基于乘客疏散仿真的地铁车站建筑结构布置和设施协调研究
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摘要
城市轨道交通是解决城市交通拥堵问题的主要手段。大量的乘客选择乘坐地铁和轻轨出行,这就对城市轨道交通的结构和设施配备提出了更高的要求。地铁车站是我们轨道交通系统的一个个节点,节点的通畅是整个网络通畅的关键。如何合理布置地铁车站的结构和设施,使大量乘客可以快速、安全地完成出行任务是我们需要解决的问题。
目前国内外在地铁车站的设计和评价上依然主要依靠静态的经验估计办法,无论在工程实践上还是相关理论上都存在不足。计算机仿真理论的发展使我们应用计算机技术对地铁车站内客流运动进行实时仿真成为可能,我们可以在建造之前,利用虚拟仿真技术看到地铁车站内哪些地方是乘客容易聚集的地方,哪些地方造成了乘客疏散的瓶颈。这就为我们改进地铁车站的结构设计和设施配置奠定了坚实的基础。
笔者首先通过对地铁车站内乘客的交通行为的研究,建立了基于乘客智能主体(Agent)的宏观和微观相结合的地铁车站内客流疏散模型,然后根据模型编制完成了地铁车站内客流疏散仿真系统EvaSim。EvaSim系统主要由车站仿真环境绘制、乘客疏散仿真模块和结果输出评价三个模块组成。
接着在地铁车站内客流疏散仿真的基础上,进行地铁车站结构和设施的协调研究。主要从地铁车站的出入口、步行通道、楼梯和自动扶梯的设置,站厅层设施布置等方面进行了工作。在对地铁出入口的规划设计上,笔者应用动态仿真技术,对一单层侧式站台的地铁车站出入口进行了各种情况下的仿真和数据分析。在对步行通道的研究上,笔者定义了疏散步距这个用来评价步行通道疏散效率的参数,建立了步行通道的目标优化函数,对步行通道系统的疏散步距及改善措施进行了仿真评价。在对楼梯和自动扶梯的研究上,利用排队理论建立了楼、扶梯的静态排队等候模型。笔者大胆的应用了静态计算和动态仿真相结合的计算方法,对楼梯和自动扶梯的疏散效率和吸引半径进行了计算和仿真。针对地铁规范中站台层疏散时间的计算公式不能体现设施布置不同而带来的疏散时间不同的问题,提出了新的计算公式。然后对地铁站站厅层的设施布置做了仿真实验,提出付费区和非付费区之间采用双向闸机的建议,并对疏散过程中站厅层出入口的利用效果做了评价。
最后建立了基于风险理论和地铁车站内客流疏散仿真的防灾风险模型,为地铁车站的防灾风险评估提供了理论基础。
Urban rail transit is a main method to solve the traffic block.Strict request to structure and installation of urban rail transit is brought forward because plenty of passengers choose underground and light railway as vehicle.Metro station is a node of urban rail transit system.Expedite node is the key of the expedite system.The problems that need us to solve are listed as follows:dispose the structure and installation of the metro station reasonably,make it possible that passengers can complete their traffic action fast and safely.
At the present time,the design and evaluate of metro station mainly depend on static experience estimate method.There exist shortage in engineering practice and theory of correlation.It is possible that simulate the passenger movement in metro station real time using computer technique,which is due to the development of computer simulate theory.We can know which place is easy to collecte passengers and which place is bottleneck of the passenger evacuating using suppositional simulate technology before building the metro station.The simulation establishes a stable foundation for the structure design and installation disposition of metro station.
Firstly,the passenger evacuating model that based on the combination on macroscopical and microcosmic of passenger intelligence being established via study on the traffic behavior of the passenger.According to the model,the simulation system namely EvaSim being built.EvaSim system mainly concludes three parts:simulate protract of station environment,evacuating simulation of passenger,output and estimate of the result.
Secondly,basing on simulation of the passenger evacuating in metro station,study of structure and installation is carried through.It mainly concludes:the setting of passageway,stair,walking channels and escalator in metro station;the setting of installation in the platform.On the layout and design of the passageway,the dynamic simulation technique is used.Aiming at the passageway of the metro station with side platform,simulation and data analyze is carried on under many conditions.On the study of walking channel,evacuating pace is defined to estimate the evacuate efficiency of the channel.Target majorized function is established,through the dynamic simulation on evacuating pace,the improving measure on walking channel is estimated.On the study of stair and escalator,static queuing and waiting model of stair and escalator is established using queuing theory.Static calculation and dynamic simulation are combined,the evacuate efficiency and attract radius of stair and escalator being calculated and simulated.Calculate formula of evacuation time in platform in metro criterion cannot show the difference which is due to the different installation disposal. So the new calculate formula is put forward.Then simulation on the installation disposal in platform is carded out.Two-way fare gate should be used between pay area and no-pay area.Using effect of the passageway in platform in evacuating process is estimated.
At last,the disaster prevention evaluation model being established basing on risk theory and the passenger evacuating simulation in this paper which provide a theory foundation for the disaster prevention evaluation of the metro station.
目前国内外在地铁车站的设计和评价上依然主要依靠静态的经验估计办法,无论在工程实践上还是相关理论上都存在不足。计算机仿真理论的发展使我们应用计算机技术对地铁车站内客流运动进行实时仿真成为可能,我们可以在建造之前,利用虚拟仿真技术看到地铁车站内哪些地方是乘客容易聚集的地方,哪些地方造成了乘客疏散的瓶颈。这就为我们改进地铁车站的结构设计和设施配置奠定了坚实的基础。
笔者首先通过对地铁车站内乘客的交通行为的研究,建立了基于乘客智能主体(Agent)的宏观和微观相结合的地铁车站内客流疏散模型,然后根据模型编制完成了地铁车站内客流疏散仿真系统EvaSim。EvaSim系统主要由车站仿真环境绘制、乘客疏散仿真模块和结果输出评价三个模块组成。
接着在地铁车站内客流疏散仿真的基础上,进行地铁车站结构和设施的协调研究。主要从地铁车站的出入口、步行通道、楼梯和自动扶梯的设置,站厅层设施布置等方面进行了工作。在对地铁出入口的规划设计上,笔者应用动态仿真技术,对一单层侧式站台的地铁车站出入口进行了各种情况下的仿真和数据分析。在对步行通道的研究上,笔者定义了疏散步距这个用来评价步行通道疏散效率的参数,建立了步行通道的目标优化函数,对步行通道系统的疏散步距及改善措施进行了仿真评价。在对楼梯和自动扶梯的研究上,利用排队理论建立了楼、扶梯的静态排队等候模型。笔者大胆的应用了静态计算和动态仿真相结合的计算方法,对楼梯和自动扶梯的疏散效率和吸引半径进行了计算和仿真。针对地铁规范中站台层疏散时间的计算公式不能体现设施布置不同而带来的疏散时间不同的问题,提出了新的计算公式。然后对地铁站站厅层的设施布置做了仿真实验,提出付费区和非付费区之间采用双向闸机的建议,并对疏散过程中站厅层出入口的利用效果做了评价。
最后建立了基于风险理论和地铁车站内客流疏散仿真的防灾风险模型,为地铁车站的防灾风险评估提供了理论基础。
Urban rail transit is a main method to solve the traffic block.Strict request to structure and installation of urban rail transit is brought forward because plenty of passengers choose underground and light railway as vehicle.Metro station is a node of urban rail transit system.Expedite node is the key of the expedite system.The problems that need us to solve are listed as follows:dispose the structure and installation of the metro station reasonably,make it possible that passengers can complete their traffic action fast and safely.
At the present time,the design and evaluate of metro station mainly depend on static experience estimate method.There exist shortage in engineering practice and theory of correlation.It is possible that simulate the passenger movement in metro station real time using computer technique,which is due to the development of computer simulate theory.We can know which place is easy to collecte passengers and which place is bottleneck of the passenger evacuating using suppositional simulate technology before building the metro station.The simulation establishes a stable foundation for the structure design and installation disposition of metro station.
Firstly,the passenger evacuating model that based on the combination on macroscopical and microcosmic of passenger intelligence being established via study on the traffic behavior of the passenger.According to the model,the simulation system namely EvaSim being built.EvaSim system mainly concludes three parts:simulate protract of station environment,evacuating simulation of passenger,output and estimate of the result.
Secondly,basing on simulation of the passenger evacuating in metro station,study of structure and installation is carried through.It mainly concludes:the setting of passageway,stair,walking channels and escalator in metro station;the setting of installation in the platform.On the layout and design of the passageway,the dynamic simulation technique is used.Aiming at the passageway of the metro station with side platform,simulation and data analyze is carried on under many conditions.On the study of walking channel,evacuating pace is defined to estimate the evacuate efficiency of the channel.Target majorized function is established,through the dynamic simulation on evacuating pace,the improving measure on walking channel is estimated.On the study of stair and escalator,static queuing and waiting model of stair and escalator is established using queuing theory.Static calculation and dynamic simulation are combined,the evacuate efficiency and attract radius of stair and escalator being calculated and simulated.Calculate formula of evacuation time in platform in metro criterion cannot show the difference which is due to the different installation disposal. So the new calculate formula is put forward.Then simulation on the installation disposal in platform is carded out.Two-way fare gate should be used between pay area and no-pay area.Using effect of the passageway in platform in evacuating process is estimated.
At last,the disaster prevention evaluation model being established basing on risk theory and the passenger evacuating simulation in this paper which provide a theory foundation for the disaster prevention evaluation of the metro station.
引文
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