企业间合作关系治理的理论研究
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摘要
在经济全球化和一体化的时代背景下,市场竞争日益激烈,企业仅靠自身能力难以获得竞争优势。市场竞争逐渐由企业竞争转向由顾客、供应商、研发中心、制造商、经销商等合作伙伴组成的企业合作网络之间的竞争。企业间合作关系日益成为企业发现并保持竞争优势的重要方式。
企业间合作关系治理属于企业边界管理的范畴,它既是一种管理思想,也是具有重要意义的管理实践。关系治理是一个组织采用适当的治理机制,以积极和持续的态度,管理组织间行为的过程。关系治理是介于市场治理和层级治理的一种混合治理形式,它不是单独依赖市场力量或法令权利来协调关系,而是一种依赖于合作的治理。关系治理涉及的是“包含着显著关系专用性资产的企业间交易”,和“嵌入于组织间关系的结构和过程”。关系治理既包括经济性治理机制,也包括社会性治理机制。经济性治理主要包括契约、专用性投资、价值培育机制等,社会性治理主要是指关系要素培育、关系网络构建等。企业合作关系代表着关系发展的趋势,有效的合作关系治理,可以提升关系表现,促进关系价值的获得,进而提高企业和供应链的竞争力。
本文通过对关系治理的概念和理论进行分析,以供应链企业合作关系为例,建立了企业合作关系治理的理论分析框架,构建关系治理的过程和结构分析体系。主要内容如下:
首先,通过对企业合作关系及关系治理的研究现状分析,界定了本文研究的内容,阐述了研究的理论和现实意义。
第二,构建了企业合作关系治理的理论分析框架。在分析了企业关系边界、关系嵌入性以及关系的内涵后,从治理主体、客体和内容等角度,界定了关系治理的概念,并分析了关系治理与公司治理理论体系的差别。比较了合作关系治理的主要四种理论,提出了企业合作关系治理的理论分析框架:以关系治理的基础研究理论为支撑,以价值的创造与分享为导向,对企业合作关系进行过程治理和结构治理。
第三,分析了典型的企业合作关系治理机制,提出了基于过程的关系治理机制体系。研究了企业关系连续统一体及其治理方式,并分析了关系持续中竞争优势的获取条件。比较了交易合作关系和战略合作关系差异,研究了战略合作关系中关系租金的创造手段。建立了合作关系持续分析与发展模型,将关系持续分析与发展划分为:合作方筛选与分类、合作能力评价、关系持续发展分析三个阶段。
第四,分析了关系治理结构中的契约设计及其治理条件。企业合作关系中的契约治理分为正式契约和关系契约治理。比较了供应链契约和传统契约的异同,通过构建了一个供应链合作契约模型,分析了合作关系的收入共享契约设计条件,并研究了其他类型的供应链契约形式。考虑到资产专用性和治理环境的不同组合,研究了关系契约自执行的实现条件。关系契约自执行设计的关键在于交易方的毁约诱惑与守约收益之间的均衡比较。
第五,从关系资本构建的角度,研究了企业合作关系治理的社会化机制设计。分析了供应链一体化与社会化的联系,提出了社会化、关系资本构建与供应链表现的关联模型。供应链合作关系资本属于群体社会资本,可分为关系、认知、结构三个层次。社会化机制将促进供应链关系资本和供应链认知资本的建立,进而推动了供应链的表现。社会网络构建,通过获得网络的中心优势和网络剩余而构建了结构供应链资本,也将促进供应链的整体表现。
第六,构建了关系治理评价的分析体系。研究了关系治理评价主体的演变,建立了关系治理评价的分析框架。分析了合作伙伴关系运行中的关系要素,根据功能将关系治理的要素划分为:属性要素、结构要素、表现要素,建立了包含外部关系要素在内的关系治理评价一般模型。分析了关系的价值构成,建立以情境关系利益为导向的关系治理评价结构性模型。
最后,以哈飞汽车集团的主要企业:哈飞汽车、东安动力、东安三菱的合作关系为案例,分析了该企业集团的供应链合作关系治理,对本文论述的理论和模型进行了验证。
Under circumstance of economic globalization and information society, market competition is becoming serious gradually, enterprises cannot accquire competition predomince singlely. The competition of enterprises is tranfer to the competiton of supply chain network which is consist of client, supplier, techonolgy center, manufacturer, dealer and sevice provider. Relationship is a important connection that maintain supply chain operation. Effective partnership governance, is becoming a important method for supply chain performance enhancement.
Parternship governance belongs to the field of enterprises boundary management. It is not only a kind of management thought, but also a important management practice. Relationship governance is a hybrid governance mode between market governace and Bureaucracy governance. Relationship governance is a kind of cooperation goverance which is not depended on market and power solely. Relationship governance is refer to“inter-firm deal combining relationship speific assets”and“inserting inter-organization structure and process”. Relationship governance is a organization which takes proper governance mechansim and positive attitude, to manage inter-firm behavior. Relationship governance include economic governance and social governance mechanisms. Economic governance is refer to:contract, specific invest and value foster mechanisms. Social governace is refer to: construction of relationship factors and relationship network. Enterprises partnership represent a trend of relationship development. Effective partnership governance will rise relationship performance, promote accquirement of relationship value, and enhance competitiveness of corporation and supply chain. According to analysis of concept and theory, the paper proposes a relationship governance theory framework and suggests an analysis system of relationship governance structure and process.
Firstly, combing the research progress of inter-firm relationship and relationship governance theories, it defines research content,theoritical and practical meaning of the research are further put forward.
Secondly, it analyses meaning, characteric of inter-firm relationship and evolution of enterprises partnership. It studies concept of relationship governance, and compare difference of relationship governance and corporate governance. It proposes a theory framework of relationship governance: based on foundentmental theory relationship governance and value creation, enterprises should carry relationship process governance and structural governance.
Thirdly, it studies traditional mechanism of partnership governance and proposes mechanism of relationship governance based on value creation, which is consist of: relationship process, aim, methods. According to classification of partnership, it analyses competition predominance obtain in relationship continuance. it studies continuance of strategy partnership and condition of relationship rents creation.It analyses difference between entity evaluation and relationship evaluation, and proposes a model of partner continuance and relationship evaluation. The model include three phases: partner classification, relationship evaluation and relationship continuance.
Fourthly, it studies contract governance in relational governance structure. It analyses classification and governance methods of normal contract, and compares difference between supply chain relationship contract and classical contract. It forms a supply chain contract model, and designs a revenue-sharing contract cordination model. Considering asset ownership and governance regimes, it analyses self-enforcement condition of relational contract. The key element of relational contract self-enforcement is equation between renege temption and enforcement income.
Fifthly, from the view of relationship capital construction, it analyzes socialization process of partnership governance. It analyses constituation of supply chain relational capital and proposes a model which is consist of socialization process, relationship capital construction and supply chain performance. Socialization mechanisms facilitate the construction of relational supply chain capital and cognitive supply chain capital, and promote supply chain performance. Depending on construction of social network, actors accquire network centrality predominance and network surplus, and accelerate supply chain performance.
Sixthly, it analyses relationship factors of partnership continuance and proposes that classification relationship governance factors include: attribute factors, structure factors, performance factors. It proposes a general model of relationship governance which include outer influence. Analyzing constitution of relationship value, it put forward an structural model for relationship continuance and evaluation based on value orientation.
Finally, it implements a case study. HaFei automobile group’s main enterprises include:HaFei automobile, DongAn power and DongAn mitsubishi. Based on the case analysis of HaFei group supply chain partnership, it verifies theory and model in the paper.
企业间合作关系治理属于企业边界管理的范畴,它既是一种管理思想,也是具有重要意义的管理实践。关系治理是一个组织采用适当的治理机制,以积极和持续的态度,管理组织间行为的过程。关系治理是介于市场治理和层级治理的一种混合治理形式,它不是单独依赖市场力量或法令权利来协调关系,而是一种依赖于合作的治理。关系治理涉及的是“包含着显著关系专用性资产的企业间交易”,和“嵌入于组织间关系的结构和过程”。关系治理既包括经济性治理机制,也包括社会性治理机制。经济性治理主要包括契约、专用性投资、价值培育机制等,社会性治理主要是指关系要素培育、关系网络构建等。企业合作关系代表着关系发展的趋势,有效的合作关系治理,可以提升关系表现,促进关系价值的获得,进而提高企业和供应链的竞争力。
本文通过对关系治理的概念和理论进行分析,以供应链企业合作关系为例,建立了企业合作关系治理的理论分析框架,构建关系治理的过程和结构分析体系。主要内容如下:
首先,通过对企业合作关系及关系治理的研究现状分析,界定了本文研究的内容,阐述了研究的理论和现实意义。
第二,构建了企业合作关系治理的理论分析框架。在分析了企业关系边界、关系嵌入性以及关系的内涵后,从治理主体、客体和内容等角度,界定了关系治理的概念,并分析了关系治理与公司治理理论体系的差别。比较了合作关系治理的主要四种理论,提出了企业合作关系治理的理论分析框架:以关系治理的基础研究理论为支撑,以价值的创造与分享为导向,对企业合作关系进行过程治理和结构治理。
第三,分析了典型的企业合作关系治理机制,提出了基于过程的关系治理机制体系。研究了企业关系连续统一体及其治理方式,并分析了关系持续中竞争优势的获取条件。比较了交易合作关系和战略合作关系差异,研究了战略合作关系中关系租金的创造手段。建立了合作关系持续分析与发展模型,将关系持续分析与发展划分为:合作方筛选与分类、合作能力评价、关系持续发展分析三个阶段。
第四,分析了关系治理结构中的契约设计及其治理条件。企业合作关系中的契约治理分为正式契约和关系契约治理。比较了供应链契约和传统契约的异同,通过构建了一个供应链合作契约模型,分析了合作关系的收入共享契约设计条件,并研究了其他类型的供应链契约形式。考虑到资产专用性和治理环境的不同组合,研究了关系契约自执行的实现条件。关系契约自执行设计的关键在于交易方的毁约诱惑与守约收益之间的均衡比较。
第五,从关系资本构建的角度,研究了企业合作关系治理的社会化机制设计。分析了供应链一体化与社会化的联系,提出了社会化、关系资本构建与供应链表现的关联模型。供应链合作关系资本属于群体社会资本,可分为关系、认知、结构三个层次。社会化机制将促进供应链关系资本和供应链认知资本的建立,进而推动了供应链的表现。社会网络构建,通过获得网络的中心优势和网络剩余而构建了结构供应链资本,也将促进供应链的整体表现。
第六,构建了关系治理评价的分析体系。研究了关系治理评价主体的演变,建立了关系治理评价的分析框架。分析了合作伙伴关系运行中的关系要素,根据功能将关系治理的要素划分为:属性要素、结构要素、表现要素,建立了包含外部关系要素在内的关系治理评价一般模型。分析了关系的价值构成,建立以情境关系利益为导向的关系治理评价结构性模型。
最后,以哈飞汽车集团的主要企业:哈飞汽车、东安动力、东安三菱的合作关系为案例,分析了该企业集团的供应链合作关系治理,对本文论述的理论和模型进行了验证。
Under circumstance of economic globalization and information society, market competition is becoming serious gradually, enterprises cannot accquire competition predomince singlely. The competition of enterprises is tranfer to the competiton of supply chain network which is consist of client, supplier, techonolgy center, manufacturer, dealer and sevice provider. Relationship is a important connection that maintain supply chain operation. Effective partnership governance, is becoming a important method for supply chain performance enhancement.
Parternship governance belongs to the field of enterprises boundary management. It is not only a kind of management thought, but also a important management practice. Relationship governance is a hybrid governance mode between market governace and Bureaucracy governance. Relationship governance is a kind of cooperation goverance which is not depended on market and power solely. Relationship governance is refer to“inter-firm deal combining relationship speific assets”and“inserting inter-organization structure and process”. Relationship governance is a organization which takes proper governance mechansim and positive attitude, to manage inter-firm behavior. Relationship governance include economic governance and social governance mechanisms. Economic governance is refer to:contract, specific invest and value foster mechanisms. Social governace is refer to: construction of relationship factors and relationship network. Enterprises partnership represent a trend of relationship development. Effective partnership governance will rise relationship performance, promote accquirement of relationship value, and enhance competitiveness of corporation and supply chain. According to analysis of concept and theory, the paper proposes a relationship governance theory framework and suggests an analysis system of relationship governance structure and process.
Firstly, combing the research progress of inter-firm relationship and relationship governance theories, it defines research content,theoritical and practical meaning of the research are further put forward.
Secondly, it analyses meaning, characteric of inter-firm relationship and evolution of enterprises partnership. It studies concept of relationship governance, and compare difference of relationship governance and corporate governance. It proposes a theory framework of relationship governance: based on foundentmental theory relationship governance and value creation, enterprises should carry relationship process governance and structural governance.
Thirdly, it studies traditional mechanism of partnership governance and proposes mechanism of relationship governance based on value creation, which is consist of: relationship process, aim, methods. According to classification of partnership, it analyses competition predominance obtain in relationship continuance. it studies continuance of strategy partnership and condition of relationship rents creation.It analyses difference between entity evaluation and relationship evaluation, and proposes a model of partner continuance and relationship evaluation. The model include three phases: partner classification, relationship evaluation and relationship continuance.
Fourthly, it studies contract governance in relational governance structure. It analyses classification and governance methods of normal contract, and compares difference between supply chain relationship contract and classical contract. It forms a supply chain contract model, and designs a revenue-sharing contract cordination model. Considering asset ownership and governance regimes, it analyses self-enforcement condition of relational contract. The key element of relational contract self-enforcement is equation between renege temption and enforcement income.
Fifthly, from the view of relationship capital construction, it analyzes socialization process of partnership governance. It analyses constituation of supply chain relational capital and proposes a model which is consist of socialization process, relationship capital construction and supply chain performance. Socialization mechanisms facilitate the construction of relational supply chain capital and cognitive supply chain capital, and promote supply chain performance. Depending on construction of social network, actors accquire network centrality predominance and network surplus, and accelerate supply chain performance.
Sixthly, it analyses relationship factors of partnership continuance and proposes that classification relationship governance factors include: attribute factors, structure factors, performance factors. It proposes a general model of relationship governance which include outer influence. Analyzing constitution of relationship value, it put forward an structural model for relationship continuance and evaluation based on value orientation.
Finally, it implements a case study. HaFei automobile group’s main enterprises include:HaFei automobile, DongAn power and DongAn mitsubishi. Based on the case analysis of HaFei group supply chain partnership, it verifies theory and model in the paper.
引文
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