,多跳中继、双向通信时分复用以及节点半双工工作模式导致系统频谱效率较低的问题,提出了一种双向连续中继策略。通过对系统双向可达速率的分析表明,该策略性能受中继节点间信道干扰影响很大,尤其当中继节点间信号干扰强度与双向有用信号功率相差不大时,系统性能严重恶化。针对该问题分别采用物理层网络编码和“脏纸”编码技术处理中继节点间的干扰信息,提出了两种改进策略。通过三种双向连续中继策略系统双向可达速率的对比分析表明,两种改进策略可有效缓解中继节点间信号干扰对于系统性能的负面影响,并且当中继节点间干扰信号强度大于双向有用信号功率时,基于物理层网络编码的双向连续中继策略可实现该系统的最佳性能。此外,针对两跳中继网络进行双向信息交互的情形,通过对比分析传统逐跳中继、放大转发方式的双向吞吐量增强中继和基于物理层网络编码的双向连续中继三种中继策略的归一化网络吞吐量,验证了双向连续中继策略对于提升系统资源利用率的有效性。最后,给出了两种双向连续中继改进策略在多跳(大于两跳时)网络中的扩展应用思路。
2.针对衰落环境中,基于物理层网络编码的双向连续中继策略通信可靠性较差的问题,提出了一种基于路径选择的双向连续中继策略。以“机会”选择节点中继方式取代现有的固定节点中继方式,利用多条无线信道之间的独立性,通过即时信道状态估计选择“最优”路径转发。针对两跳中继链路进行双向信息交互的情形,推导了两种双向连续中继策略中断概率和系统平均容量的解析表达式,通过对比分析传统逐跳中继、机会中继、基于物理层网络编码的双向连续中继以及基于路径选择的双向连续中继四种中继策略的中断概率和系统平均容量,得到如下结论:基于路径选择的双向连续中继策略在保证获得和基于物理层网络编码的双向连续中继策略相同资源利用率的前提下,可有效提高通信系统的抗衰落性能,并且随着参与机会中继节点数量的增加,该策略的抗衰落特性也越好。此外,将基于路径选择的双向连续中继策略进行多跳扩展,总结了该策略在多跳链路应用中的主要特征。
3.针对无线广播信道应用重传技术而造成的系统频谱效率较低的问题,提出了一种选择发送的协作网络编码策略。将空时协作传输技术与网络编码技术联合应用于无线广播信道,根据不同接收节点的丢包信息,源节点联合辅助节点空时协同发送包含多个接收节点所需信息的网络编码数据。通过对比分析传统广播策略、单纯采用网络编码的广播策略、采用Alamouti协作广播策略以及选择发送的协作网络编码四种广播策略的中断概率和网络编码增益,研究结果表明,选择发送的协作网络编码策略可同时获取分集增益和网络编码增益,达到减少重传信道占用率,提高重传效率的目的。
4.均衡考虑多中继协作通信系统中继策略的通信性能及其设计复杂度,根据中继节点是否正确译码选择转发方式,提出了一种混合转发协作传输策略。推导了准静态瑞利衰落环境下、大信噪比时,采用双中继协作转发,AF、DF和混合转发协作传输策略系统中断概率的数值表达式,得到如下结论:混合转发协作传输策略可通过较低的设计复杂度,实现利用较少的中继节点转发达到目的节点接收信号的质量需求,提高系统资源利用率。此外,针对采用译码转发方式的多中继协作通信系统,将选择中继方式进行推广,设计了一种交互中继选择协作传输策略。推导了该策略的两种具体实现方案目的节点接收误比特率的数值表达式,得到如下结论:当源节点与中继节点间信道质量较差时,交互中继选择协作传输策略利用中继节点之间的数据传输,增加有效参与协作转发的节点个数,可充分利用现有资源,满足通信需求。
Today, wireless communication techniques develop at very fast speed. Compared with wire communication, wireless communication is better in the periods and costs of lines of communication deployment, area coverage, restriction of geographical surroundings and maintenance of lines. And it has been the fast developing and widely-applied fundamental technique in present information communication field. The spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of wireless network is low because of wireless fading, node power, communication ranges and network topology. Meanwhile the requirements on the applications of wireless communication increase continuously. So meeting the demand of communication using the resource in existence has been a hot topic which comes to the attention of experts mostly.
Considering that broad-sense cooperative communication techniques have the main characteristics that obeying certain protocol or mechanism, coming to communication by multiple relaying nodes, and improving the holistic performance of wireless network using cooperative transmission among multiple nodes. So broad-sense cooperative communication techniques, including cooperative relaying, cooperative diversity, cooperative multiplexing, opportunistic communication, network coding and their integrated techniques, can resolve the above hot topic. Broad-sense cooperative communication techniques take the system's joint optimization into account from the aspects of multiple nodes and the entire network. And the research and application of these techniques indicate that wireless communication will definitely come into a brand-new seedtime.
In this dissertation, it is focused on the distributed wireless networks. On the basis of analyzing in-depth the characteristics and advantages of the fundamental techniques in broad-sense cooperative communication, it is mainly discussed that high spectral efficient broad-sense cooperative communication techniques for wireless networks from three aspects, i.e., researching the strategies of cooperative networks; discussing the characteristics of the cooperative strategies and analyzing the performance of the cooperative strategies. The main work of this dissertation can be summarized as follows:
1. For bidirectional relaying channels, multi-hop communication, the time-division-duplex mode of bidirectional communication and the half-duplex mode of nodes are the dominant factors leading to lower spectral efficiency. To improve the resource efficiency of bidirectional relay, a bidirectional successive relaying scheme (BSR) is proposed. The inter-relay interference in BSR leads to performance loss and for the moderate inter-relay interference, the performance fall down badly. To compensate loss caused by the inter-relay interference, two reformative schemes that utilize physical network coding and dirty paper coding respectively are proposed. Focusing on the two-hop chain network, the bidirectional achievable rates of three relaying schemes, BSR, bidirectional successive relaying based on physical network coding (PNC-BSR) and bidirectional successive relaying based on dirty paper coding (DPC-BSR), are analyzed. The characteristics of PNC-BSR and DPC-BSR are discussed and the results show that for the moderate inter-relay interference, both of the reformative schemes can improve achievable rate of the bidirectional relay network. And PNC-BSR offers a superior performance when the power of the inter-relay interference is bigger than the one of the needful signals. Furthermore, taking PNC-BSR into account, the normalized throughput performance of the conventional hop-by-hop relaying, AF BAT-relaying and PNC-BSR over a two-hop network are analyzed and the results confirm that PNC-BSR is valid to improve the resource efficiency of bidirectional relay. And then the idea of extension application for PNC-BSR and DPC-BSR in multi-hop network is presented.
2. To improve transmission reliability of PNC-BSR over wireless fading channels, a bidirectional successive relaying based on network path selection (NPS-BSR) is proposed. Based on the research of PNC-BSR, NPS-BSR first selects the“best”relay from multiple available relays based on instantaneous channel conditions in wireless fading environments and then uses this“best”relay for cooperative forwarding between transmitter and receiver. Focusing on the information exchange in two-hop network, outage probability and average capacity of four relaying schemes for the quasi-static Rayleigh fading environment are developed. The results show that in contrast to the conventional hop-by-hop relaying, the opportunistic relaying and PNC-BSR, NPS-BSR combats wireless fading more effectively with the identical resource efficiency of PNC-BSR. With the number of relays for cooperation increasing, a superior diversity gain is obtained. And then the mechanism of extension application for NPS-BSR in multi-hop network is presented.
3. To effectively reduce the average number of retransmissions and improve resource efficiency for wireless broadcast channels, a cooperative network coding scheme based on selective transmission (ST-CNC) is proposed. Space-time cooperative transmission and network coding are simultaneously applied to wireless broadcast scheme. According to the feedbacks from receivers, source node and assistant node combine different lost packets from different receivers and broadcast the combined packets in manner of Alamouti cooperative transmission. Focusing on the network with one source, single relay and two destination nodes, outage performance and network coding gain of four broadcast schemes, traditional broadcast scheme, the broadcast scheme using network coding, the broadcast scheme using Alamouti cooperative transmission and ST-CNC scheme, are analyzed. The results show that in contrast to the other broadcast schemes, ST-CNC offers simultaneity diversity gain and network coding gain.
4. To improve the performance of multiple-relay cooperative communication system and reduce the complexity of cooperative schemes, a multi-relay hybrid-forwarding cooperative transmission scheme (MRHF-CTS) is proposed, which selects the mode of forwarding according to the result of decoding at relay nodes. Expressions for outage probabilities are derived at high SNR regimes for the quasi-static Rayleigh fading environments when two relays are involved and AF, DF and MRHF-CTS are assumed respectively. The results show that with lower complexity, MRHF-CTS achieves the required quality of the receiving signals at destination node using lesser forwarding time and the resource efficiency of multiple-relay cooperative communication system is improved as a consequence. Furthermore, a selective cooperative technique with mutual relaying (MR-SCT) is proposed for multi-relay DF cooperative communication system. Expressions for theoretical BER performance of the MR-SCT schemes are derived. The results show that for the inferior quality of the wireless path between source and relay, for each relay, the number of nodes involved in cooperation is increased by using the interaction among relays to achieve the requirement of communication without additional conditions.
以协作中继、协作分集、协作复用、机会通信、网络编码以及它们之间的融合技术为重要支撑的广义协作通信技术恰恰针对这一焦点问题,从其具有的多节点参与、基于中继转发方式、按照某种协议或机制、通过多次收/发完成通信等特征入手,利用通信参与者之间的相互协作,可有效提升无线网络的整体性能。广义协作通信技术从多个通信参与者乃至整个网络的角度综合考虑系统的联合优化,它的出现预示着无线通信技术必将进入一个崭新的发展阶段。
本文以分布式无线网络为研究背景,在深入剖析广义协作通信主要支撑技术的基本特征、技术优势的基础上,探索研究高频谱效率的无线网络广义协作通信的新技术、新方法,从实现机理、特征描述及性能分析等方面进行探讨,主要工作如下:
1.针对无线双向中继信道,多跳中继、双向通信时分复用以及节点半双工工作模式导致系统频谱效率较低的问题,提出了一种双向连续中继策略。通过对系统双向可达速率的分析表明,该策略性能受中继节点间信道干扰影响很大,尤其当中继节点间信号干扰强度与双向有用信号功率相差不大时,系统性能严重恶化。针对该问题分别采用物理层网络编码和“脏纸”编码技术处理中继节点间的干扰信息,提出了两种改进策略。通过三种双向连续中继策略系统双向可达速率的对比分析表明,两种改进策略可有效缓解中继节点间信号干扰对于系统性能的负面影响,并且当中继节点间干扰信号强度大于双向有用信号功率时,基于物理层网络编码的双向连续中继策略可实现该系统的最佳性能。此外,针对两跳中继网络进行双向信息交互的情形,通过对比分析传统逐跳中继、放大转发方式的双向吞吐量增强中继和基于物理层网络编码的双向连续中继三种中继策略的归一化网络吞吐量,验证了双向连续中继策略对于提升系统资源利用率的有效性。最后,给出了两种双向连续中继改进策略在多跳(大于两跳时)网络中的扩展应用思路。
2.针对衰落环境中,基于物理层网络编码的双向连续中继策略通信可靠性较差的问题,提出了一种基于路径选择的双向连续中继策略。以“机会”选择节点中继方式取代现有的固定节点中继方式,利用多条无线信道之间的独立性,通过即时信道状态估计选择“最优”路径转发。针对两跳中继链路进行双向信息交互的情形,推导了两种双向连续中继策略中断概率和系统平均容量的解析表达式,通过对比分析传统逐跳中继、机会中继、基于物理层网络编码的双向连续中继以及基于路径选择的双向连续中继四种中继策略的中断概率和系统平均容量,得到如下结论:基于路径选择的双向连续中继策略在保证获得和基于物理层网络编码的双向连续中继策略相同资源利用率的前提下,可有效提高通信系统的抗衰落性能,并且随着参与机会中继节点数量的增加,该策略的抗衰落特性也越好。此外,将基于路径选择的双向连续中继策略进行多跳扩展,总结了该策略在多跳链路应用中的主要特征。
3.针对无线广播信道应用重传技术而造成的系统频谱效率较低的问题,提出了一种选择发送的协作网络编码策略。将空时协作传输技术与网络编码技术联合应用于无线广播信道,根据不同接收节点的丢包信息,源节点联合辅助节点空时协同发送包含多个接收节点所需信息的网络编码数据。通过对比分析传统广播策略、单纯采用网络编码的广播策略、采用Alamouti协作广播策略以及选择发送的协作网络编码四种广播策略的中断概率和网络编码增益,研究结果表明,选择发送的协作网络编码策略可同时获取分集增益和网络编码增益,达到减少重传信道占用率,提高重传效率的目的。
4.均衡考虑多中继协作通信系统中继策略的通信性能及其设计复杂度,根据中继节点是否正确译码选择转发方式,提出了一种混合转发协作传输策略。推导了准静态瑞利衰落环境下、大信噪比时,采用双中继协作转发,AF、DF和混合转发协作传输策略系统中断概率的数值表达式,得到如下结论:混合转发协作传输策略可通过较低的设计复杂度,实现利用较少的中继节点转发达到目的节点接收信号的质量需求,提高系统资源利用率。此外,针对采用译码转发方式的多中继协作通信系统,将选择中继方式进行推广,设计了一种交互中继选择协作传输策略。推导了该策略的两种具体实现方案目的节点接收误比特率的数值表达式,得到如下结论:当源节点与中继节点间信道质量较差时,交互中继选择协作传输策略利用中继节点之间的数据传输,增加有效参与协作转发的节点个数,可充分利用现有资源,满足通信需求。
Today, wireless communication techniques develop at very fast speed. Compared with wire communication, wireless communication is better in the periods and costs of lines of communication deployment, area coverage, restriction of geographical surroundings and maintenance of lines. And it has been the fast developing and widely-applied fundamental technique in present information communication field. The spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of wireless network is low because of wireless fading, node power, communication ranges and network topology. Meanwhile the requirements on the applications of wireless communication increase continuously. So meeting the demand of communication using the resource in existence has been a hot topic which comes to the attention of experts mostly.
Considering that broad-sense cooperative communication techniques have the main characteristics that obeying certain protocol or mechanism, coming to communication by multiple relaying nodes, and improving the holistic performance of wireless network using cooperative transmission among multiple nodes. So broad-sense cooperative communication techniques, including cooperative relaying, cooperative diversity, cooperative multiplexing, opportunistic communication, network coding and their integrated techniques, can resolve the above hot topic. Broad-sense cooperative communication techniques take the system's joint optimization into account from the aspects of multiple nodes and the entire network. And the research and application of these techniques indicate that wireless communication will definitely come into a brand-new seedtime.
In this dissertation, it is focused on the distributed wireless networks. On the basis of analyzing in-depth the characteristics and advantages of the fundamental techniques in broad-sense cooperative communication, it is mainly discussed that high spectral efficient broad-sense cooperative communication techniques for wireless networks from three aspects, i.e., researching the strategies of cooperative networks; discussing the characteristics of the cooperative strategies and analyzing the performance of the cooperative strategies. The main work of this dissertation can be summarized as follows:
1. For bidirectional relaying channels, multi-hop communication, the time-division-duplex mode of bidirectional communication and the half-duplex mode of nodes are the dominant factors leading to lower spectral efficiency. To improve the resource efficiency of bidirectional relay, a bidirectional successive relaying scheme (BSR) is proposed. The inter-relay interference in BSR leads to performance loss and for the moderate inter-relay interference, the performance fall down badly. To compensate loss caused by the inter-relay interference, two reformative schemes that utilize physical network coding and dirty paper coding respectively are proposed. Focusing on the two-hop chain network, the bidirectional achievable rates of three relaying schemes, BSR, bidirectional successive relaying based on physical network coding (PNC-BSR) and bidirectional successive relaying based on dirty paper coding (DPC-BSR), are analyzed. The characteristics of PNC-BSR and DPC-BSR are discussed and the results show that for the moderate inter-relay interference, both of the reformative schemes can improve achievable rate of the bidirectional relay network. And PNC-BSR offers a superior performance when the power of the inter-relay interference is bigger than the one of the needful signals. Furthermore, taking PNC-BSR into account, the normalized throughput performance of the conventional hop-by-hop relaying, AF BAT-relaying and PNC-BSR over a two-hop network are analyzed and the results confirm that PNC-BSR is valid to improve the resource efficiency of bidirectional relay. And then the idea of extension application for PNC-BSR and DPC-BSR in multi-hop network is presented.
2. To improve transmission reliability of PNC-BSR over wireless fading channels, a bidirectional successive relaying based on network path selection (NPS-BSR) is proposed. Based on the research of PNC-BSR, NPS-BSR first selects the“best”relay from multiple available relays based on instantaneous channel conditions in wireless fading environments and then uses this“best”relay for cooperative forwarding between transmitter and receiver. Focusing on the information exchange in two-hop network, outage probability and average capacity of four relaying schemes for the quasi-static Rayleigh fading environment are developed. The results show that in contrast to the conventional hop-by-hop relaying, the opportunistic relaying and PNC-BSR, NPS-BSR combats wireless fading more effectively with the identical resource efficiency of PNC-BSR. With the number of relays for cooperation increasing, a superior diversity gain is obtained. And then the mechanism of extension application for NPS-BSR in multi-hop network is presented.
3. To effectively reduce the average number of retransmissions and improve resource efficiency for wireless broadcast channels, a cooperative network coding scheme based on selective transmission (ST-CNC) is proposed. Space-time cooperative transmission and network coding are simultaneously applied to wireless broadcast scheme. According to the feedbacks from receivers, source node and assistant node combine different lost packets from different receivers and broadcast the combined packets in manner of Alamouti cooperative transmission. Focusing on the network with one source, single relay and two destination nodes, outage performance and network coding gain of four broadcast schemes, traditional broadcast scheme, the broadcast scheme using network coding, the broadcast scheme using Alamouti cooperative transmission and ST-CNC scheme, are analyzed. The results show that in contrast to the other broadcast schemes, ST-CNC offers simultaneity diversity gain and network coding gain.
4. To improve the performance of multiple-relay cooperative communication system and reduce the complexity of cooperative schemes, a multi-relay hybrid-forwarding cooperative transmission scheme (MRHF-CTS) is proposed, which selects the mode of forwarding according to the result of decoding at relay nodes. Expressions for outage probabilities are derived at high SNR regimes for the quasi-static Rayleigh fading environments when two relays are involved and AF, DF and MRHF-CTS are assumed respectively. The results show that with lower complexity, MRHF-CTS achieves the required quality of the receiving signals at destination node using lesser forwarding time and the resource efficiency of multiple-relay cooperative communication system is improved as a consequence. Furthermore, a selective cooperative technique with mutual relaying (MR-SCT) is proposed for multi-relay DF cooperative communication system. Expressions for theoretical BER performance of the MR-SCT schemes are derived. The results show that for the inferior quality of the wireless path between source and relay, for each relay, the number of nodes involved in cooperation is increased by using the interaction among relays to achieve the requirement of communication without additional conditions.
引文
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