山区峡谷风特性参数及大跨度桁梁桥风致振动研究
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摘要
山区峡谷桥梁抗风是当前风工程研究的热点和难点,这是一个涉及山区峡谷风特性、桥梁结构及二者相互作用及抗风优化措施的多学科研究课题。虽然国内外在山区桥梁抗风方面进行了一些研究和探讨,但是文献资料相对较少,实测气象资料严重不足,山区峡谷风特性研究肤浅,峡谷桥梁抗风设计优化措施欠缺。本文以位于山区峡谷的贵州坝陵河特大跨度桁架加劲梁悬索桥和新疆果子沟大跨度桁梁斜拉桥为例,系统地对山区峡谷风特性及大跨度桁架加劲梁桥的抗风问题进行了研究,主要进行了以下几个方面的工作：
(1)本文利用FLUENT软件对坝陵河大桥桥址风特性进行了数值模拟,主要研究桥位风场分布,通过引入风速放大系数这一无量纲参数,直观的描述考察点风速分量与边界入口风速的关系。通过坝陵河大桥桥址地形风洞试验,对峡谷区地形的紊流风环境进行了深入细致的研究,从平均风特性、脉动风特性和山区特殊风现象这三个方面分析了山区风场的空间分布特征。
(2)针对山区桥梁桥址处缺乏气象实测资料难于准确量化推算山区峡谷桥梁抗风设计风速的状况,本文在研究总结前人文献资料的基础上,探讨了“虚拟标准气象站”的设立,改进了反距离加权风速插值法,对海拔高度进行了修正,提出包含距离因子“r”和山脉遮挡效应因子“η”的双因子风速内插方法。在此基础上归纳出一个适用于山区桥址峡谷基本风速计算的经验公式,并经过几个算例的验证,是相对准确量化推算山区峡谷桥梁抗风设计风速的实用方法。
(3)介绍了桁梁桥全桥气弹模型的设计原则,并以坝陵河大桥和果子沟大桥为例,建立了全桥仿真有限元模型并进行了动力特性计算。本文在明石海峡大桥气弹模型设计方法的基础上对“V”型弹簧加以改进,首次提出了利用“U”型弹簧连接桁架加劲梁段来模拟主梁刚度,并通过模态试验证明了该方法是一种适合于大跨度桁梁桥的全桥气弹模型设计方法。探讨了“U”型弹簧的设计原则,分析了各个参数的变化对主梁刚度的影响。
(4)回顾了颤振的分析理论,并编制了三维颤振分析的状态空间法的计算程序,对坝陵河大桥进行了颤振稳定性分析。对坝陵河大跨径桁架加劲梁悬索桥进行了气动优化措施的风洞试验研究,首次应用气动翼板于实际桥梁。分析了各种气动措施对颤振稳定性的影响,最终确定了桥面板中央开槽和气动翼板组合这一最优方案,通过考察节段模型系统扭转总阻尼随风速的变化情况,进行了气动翼板抑制颤振机理分析。
(5)进行了桁梁桥气动导纳函数的试验研究,介绍了识别气动导纳函数的试验原理和试验方法,对试验结果做了三种气动导纳、不同攻角、不同风速的对比分析,然后计算得到其气动导纳函数,最后,结合数值拟合技术,提出桁架结构断面气动导纳函数的经验拟合公式,以坝陵河大桥和果子沟大桥为实例进行抖振频域分析,验证试验得到的桁架断面气动导纳,表明其研究方法和研究结果是可靠与合理的。将基于本文气动导纳的抖振响应计算结果与试验值相比较,结果表明基于本文气动导纳的抖振响应计算结果与试验值具有良好的一致性,证明了本文识别的桁梁气动导纳方法和拟合公式的有效性。
Wind resistance of bridges, located in canyon and mountainous area, has been the hotspot and difficulty in current wind engineering research. It is a multi-disciplines research topics related to wind characteristics, bridge structures and wind resistance optimization method. Although there are some wind resistance research and discussion regarding to bridges in mountainous area at home and abroad, there are few literature and datum about the actual measured weather, wind characteristics and wind resistance design. This dissertation takes the long span truss suspension bridge, Ba-Ling-He bridge in Guizhou province, China, as an example, and systematically investigates the canyon wind characteristics of mountainous area and wind resistance problem of long span truss suspension bridge. The main contents include the following,
(1) The wind characteristics at Ba-Ling-He bridge site are computed numerically through a commercial code FLUENT. The study is focused on the wind field distribution at the bridge site. The relationship between wind speed components at check point and wind speed of inlet boundary can be described by introducing a dimensionless parameter, wind speed amplification coefficient. Through wind tunnel testing of scaled terrain model of Ba-Ling-He bridge site, the turbulence wind circumstance in canyon is investigated thoroughly. The spatial distribution of wind field at mountain area is discussed from characteristics of three aspects, mean wind, gusty wind and particular mountainous wind.
(2) The wind resistance design speed of bridge at canyon in a mountainous area can hardly been accurately estimated due to lack of filed measurement. Based on the previous literatures, the establishment of'virtual standard meteorological station'is dissucssed and the inverse distance weighted wind speed interpolation method is improved. A method is proposed to calculate the design wind speed by defining two interpolation factors, displacement factor and mountain shelter effect factor, and introducing wind speed modification of the height above sea level. An empirical formula is suggested to calculate the basic wind speed in a canyon of a mountainous area. The formula is validated by several examples and is high accurate and practical in prediction of the design speed in a mountainous area.
(3) The design principle is discussed for the full aeroelastic model of bridge with stiffened truss girder. And the structural dynamic properties are calculated by the FEM of full bridge by taking Ba-Ling-He bridge and Guo-Zi-Gou bridgeas examples. Based on the design experience of full aeroelastic model of Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, the spring shape 'V' is replaced by the other spring shape 'U', which is used to connect the sections to simulate stiffness of the stiffened truss girder. The spring shape 'U' is proved to be more suitable for full aeroelastic modeling of long-span bridge with truss girder. Each parameters of the 'U' type spring is discussed to show the effect to stiffness of girder.
(4) Upon reviewing the flutter analysis theory, a computational code by using the state space method is written to analyze 3d flutter of the Ba-Ling-He bridge. The aerodynamic optimization for the truss girder of Ba-Ling-He bridge are studied by section model wind tunnel test. It is the first application for the aerodynamic wing in actual bridge. After analyzing and testing the effect aerodynamic means on flutter stability, an optimal configuration of deck is finally proposed, which is the combination of the central slot and aerodynamic wing. The flutter suppression mechanism of aerodynamic wing is analyzed by studying total torsional damping ratio of section model system varying with wind speed.
(5) The aerodynamic admittance function of stiffened truss girder is investigated by sectional model wind tunnel testing. This dissertation introduces the test methodology and the identification method of aerodynamic admittance function, and discusses three types of aerodynamic admittance functions under different attack angles and wind speeds. Then, a fitting formula is proposed for aerodynamic admittance function of stiffened truss girder by using experimental results. The buffeting responses are analyzed in frequency domain by taking the Ba-Ling-He bridge and Guo-Zi-Gou bridge as example. The good agreement between buffeting response tested and calculated ones proves validity of the testing method for aerodynamic admittance function of the truss section and fitting formulae.
(6)Finally, as an example, the wind induced response of Ba-Ling-He bridge is tested through full bridge aeroelastic model in wind tunnel. The wind induced response is systematically analyzed to obtain internal forces induced by the turbulence wind. Those give essential reference to bridge wind resistance design.
(1)本文利用FLUENT软件对坝陵河大桥桥址风特性进行了数值模拟,主要研究桥位风场分布,通过引入风速放大系数这一无量纲参数,直观的描述考察点风速分量与边界入口风速的关系。通过坝陵河大桥桥址地形风洞试验,对峡谷区地形的紊流风环境进行了深入细致的研究,从平均风特性、脉动风特性和山区特殊风现象这三个方面分析了山区风场的空间分布特征。
(2)针对山区桥梁桥址处缺乏气象实测资料难于准确量化推算山区峡谷桥梁抗风设计风速的状况,本文在研究总结前人文献资料的基础上,探讨了“虚拟标准气象站”的设立,改进了反距离加权风速插值法,对海拔高度进行了修正,提出包含距离因子“r”和山脉遮挡效应因子“η”的双因子风速内插方法。在此基础上归纳出一个适用于山区桥址峡谷基本风速计算的经验公式,并经过几个算例的验证,是相对准确量化推算山区峡谷桥梁抗风设计风速的实用方法。
(3)介绍了桁梁桥全桥气弹模型的设计原则,并以坝陵河大桥和果子沟大桥为例,建立了全桥仿真有限元模型并进行了动力特性计算。本文在明石海峡大桥气弹模型设计方法的基础上对“V”型弹簧加以改进,首次提出了利用“U”型弹簧连接桁架加劲梁段来模拟主梁刚度,并通过模态试验证明了该方法是一种适合于大跨度桁梁桥的全桥气弹模型设计方法。探讨了“U”型弹簧的设计原则,分析了各个参数的变化对主梁刚度的影响。
(4)回顾了颤振的分析理论,并编制了三维颤振分析的状态空间法的计算程序,对坝陵河大桥进行了颤振稳定性分析。对坝陵河大跨径桁架加劲梁悬索桥进行了气动优化措施的风洞试验研究,首次应用气动翼板于实际桥梁。分析了各种气动措施对颤振稳定性的影响,最终确定了桥面板中央开槽和气动翼板组合这一最优方案,通过考察节段模型系统扭转总阻尼随风速的变化情况,进行了气动翼板抑制颤振机理分析。
(5)进行了桁梁桥气动导纳函数的试验研究,介绍了识别气动导纳函数的试验原理和试验方法,对试验结果做了三种气动导纳、不同攻角、不同风速的对比分析,然后计算得到其气动导纳函数,最后,结合数值拟合技术,提出桁架结构断面气动导纳函数的经验拟合公式,以坝陵河大桥和果子沟大桥为实例进行抖振频域分析,验证试验得到的桁架断面气动导纳,表明其研究方法和研究结果是可靠与合理的。将基于本文气动导纳的抖振响应计算结果与试验值相比较,结果表明基于本文气动导纳的抖振响应计算结果与试验值具有良好的一致性,证明了本文识别的桁梁气动导纳方法和拟合公式的有效性。
Wind resistance of bridges, located in canyon and mountainous area, has been the hotspot and difficulty in current wind engineering research. It is a multi-disciplines research topics related to wind characteristics, bridge structures and wind resistance optimization method. Although there are some wind resistance research and discussion regarding to bridges in mountainous area at home and abroad, there are few literature and datum about the actual measured weather, wind characteristics and wind resistance design. This dissertation takes the long span truss suspension bridge, Ba-Ling-He bridge in Guizhou province, China, as an example, and systematically investigates the canyon wind characteristics of mountainous area and wind resistance problem of long span truss suspension bridge. The main contents include the following,
(1) The wind characteristics at Ba-Ling-He bridge site are computed numerically through a commercial code FLUENT. The study is focused on the wind field distribution at the bridge site. The relationship between wind speed components at check point and wind speed of inlet boundary can be described by introducing a dimensionless parameter, wind speed amplification coefficient. Through wind tunnel testing of scaled terrain model of Ba-Ling-He bridge site, the turbulence wind circumstance in canyon is investigated thoroughly. The spatial distribution of wind field at mountain area is discussed from characteristics of three aspects, mean wind, gusty wind and particular mountainous wind.
(2) The wind resistance design speed of bridge at canyon in a mountainous area can hardly been accurately estimated due to lack of filed measurement. Based on the previous literatures, the establishment of'virtual standard meteorological station'is dissucssed and the inverse distance weighted wind speed interpolation method is improved. A method is proposed to calculate the design wind speed by defining two interpolation factors, displacement factor and mountain shelter effect factor, and introducing wind speed modification of the height above sea level. An empirical formula is suggested to calculate the basic wind speed in a canyon of a mountainous area. The formula is validated by several examples and is high accurate and practical in prediction of the design speed in a mountainous area.
(3) The design principle is discussed for the full aeroelastic model of bridge with stiffened truss girder. And the structural dynamic properties are calculated by the FEM of full bridge by taking Ba-Ling-He bridge and Guo-Zi-Gou bridgeas examples. Based on the design experience of full aeroelastic model of Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, the spring shape 'V' is replaced by the other spring shape 'U', which is used to connect the sections to simulate stiffness of the stiffened truss girder. The spring shape 'U' is proved to be more suitable for full aeroelastic modeling of long-span bridge with truss girder. Each parameters of the 'U' type spring is discussed to show the effect to stiffness of girder.
(4) Upon reviewing the flutter analysis theory, a computational code by using the state space method is written to analyze 3d flutter of the Ba-Ling-He bridge. The aerodynamic optimization for the truss girder of Ba-Ling-He bridge are studied by section model wind tunnel test. It is the first application for the aerodynamic wing in actual bridge. After analyzing and testing the effect aerodynamic means on flutter stability, an optimal configuration of deck is finally proposed, which is the combination of the central slot and aerodynamic wing. The flutter suppression mechanism of aerodynamic wing is analyzed by studying total torsional damping ratio of section model system varying with wind speed.
(5) The aerodynamic admittance function of stiffened truss girder is investigated by sectional model wind tunnel testing. This dissertation introduces the test methodology and the identification method of aerodynamic admittance function, and discusses three types of aerodynamic admittance functions under different attack angles and wind speeds. Then, a fitting formula is proposed for aerodynamic admittance function of stiffened truss girder by using experimental results. The buffeting responses are analyzed in frequency domain by taking the Ba-Ling-He bridge and Guo-Zi-Gou bridge as example. The good agreement between buffeting response tested and calculated ones proves validity of the testing method for aerodynamic admittance function of the truss section and fitting formulae.
(6)Finally, as an example, the wind induced response of Ba-Ling-He bridge is tested through full bridge aeroelastic model in wind tunnel. The wind induced response is systematically analyzed to obtain internal forces induced by the turbulence wind. Those give essential reference to bridge wind resistance design.
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