陆相致密砂岩储层参数研究及表征
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摘要
四川川中地区上三叠统须家河组须二段为典型的陆相碎屑岩沉积,受沉积成岩作用的影响,储层表现为致密低孔、低渗,含水饱和度高;构造十分平缓,裂缝不发育,导致气水分异差,没有统一的气水界面的特点;长期以来,对于类似低孔、渗致密储层参数的研究和评价一直沿用了常规储层的研究手段和方法,这是导致该区从上世纪六十年代以来的油气勘探成功率不高的重要因素。作者在全面参与了川中须家河组不同层段的储层参数研究和评价的基础上,选择具有典型陆相致密低孔渗砂岩储层特征的潼南地区须二段作为研究对象,深化对川中上三叠统陆相致密砂岩储层的认识,总结出适应致密砂岩储层的评价研究方法和研究手段,为类似储层的研究提供借鉴。
本文在总结前人剖面和岩心观察、镜下资料以及沉积相分析研究的基础上,以大量的实验室岩心常规和特殊分析资料,研究并总结出陆相致密砂岩储层参数特征及变化规律、有效储层物性下限的研究和确定方法、储层参数的分布规律,指出了潼南地区须二段有利沉积相带和勘探区块。
潼南地区须家河组为一套内陆河湖交替的陆源碎屑沉积,须二段主要为三角洲前缘沉积体系,水下分流河道砂和河口坝微相是最利于储层发育的沉积微相;须二段为低孔和超低孔、渗致密储层;储集空间主要为残余粒间孔、次生溶蚀孔及杂基、粘土矿物晶间微孔;根据储层岩性、物性、孔隙结构、薄片以及产能资料将须二段划分为易产储层(Ⅰ、Ⅱ类)、措施后可获得工业产能的第Ⅲ类储层和第Ⅳ类非储层。
采用气藏岩心在全模拟条件下首次测定了潼南地区须二段致密砂岩气藏气水两相系统在极限生产压差下的气相渗透率、根据气相渗透率和气水两相对渗透率曲线确定该气藏产工业气的水饱和度上限为55%。
应用气水毛管压力、相渗透率、水膜厚度与压汞资料相结合的方法,综合研究了潼南须二段气藏水饱和度随物性的变化规律和相应的数学模型;根据产工业气的水饱和度上限确定须二段孔隙度下限为6%,渗透率下限为0.100md;产能模拟实验表明,须二段孔隙度大于6%、渗透率大于0.07md的储层厚度15米,生产压差为5MPa时,单井可达到或超过产工业产气标准,测试证实其下限值是合理的;储层主要为长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑砂岩为主,储层基质具有低孔、低渗、高含水饱和度的特征。
在测井曲线校正、岩性识别的基础上,建立了测井储层解释模型并对测井资料进行了储层测井解释。按储层物性下限划分出储层和有效储层,对有效储层分布进行了研究。储层评价预测结果表明:须二段储层发育,纵、横向上变化较大,研究区主要为Ⅱ-Ⅲ类储层。有效储层主要发育在须二1中上部和须二2中下部;最有利的沉积相带是研究区南部-西南部的水下分流河道主河道区。
潼南须二段为致密低孔、低渗岩性气藏;构造平缓,局部构造隆起幅度低,气水分异很差,气藏普遍含水。钻试数据表明,构造相对高部位则更有利于油气的富集成藏;研究认为高储集系数区与裂缝相对发育叠合区的潼5井-潼南113井-潼南109井区、潼3-潼南110井区为油气富集有利区,也是须二段有利勘探区。
The T3X2 (the second member of Xujiahe Formation of Upper Triassicis) in central Sichuan area is typical terrestrial clastic deposits, with low porosity and permeability and high water saturation controlled by sedimentary diagenesis, characterized by the quite gentle structure and undeveloped fractures which lead to poor gas-water differentiation and no uniform gas/water contact. However, the study methods for conventional reservoir have been used for evaluation of similar reservoir parameters for a long time, which is the major factor that leads to lower exploration successful rate since 1960’s. Based on the full participation into study of different formation reservoir parameters of Xujiahe Formation in central Sichuan, the T3X2 of Tongnan is selected with the typical features of tight, low porosity and permeability. With much deeper understanding, methods for evaluation and related means are summarized to provide reference for the similar reservoirs.
Based on the previous sections, core observation, microscopic identification and sedime- ntary facies analysis, this paper studies and summarizes the tight sandstone reservoir parame- ter characteristics, variations, and determining method for petrophysical property cutoffs by using a large amount of the conventional and special core analysis data, then points out the favorable sedimentary facies and exploration areas of the Second Member of the Xujiahe Formation in Tongnan.
The Xujiahe Formation in Tongnan area is a set of inland fluviolacustrine alternative terrigenous clastic deposit, and the 2nd member of Xujiahe Formation mainly is delta front sedmentary system, among which the submerged distributary channels and river mouth bars are considered as the most favorable facies belts for reservoir distribution and development. Furthermore T3X2 is the tight reservoir with low and extra-low porosity and permeability, which mainly developed residual intergranular pore, secondary dissolved pore, matrix and intercrystalline micropore of clay mineral. According to reservoir lithology, physical properti- es, pore structure, casting thin sections as well as productivity data, T3X2 can be divided into 4 classes: the first reservoir and the second are easy to produce, the third has the industrial productivity after stimulation treatments, and the fourth is non-reservoir.
Using the gas reservoir cores of T3X2 tight sandstone in Tongnan area, gas permeabilities of gas/water bi-phase system at permitted limit production pressure difference are tested under whole simulation conditions firstly. According to the method of the gas permeability under permitted limit production pressure difference together with gas/water bi-phase relative permeability curve, upper limit of water saturation reaching industrial productivity is 55%, which is also applied to the reserves caculation.
Using the data of gas/water capillary pressure, relative permeability, and water film thickness combined with mercury injection data to study the water saturation variation with physical properties and related mathematical model, the lower limit values of porosity and permeability reaching industrial productivity is 6% and 0.1md respectively. The productivity simulation experiment indicates that the reservoir of T3X2 is 15m thickness with the porosity over 6% and permeability over 0.07md, and the production of single well could reach or exceed the commercial production standard under those parameters mentioned above. These lower limits are also proved to be reasonable by tests. On the other hand, the sandstones mainly consist of feldspathic litharenite and litharenite, and reservoir matrix display such characteristics as low porosity and permeability, and high water saturation.
Based on the well logs correction and lithologic identification, the log interpretation model is set up, and log data is explained by using it. According to the lower limits of physi- cal properties, reservoir could be classified into effective and non-effective. The results of reservoir evaluation and prediction show that T3X2 is developed with bigger changes from both the vertical and horizontal. The studied area is the second reservoir and the third mostly. Effective reservoir is mainly distributed in the upper middle of T3X21 and lower middle of T3X22, and the most favorable sedimentary facies is subaqueous distributary channel and main river channel located in south-southwest of the studied area.
The Second Member of the Xujiahe Formation in Tongnan is lithologic gas reservoir characterized by low porosity, low permeability and compacted sandstone, where the struct- ure is gentle and regional low-relief, water and gas could not be easily detached, and water- -bearing reservoir is general. Drilling parameters indicate that the relatively higher part of structure is more favorable to hydrocarbon enrichment and accumulation. The research also suggests that wellblock Tong5-Tongnan113-Tongnan109 and Tong3-Tongnan110 located in high reservoir capacity and fracture-developed superimposed zones are the favorable belts for oil and gas accumulation and exploration.
本文在总结前人剖面和岩心观察、镜下资料以及沉积相分析研究的基础上,以大量的实验室岩心常规和特殊分析资料,研究并总结出陆相致密砂岩储层参数特征及变化规律、有效储层物性下限的研究和确定方法、储层参数的分布规律,指出了潼南地区须二段有利沉积相带和勘探区块。
潼南地区须家河组为一套内陆河湖交替的陆源碎屑沉积,须二段主要为三角洲前缘沉积体系,水下分流河道砂和河口坝微相是最利于储层发育的沉积微相;须二段为低孔和超低孔、渗致密储层;储集空间主要为残余粒间孔、次生溶蚀孔及杂基、粘土矿物晶间微孔;根据储层岩性、物性、孔隙结构、薄片以及产能资料将须二段划分为易产储层(Ⅰ、Ⅱ类)、措施后可获得工业产能的第Ⅲ类储层和第Ⅳ类非储层。
采用气藏岩心在全模拟条件下首次测定了潼南地区须二段致密砂岩气藏气水两相系统在极限生产压差下的气相渗透率、根据气相渗透率和气水两相对渗透率曲线确定该气藏产工业气的水饱和度上限为55%。
应用气水毛管压力、相渗透率、水膜厚度与压汞资料相结合的方法,综合研究了潼南须二段气藏水饱和度随物性的变化规律和相应的数学模型;根据产工业气的水饱和度上限确定须二段孔隙度下限为6%,渗透率下限为0.100md;产能模拟实验表明,须二段孔隙度大于6%、渗透率大于0.07md的储层厚度15米,生产压差为5MPa时,单井可达到或超过产工业产气标准,测试证实其下限值是合理的;储层主要为长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑砂岩为主,储层基质具有低孔、低渗、高含水饱和度的特征。
在测井曲线校正、岩性识别的基础上,建立了测井储层解释模型并对测井资料进行了储层测井解释。按储层物性下限划分出储层和有效储层,对有效储层分布进行了研究。储层评价预测结果表明:须二段储层发育,纵、横向上变化较大,研究区主要为Ⅱ-Ⅲ类储层。有效储层主要发育在须二1中上部和须二2中下部;最有利的沉积相带是研究区南部-西南部的水下分流河道主河道区。
潼南须二段为致密低孔、低渗岩性气藏;构造平缓,局部构造隆起幅度低,气水分异很差,气藏普遍含水。钻试数据表明,构造相对高部位则更有利于油气的富集成藏;研究认为高储集系数区与裂缝相对发育叠合区的潼5井-潼南113井-潼南109井区、潼3-潼南110井区为油气富集有利区,也是须二段有利勘探区。
The T3X2 (the second member of Xujiahe Formation of Upper Triassicis) in central Sichuan area is typical terrestrial clastic deposits, with low porosity and permeability and high water saturation controlled by sedimentary diagenesis, characterized by the quite gentle structure and undeveloped fractures which lead to poor gas-water differentiation and no uniform gas/water contact. However, the study methods for conventional reservoir have been used for evaluation of similar reservoir parameters for a long time, which is the major factor that leads to lower exploration successful rate since 1960’s. Based on the full participation into study of different formation reservoir parameters of Xujiahe Formation in central Sichuan, the T3X2 of Tongnan is selected with the typical features of tight, low porosity and permeability. With much deeper understanding, methods for evaluation and related means are summarized to provide reference for the similar reservoirs.
Based on the previous sections, core observation, microscopic identification and sedime- ntary facies analysis, this paper studies and summarizes the tight sandstone reservoir parame- ter characteristics, variations, and determining method for petrophysical property cutoffs by using a large amount of the conventional and special core analysis data, then points out the favorable sedimentary facies and exploration areas of the Second Member of the Xujiahe Formation in Tongnan.
The Xujiahe Formation in Tongnan area is a set of inland fluviolacustrine alternative terrigenous clastic deposit, and the 2nd member of Xujiahe Formation mainly is delta front sedmentary system, among which the submerged distributary channels and river mouth bars are considered as the most favorable facies belts for reservoir distribution and development. Furthermore T3X2 is the tight reservoir with low and extra-low porosity and permeability, which mainly developed residual intergranular pore, secondary dissolved pore, matrix and intercrystalline micropore of clay mineral. According to reservoir lithology, physical properti- es, pore structure, casting thin sections as well as productivity data, T3X2 can be divided into 4 classes: the first reservoir and the second are easy to produce, the third has the industrial productivity after stimulation treatments, and the fourth is non-reservoir.
Using the gas reservoir cores of T3X2 tight sandstone in Tongnan area, gas permeabilities of gas/water bi-phase system at permitted limit production pressure difference are tested under whole simulation conditions firstly. According to the method of the gas permeability under permitted limit production pressure difference together with gas/water bi-phase relative permeability curve, upper limit of water saturation reaching industrial productivity is 55%, which is also applied to the reserves caculation.
Using the data of gas/water capillary pressure, relative permeability, and water film thickness combined with mercury injection data to study the water saturation variation with physical properties and related mathematical model, the lower limit values of porosity and permeability reaching industrial productivity is 6% and 0.1md respectively. The productivity simulation experiment indicates that the reservoir of T3X2 is 15m thickness with the porosity over 6% and permeability over 0.07md, and the production of single well could reach or exceed the commercial production standard under those parameters mentioned above. These lower limits are also proved to be reasonable by tests. On the other hand, the sandstones mainly consist of feldspathic litharenite and litharenite, and reservoir matrix display such characteristics as low porosity and permeability, and high water saturation.
Based on the well logs correction and lithologic identification, the log interpretation model is set up, and log data is explained by using it. According to the lower limits of physi- cal properties, reservoir could be classified into effective and non-effective. The results of reservoir evaluation and prediction show that T3X2 is developed with bigger changes from both the vertical and horizontal. The studied area is the second reservoir and the third mostly. Effective reservoir is mainly distributed in the upper middle of T3X21 and lower middle of T3X22, and the most favorable sedimentary facies is subaqueous distributary channel and main river channel located in south-southwest of the studied area.
The Second Member of the Xujiahe Formation in Tongnan is lithologic gas reservoir characterized by low porosity, low permeability and compacted sandstone, where the struct- ure is gentle and regional low-relief, water and gas could not be easily detached, and water- -bearing reservoir is general. Drilling parameters indicate that the relatively higher part of structure is more favorable to hydrocarbon enrichment and accumulation. The research also suggests that wellblock Tong5-Tongnan113-Tongnan109 and Tong3-Tongnan110 located in high reservoir capacity and fracture-developed superimposed zones are the favorable belts for oil and gas accumulation and exploration.
引文
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