冈底斯带中段北部早白垩世火山岩及其大地构造意义
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摘要
青藏高原隶属于特提斯构造域,被誉为研究大陆动力学的天然实验室。古生代—中生代的特提斯大洋两侧的多岛弧盆系奠定了青藏高原的物质基础,形成了三大造山系。新生代印度大陆与亚洲大陆的碰撞造就了世界上规模最大的、最高的高原。位于高原中部的冈底斯带(相当于传统的拉萨地块/地体)保存有丰富的特提斯演化记录,对这些记录的研究,是国内外地学界长期关注的焦点。冈底斯带上广泛发育的岩浆岩是人们探索高原形成演化的一个重要载体,然而人们多注重于印度与亚洲碰撞过程的岩浆活动和构造过程的研究,而对于前新生代的岩浆活动和构造过程研究尚显不足。前人对冈底斯带中生代岩浆活动虽然做过一些研究,但是主要集中在冈底斯带南部的中新生代岩基和火山岩,而对北部几条规模巨大的中生代火山岩却没有进行详细的年代学及岩石地球化学研究,限制了对冈底斯中生代演化的理解。为了丰富冈底斯带中生代的构造演化资料,有必要选取关键区域,对有关火山岩进行深入而系统的研究。基于上述研究目的,本论文选取尼玛到申扎一带广泛出露的中生代火山岩为研究对象,在详细的野外地质调查的基础上,通过岩石学、锆石SHRIMP和LA-ICPMS U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学等综合研究,探讨了其形成时代、成因和构造环境,同时结合区域构造、沉积地层等资料,取得了以下认识：
(1)冈底斯带中段北部的地层系统中,以大面积出露的火山沉积地层为主,主要以早白垩世为主,早期以沉积地层为主,晚期以火山岩为主。以永珠一纳木错蛇绿混杂岩带为中轴,两侧对称分布。
(2)申扎地区的则弄群火山岩主要由玄武安山岩、安山岩和英安岩组成,化学成分以高钾钙碱性火山岩为主,微量元素分布特征相似,富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U等)和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,稀土配分模式均表现为一致的轻稀土富集右倾型,可能反应了其母岩浆的同源性。地球化学特征与弧火山岩相似。底部英安岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄约为116.7Ma,顶部英安岩锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为110.9Ma,为永珠—纳木错弧后洋盆在早白垩世向南俯冲消减的产物。
(3)多尼组火山岩主要由玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩组成,上部主要为长英质火山岩,为连续的岩浆演化序列,化学成分主要属于中—高钾钙碱性火山岩,具有明显富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U等)和轻稀土元素、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti等)等特征类似于岛弧火山岩,富集强不相容性元素Rb、Th、U,而亏损Nb、Ta、Ti的特点,表现出明显的弧火山岩成分特征。上部长英质火山岩与南部林子宗群酸性火山岩具有非常相似的蛛网图曲线,表明多尼组酸性岩与中基性岩可能来自不同的岩浆源区,前者很可能来源于上覆地壳的部分熔融,后者可能与来自消减沉积物和／或蚀变玄武质洋壳的含水流体引起上覆地幔楔物质的部分熔融有关。多尼组火山岩上部长英质火山岩年龄时限为116-114Ma,代表了申扎弧与班戈弧碰撞的开始。
(4)去申拉组主要为玄武岩,安山岩,总体上具有富集强不相容性元素Rb、Th、U,而亏损Nb、Ta、Ti的特点,与弧火山岩的特征相似。去申拉组成因比较复杂,可能为班公湖—怒江的残余洋盆俯冲的产物。
(5)从大地构造相分析,综合研究区的岩浆活动、沉积学、构造地质学研究,详细解剖了永珠—纳木错弧-弧碰撞带的演化过程,经历了中-晚三叠世的伸展裂陷,侏罗纪—早白垩世早期的扩张,-130Ma永珠—纳木错弧间洋盆双向俯冲,116-110Ma初始弧-弧碰撞,110Ma碰撞结束。
(6)根据多岛弧盆系和增生造山理论,结合研究区的区域地质资料,首次提出冈底斯带中北部为—典型的增生造山带,自中-晚三叠世受班公湖—怒江洋的后退式俯冲制约,火山前锋向海沟方向迁移,导致弧前增生和弧后伸展拉张,侏罗纪—早白垩世出现多岛弧盆系统。
(7)从比较大地构造学角度出发,将永珠—纳木错弧-弧碰撞带与东南亚现今正在进行的马鲁古海弧-弧碰撞带作比较,认为多岛弧盆系构造是造山带研究尤其是造山带细结构研究的一把实用的钥匙。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau belongs to Tethyan tectonic domain, known as natural laboratory for continental dynamics study. Composite arc-basin systems separated by the Tethyan ocean in the Paleozoic—Mesozoic has constituted the material foundation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, forming three major orogenic systems. India-Asian collision yielded the largest and highest plateau in the earth. The Gandese belt (Lhasa block/terrane) is located in the central part of the Tibet, it preserved a wealth of records about Tethyan evolution, for a long time, many studies focus on these records. The significant magmatic rocks in the belt are the media, which are explored the formation and evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, but most people concentrate on the studies about the magmatic activity and tectonic evolution during the India-Asia collision process, while it is insufficient to study the Pre-Cenozoic magmatic activity and tectonic setting. Previous studies concentrated in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic magmatic activity of the southern Gangdese. The huge volcanic rocks in the northern part have not been studied extensively and insightfully based on geochronology and geochemistry, which put some limitations on the understanding of Mesozoic evolution history of the belt. In order to enrich geological evidences of the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Gangdese, so the study of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the northern part is essential. Based on field investigations, three suits of volcanic rocks related to in northern part of Gangdese were selected for comprehensive studies on petrology, geochemistry, and zircon U-Pb SHRIMP & LA-ICPMS dating in this thesis, with the aim of revealing their age and petrogenesis and tectonic implication. These studies also have significant implications in understanding the Mesozoic subduction history of the northern part of Gangdese. Some results are gained as following:
1. A large area of volcano-sedimentary strata exposed in northern part of central Gangdese, the strata are the Early Cretaceous mainly, the lower and upper part are mainly sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks, respectively, the volcano-sedimentary strata distributed symmetrically in both sides of the Yongzhu-Namco ophiolitic melange belt.
2. The volcanic rocks from the Zenong Group mainly contain basalt, andesite and dacite based on the TAS diagram. From the SiO2-K2O diagram they mainly are composed of high-K calc-alkaline series, they show a similar trace element characteristics, e.g., the enrichment of LILE (Rb、Ba、Th、U) and depletion of HFSE (Nb、Ta、Ti), similar to those of an island arc volcanic rock. The similar spider diagram and REE models imply that theses volcanic rocks were probably derived from a same magmatic source. Zircons from the Zenong volcanic rocks were dated by SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS, obtaining an age of 116.7-110.9Ma. Thus, this thesis suggest that the Zenong volcanic rocks were resulted from the southward subduction of the Yongzhu—Namco ocean in the Early Cretaceous.
3. Duoni Formation volcanic rocks mainly contain basalt, basaltic andesite, dacite and rhyolite. The intermediate-basic rocks show geochemical characteristics similar to the volcanic rocks in arcs or active continental margins, such as LILE's enrichment and HFSE's depletion, which thought to be the melting products of continental marginal mantle wedge due to northward subduction of the Yongzhu-Namco ocean. The acid rocks have relatively high SiO2, K2O, enrich in Rb, Ba, Th, U and LREE, high Rb/Sr, and spidergram patterns similar to the acid rocks of the Linzizong Group derived from a crust source. Thus, the acid rocks in Duoni Formation were come from a magmatic source different from those of the intermediate-basic rocks. Zircons from two acid rocks in Duoni Formation were dated by SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS, obtaining age of 116Ma and 114Ma, respectively. So, the formation tectonic setting of Duoni Formation is related to the arc-arc collision.
4. Qushenla Formation volcanic rocks include basalt and andesite, which show a similar trace element characteristics, e.g., the enrichment of LILE(Rb、Ba、Th、U) and depletion of HFSE (Nb、Ta、Ti), similar to those of an island arc volcanic rock. However, they originate complex sources, they were probably resulted from the southward subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang ocean in the Early Cretaceous.
5. According to tectonic facies, based on comprehensive magmatic activity, sedimentary records, structural geology reseach, the tectonic history was proposed between the Yongzhu-Namco arc-arc collision belt in detail. The belt rifted in the extensional setting since the Middle-Late Triassic, spread in the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, the Yongzhu-Namco ocean dually subducted in-130Ma, the initial arc-arc collision begin from 116 to 110Ma, the collision process end in 110.
6. On the basis of composite arc-basin system and accretionary orogenesis, an accretionary orogenic belt is proposed in the northern part of Gangdese, based on comprehensive research of regional tectonics. Since the Middle-Late Triassic, the subdution zone of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean retreated, the process control the evolution of the northern part of Gangdese and result in the magmatic front migrating toward the trench, forearc accretion and back-arc extension, the composite arc-basin systems formed in the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous.
7. From the viewpoint of comparative tectonics, by comparative analysising the Yongzhu-Namco arc-arc collision zone in the Gangdese and the ongoing Molucca Sea arc-arc collision zone in the southeast Asia, we realized that the composite arc-basin system is a practical key to understand the evolution of orogenic belt.
(1)冈底斯带中段北部的地层系统中,以大面积出露的火山沉积地层为主,主要以早白垩世为主,早期以沉积地层为主,晚期以火山岩为主。以永珠一纳木错蛇绿混杂岩带为中轴,两侧对称分布。
(2)申扎地区的则弄群火山岩主要由玄武安山岩、安山岩和英安岩组成,化学成分以高钾钙碱性火山岩为主,微量元素分布特征相似,富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U等)和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,稀土配分模式均表现为一致的轻稀土富集右倾型,可能反应了其母岩浆的同源性。地球化学特征与弧火山岩相似。底部英安岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄约为116.7Ma,顶部英安岩锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为110.9Ma,为永珠—纳木错弧后洋盆在早白垩世向南俯冲消减的产物。
(3)多尼组火山岩主要由玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩组成,上部主要为长英质火山岩,为连续的岩浆演化序列,化学成分主要属于中—高钾钙碱性火山岩,具有明显富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U等)和轻稀土元素、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti等)等特征类似于岛弧火山岩,富集强不相容性元素Rb、Th、U,而亏损Nb、Ta、Ti的特点,表现出明显的弧火山岩成分特征。上部长英质火山岩与南部林子宗群酸性火山岩具有非常相似的蛛网图曲线,表明多尼组酸性岩与中基性岩可能来自不同的岩浆源区,前者很可能来源于上覆地壳的部分熔融,后者可能与来自消减沉积物和／或蚀变玄武质洋壳的含水流体引起上覆地幔楔物质的部分熔融有关。多尼组火山岩上部长英质火山岩年龄时限为116-114Ma,代表了申扎弧与班戈弧碰撞的开始。
(4)去申拉组主要为玄武岩,安山岩,总体上具有富集强不相容性元素Rb、Th、U,而亏损Nb、Ta、Ti的特点,与弧火山岩的特征相似。去申拉组成因比较复杂,可能为班公湖—怒江的残余洋盆俯冲的产物。
(5)从大地构造相分析,综合研究区的岩浆活动、沉积学、构造地质学研究,详细解剖了永珠—纳木错弧-弧碰撞带的演化过程,经历了中-晚三叠世的伸展裂陷,侏罗纪—早白垩世早期的扩张,-130Ma永珠—纳木错弧间洋盆双向俯冲,116-110Ma初始弧-弧碰撞,110Ma碰撞结束。
(6)根据多岛弧盆系和增生造山理论,结合研究区的区域地质资料,首次提出冈底斯带中北部为—典型的增生造山带,自中-晚三叠世受班公湖—怒江洋的后退式俯冲制约,火山前锋向海沟方向迁移,导致弧前增生和弧后伸展拉张,侏罗纪—早白垩世出现多岛弧盆系统。
(7)从比较大地构造学角度出发,将永珠—纳木错弧-弧碰撞带与东南亚现今正在进行的马鲁古海弧-弧碰撞带作比较,认为多岛弧盆系构造是造山带研究尤其是造山带细结构研究的一把实用的钥匙。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau belongs to Tethyan tectonic domain, known as natural laboratory for continental dynamics study. Composite arc-basin systems separated by the Tethyan ocean in the Paleozoic—Mesozoic has constituted the material foundation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, forming three major orogenic systems. India-Asian collision yielded the largest and highest plateau in the earth. The Gandese belt (Lhasa block/terrane) is located in the central part of the Tibet, it preserved a wealth of records about Tethyan evolution, for a long time, many studies focus on these records. The significant magmatic rocks in the belt are the media, which are explored the formation and evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, but most people concentrate on the studies about the magmatic activity and tectonic evolution during the India-Asia collision process, while it is insufficient to study the Pre-Cenozoic magmatic activity and tectonic setting. Previous studies concentrated in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic magmatic activity of the southern Gangdese. The huge volcanic rocks in the northern part have not been studied extensively and insightfully based on geochronology and geochemistry, which put some limitations on the understanding of Mesozoic evolution history of the belt. In order to enrich geological evidences of the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Gangdese, so the study of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the northern part is essential. Based on field investigations, three suits of volcanic rocks related to in northern part of Gangdese were selected for comprehensive studies on petrology, geochemistry, and zircon U-Pb SHRIMP & LA-ICPMS dating in this thesis, with the aim of revealing their age and petrogenesis and tectonic implication. These studies also have significant implications in understanding the Mesozoic subduction history of the northern part of Gangdese. Some results are gained as following:
1. A large area of volcano-sedimentary strata exposed in northern part of central Gangdese, the strata are the Early Cretaceous mainly, the lower and upper part are mainly sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks, respectively, the volcano-sedimentary strata distributed symmetrically in both sides of the Yongzhu-Namco ophiolitic melange belt.
2. The volcanic rocks from the Zenong Group mainly contain basalt, andesite and dacite based on the TAS diagram. From the SiO2-K2O diagram they mainly are composed of high-K calc-alkaline series, they show a similar trace element characteristics, e.g., the enrichment of LILE (Rb、Ba、Th、U) and depletion of HFSE (Nb、Ta、Ti), similar to those of an island arc volcanic rock. The similar spider diagram and REE models imply that theses volcanic rocks were probably derived from a same magmatic source. Zircons from the Zenong volcanic rocks were dated by SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS, obtaining an age of 116.7-110.9Ma. Thus, this thesis suggest that the Zenong volcanic rocks were resulted from the southward subduction of the Yongzhu—Namco ocean in the Early Cretaceous.
3. Duoni Formation volcanic rocks mainly contain basalt, basaltic andesite, dacite and rhyolite. The intermediate-basic rocks show geochemical characteristics similar to the volcanic rocks in arcs or active continental margins, such as LILE's enrichment and HFSE's depletion, which thought to be the melting products of continental marginal mantle wedge due to northward subduction of the Yongzhu-Namco ocean. The acid rocks have relatively high SiO2, K2O, enrich in Rb, Ba, Th, U and LREE, high Rb/Sr, and spidergram patterns similar to the acid rocks of the Linzizong Group derived from a crust source. Thus, the acid rocks in Duoni Formation were come from a magmatic source different from those of the intermediate-basic rocks. Zircons from two acid rocks in Duoni Formation were dated by SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS, obtaining age of 116Ma and 114Ma, respectively. So, the formation tectonic setting of Duoni Formation is related to the arc-arc collision.
4. Qushenla Formation volcanic rocks include basalt and andesite, which show a similar trace element characteristics, e.g., the enrichment of LILE(Rb、Ba、Th、U) and depletion of HFSE (Nb、Ta、Ti), similar to those of an island arc volcanic rock. However, they originate complex sources, they were probably resulted from the southward subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang ocean in the Early Cretaceous.
5. According to tectonic facies, based on comprehensive magmatic activity, sedimentary records, structural geology reseach, the tectonic history was proposed between the Yongzhu-Namco arc-arc collision belt in detail. The belt rifted in the extensional setting since the Middle-Late Triassic, spread in the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, the Yongzhu-Namco ocean dually subducted in-130Ma, the initial arc-arc collision begin from 116 to 110Ma, the collision process end in 110.
6. On the basis of composite arc-basin system and accretionary orogenesis, an accretionary orogenic belt is proposed in the northern part of Gangdese, based on comprehensive research of regional tectonics. Since the Middle-Late Triassic, the subdution zone of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean retreated, the process control the evolution of the northern part of Gangdese and result in the magmatic front migrating toward the trench, forearc accretion and back-arc extension, the composite arc-basin systems formed in the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous.
7. From the viewpoint of comparative tectonics, by comparative analysising the Yongzhu-Namco arc-arc collision zone in the Gangdese and the ongoing Molucca Sea arc-arc collision zone in the southeast Asia, we realized that the composite arc-basin system is a practical key to understand the evolution of orogenic belt.
引文
朱弟成、耿全如、周长勇,等,2006,喜马拉雅—冈底斯造山带岩浆岩地质.成都地质矿产研究所内部报告
王天武、程立人、李才、武世忠、刘俊才、和钟铧、张予杰、朱志勇、杨德明,2002,1：25万申扎县幅地质图及区域地质调查报告
曲永贵、王永胜、段建祥、张树岐、王忠恒、吕鹏、刘贵忠、李学彬、冯德臣、谢元和、于喜文、姜雪飞、孙中纲、李庆武、梁世福、王洪双、郭双山,2003,1：25万多巴区幅地质图及区域地质调查报告
卢书炜、张彦启、杜凤军、刘品德、贾共祥、裴中朝、谢朝永、李香资,2002,1：25万尼玛区幅地质图及区域地质调查报告
陈玉禄、赵咸民、陈国荣、张宽忠、赵守仁、刘保民、索朗更才,2002,1：25万班戈县幅地质图及区域地质调查报告
吴珍汉,孟宪刚,·胡道功,江万,叶培盛,朱大岗,刘琦胜,杨欣德,邵兆刚,吴中海,赵希涛,王建平,冯向阳,纪占胜.2003.中华人民共和国1：25万区域地质调查报告当雄幅
卢书炜、张彦启、杜凤军、刘品德、贾共祥、裴中朝、谢朝永、李香资,2002,1：25万热布喀幅地质图及区域地质调查报告
郑来林、耿全如、董瀚,等,2003,中华人民共和国1：25万墨脱县幅地质图和区域地质调查报告
郑有业、许荣科、茨邛,等,2004,中华人民共和国1：25万斯诺乌山、狮泉河幅地质图和区域地质调查报告
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