合金元素对Cf/Al复合材料微观组织及性能影响
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摘要
本文以航天器结构件为背景,开发新型高比强度、高比刚度的碳纤维增强铝基复合材料(Cf/Al)。复合材料采用压力浸渗法制备,纤维体积分数为60%,基体合金为不同Mg含量的Al-Mg合金。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、高分辨电镜(HREM)、能谱仪(EDAX)、布氏硬度计和多功能电子拉伸机等多种手段对复合材料的微观组织、界面结构及形成机理进行了系统的研究,测试了复合材料的力学性能和腐蚀性能,分析了相关的影响因素。
论文通过改变基体合金成分来分析Mg元素对复合材料界面结构与微观组织以及力学性能的影响。
为研究碳纤维增强铝基复合材料的浸渗原理,采用真空座滴法对不同Mg含量的基体合金与碳纤维布之间的润湿行为进行了分析。结果表明,基体铝中Mg元素的添加,可以降低铝合金对纤维的润湿角,当Mg元素增加到13 wt.%以上,其基体合金对纤维的润湿角急剧下降,润湿效果明显得到改善。由润湿角变化又可直接计算出在压力浸渗条件下制备复合材料的最低制备压力,可以用以指导复合材料的制备。
研究发现,Mg元素具有明显的界面偏聚现象,可以改变界面处的第二相析出行为。随着基体合金中Mg元素含量的增加,复合材料界面上析出的Al4C3相逐渐减少直至消失,取而代之的是开始在界面和晶内形成亚稳结构的β′(Al3Mg2)。在复合材料中,由于大量界面的引入,改变了析出条件,使得亚稳相结构的β′不能进一步形成稳定结构β相。
随着基体合金中Mg元素含量的增加,界面反应产物改变,复合材料的力学性能得到大幅度提高。Mg含量由0到8.5 wt.%时抗弯强度急剧增加,由425 MPa增加到1350 MPa,而由Mg元素8.5 wt.%增加到17 wt.%时强度增加幅度变缓,由1350 MPa增加到1500 MPa。随着基体合金中Mg含量增加,复合材料断口也发生变化,由平直型断裂到有大量纤维拔出的混合断口断口过渡,表明复合材料界面适度“脱粘”可以大幅度提高断裂功。
在Cf/Al-Mg复合材料中基体合金中Mg元素含量的增加,复合材料的腐蚀性能明显下降。
在Cf/Al-17Mg复合材料基体合金中加入稀土元素Nd之后,Nd元素在纤维附近局部偏析,Nd元素比Mg元素更容易在界面上富集并生成大量的纳米球Al11Nd3析出相,由于Nd元素分布的不均匀导致有的区域Al元素直接与碳纤维接触,在复合材料的界面处就生成了一定量的脆性相Al4C3,使复合材料力学性能大幅度下降,从未添加稀土元素的1500MPa下降到800MPa。但是对复合材料的弹性模量的影响不大。
Under the background of the spacecraft structure, carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite with new high specific strength, high specific stiffness was developed. Composites with carbon fiber volume fraction of 60% and matrix of Al-XMg alloy were successfully prepared by pressure infiltration method in this paper. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX), Brinell durometer and tensile machine, microstructure, interface structure and formation mechanism of composite materials were investigated. In addition, mechanical and corrosion properties of composite materials were tested, and related factors were analyzed.
Composition of matrix alloy in composite was designed to reveal the effect of Mg element on the structure, microstructure of the interface, and mechanical properties of composites.
In order to investigate the infiltration principle of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites, the vacuum sessile drop method was used to analyze the wetting behavior between matrix alloy and two-dimensional carbon fibers. With the addition of Mg element in the aluminum matrix, the wetting angle between aluminum and fiber can be reduced. When the Mg element was added to 13 wt.%, the wetting angle decreased faster, which indicated that the wettability between them was better. The minimum pressure to prepare composites with pressure infiltration method can be directly calculated by the variation of wetting angle and it can guide the preparation of composites.
Mg segregated at the interface of Cf/Al-Mg composite, which resulted in the change of precipitation behavior at the interface. With the increase of Mg, amount of Al4C3 phase decreased and even disappeared at the interface, while metastableβ′(Al3Mg2) phase generated at the interface and in the grains. Transformation of metastableβ′(Al3Mg2) phase to stableβ(Al3Mg2) phase is difficult due to the introduction of a large number of interfaces and variation of precipitation condition. Mechanical properties of composites were greatly improved with the increase of Mg in matrix alloy. When Mg content was added from 0 to 8.5 wt.% in composite, the bending strength can be increased sharply from 425 MPa to 1350 MPa. However, when Mg content was added from 8.5 to 17 wt.% in composite, the bending strength can only be increased slightly from 1350 MPa to 1500MPa. Variation of fracture from flat fractography to a large number of fibers pulled out indicated that moderate sticky point of composite interface can effectively improve work of fracture. In the Cf/Al-Mg composites, the increase of Mg in matrix alloy can greatly reduce the corrosion property of composites.
Nd was easier to segregate partially than Mg at the interface of Cf/Al-17Mg-Nd composites. A lot of nano-scaled Al11Nd3 phase precipitated at the interface of the composites. Because of the non-uniform distribution of Nd, there existed no Nd in some areas, which resulted in the direct contact of Al and carbon fiber and the generation of a certain amount of brittle phase Al4C3 at the interface. With the increase of Nd element, UTS of composites significantly declined from 1500MPa to 800MPa. But it had little influence on the elastic modulus of composites.
论文通过改变基体合金成分来分析Mg元素对复合材料界面结构与微观组织以及力学性能的影响。
为研究碳纤维增强铝基复合材料的浸渗原理,采用真空座滴法对不同Mg含量的基体合金与碳纤维布之间的润湿行为进行了分析。结果表明,基体铝中Mg元素的添加,可以降低铝合金对纤维的润湿角,当Mg元素增加到13 wt.%以上,其基体合金对纤维的润湿角急剧下降,润湿效果明显得到改善。由润湿角变化又可直接计算出在压力浸渗条件下制备复合材料的最低制备压力,可以用以指导复合材料的制备。
研究发现,Mg元素具有明显的界面偏聚现象,可以改变界面处的第二相析出行为。随着基体合金中Mg元素含量的增加,复合材料界面上析出的Al4C3相逐渐减少直至消失,取而代之的是开始在界面和晶内形成亚稳结构的β′(Al3Mg2)。在复合材料中,由于大量界面的引入,改变了析出条件,使得亚稳相结构的β′不能进一步形成稳定结构β相。
随着基体合金中Mg元素含量的增加,界面反应产物改变,复合材料的力学性能得到大幅度提高。Mg含量由0到8.5 wt.%时抗弯强度急剧增加,由425 MPa增加到1350 MPa,而由Mg元素8.5 wt.%增加到17 wt.%时强度增加幅度变缓,由1350 MPa增加到1500 MPa。随着基体合金中Mg含量增加,复合材料断口也发生变化,由平直型断裂到有大量纤维拔出的混合断口断口过渡,表明复合材料界面适度“脱粘”可以大幅度提高断裂功。
在Cf/Al-Mg复合材料中基体合金中Mg元素含量的增加,复合材料的腐蚀性能明显下降。
在Cf/Al-17Mg复合材料基体合金中加入稀土元素Nd之后,Nd元素在纤维附近局部偏析,Nd元素比Mg元素更容易在界面上富集并生成大量的纳米球Al11Nd3析出相,由于Nd元素分布的不均匀导致有的区域Al元素直接与碳纤维接触,在复合材料的界面处就生成了一定量的脆性相Al4C3,使复合材料力学性能大幅度下降,从未添加稀土元素的1500MPa下降到800MPa。但是对复合材料的弹性模量的影响不大。
Under the background of the spacecraft structure, carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite with new high specific strength, high specific stiffness was developed. Composites with carbon fiber volume fraction of 60% and matrix of Al-XMg alloy were successfully prepared by pressure infiltration method in this paper. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX), Brinell durometer and tensile machine, microstructure, interface structure and formation mechanism of composite materials were investigated. In addition, mechanical and corrosion properties of composite materials were tested, and related factors were analyzed.
Composition of matrix alloy in composite was designed to reveal the effect of Mg element on the structure, microstructure of the interface, and mechanical properties of composites.
In order to investigate the infiltration principle of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites, the vacuum sessile drop method was used to analyze the wetting behavior between matrix alloy and two-dimensional carbon fibers. With the addition of Mg element in the aluminum matrix, the wetting angle between aluminum and fiber can be reduced. When the Mg element was added to 13 wt.%, the wetting angle decreased faster, which indicated that the wettability between them was better. The minimum pressure to prepare composites with pressure infiltration method can be directly calculated by the variation of wetting angle and it can guide the preparation of composites.
Mg segregated at the interface of Cf/Al-Mg composite, which resulted in the change of precipitation behavior at the interface. With the increase of Mg, amount of Al4C3 phase decreased and even disappeared at the interface, while metastableβ′(Al3Mg2) phase generated at the interface and in the grains. Transformation of metastableβ′(Al3Mg2) phase to stableβ(Al3Mg2) phase is difficult due to the introduction of a large number of interfaces and variation of precipitation condition. Mechanical properties of composites were greatly improved with the increase of Mg in matrix alloy. When Mg content was added from 0 to 8.5 wt.% in composite, the bending strength can be increased sharply from 425 MPa to 1350 MPa. However, when Mg content was added from 8.5 to 17 wt.% in composite, the bending strength can only be increased slightly from 1350 MPa to 1500MPa. Variation of fracture from flat fractography to a large number of fibers pulled out indicated that moderate sticky point of composite interface can effectively improve work of fracture. In the Cf/Al-Mg composites, the increase of Mg in matrix alloy can greatly reduce the corrosion property of composites.
Nd was easier to segregate partially than Mg at the interface of Cf/Al-17Mg-Nd composites. A lot of nano-scaled Al11Nd3 phase precipitated at the interface of the composites. Because of the non-uniform distribution of Nd, there existed no Nd in some areas, which resulted in the direct contact of Al and carbon fiber and the generation of a certain amount of brittle phase Al4C3 at the interface. With the increase of Nd element, UTS of composites significantly declined from 1500MPa to 800MPa. But it had little influence on the elastic modulus of composites.
引文
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