致密砂岩天然气成藏动力学研究
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摘要
川西坳陷系指四川盆地西部中、新生代坳陷地区,坳陷自上三叠统以来主要经历了九次构造运动,属典型的叠合型前陆盆地。须家河组分布众多的油气田(藏),以其深埋、致密、超压、强烈非均质性等特征成为复杂高难度勘探领域。
论文以成藏动力学理论为指导,结合川西坳陷须家河组的具体地质特征,充分利用大量丰富的地勘和研究成果,在前人研究的基础上从热力学、地压形成与演化、流体动力学演化等方面研究入手,对上三叠统烃源岩、储集层、封盖、保存、运移、聚集时期、圈闭类型等成藏基本地质条件进行了深入研究,提出三种成藏动力模式。
采用了镜质体反射率、煤挥发分、流体包裹体测温、矿物裂变径迹测温、粘土矿物相和热解峰顶温度等6种方法进行研究,建立了川西地区的地质温度计,研究表明川西坳陷三叠世以来地温场特征是地温古高今低,纵横方向变化大。
上三叠统烃源岩的演化表现为不同层段递进生烃、多期排烃过程。烃源岩进入生烃门限时间总体呈现由西向东变晚的趋势;南北方向上,中段最早、南段次之、北段最晚。确立了川西须家河组压力演化历史:印支晚期的欠压实增压、燕山期生烃增压、燕山、喜山期构造挤压增压。其中构造压力是增压的主要原因,生烃只是一定程度上增压,声反射实验结果表明喜山期构造挤压强于燕山期。
系统研究了川西坳陷流体动力演化特征,获得了反映天然气成藏系统的流体势能变化特征,川西坳陷须家河组存在四期古水动力场,水动力场总体表现为强-弱-强的特点。川西坳陷须家河组在构造平稳期的气势与水动力场趋势近一致。
川西坳陷须家河组油气输导系统是高孔渗的砂岩输导层、断层。优势通道就是油气优先选择运移的输导路线,仅占油气输导系统的极少一部分,但它输导的油气占输导系统运移油气总量的大部分。
根据动力学特征和油源特征,划分了两个成藏动力学系统:自源高压成藏动力学和混源中压成藏动力学。自源高压成藏动力学系统的动力是由构造应力、生烃增压,压力特征是高压,压力系数大于1.5,具有自生自储特征。混源中压成藏动力学系统的动力是浮力或水动力,烃源可以是经运移通道远距离运移而来,压力特征为中低压,压力系数1.0～1.5。
系统研究了流体动力源:沉积压实、构造应力、浮力、生烃增压和水动力等。印支晚期-燕山晚期:构造变动剧烈期,川西坳陷须家河组流体驱动力主要是构造应力、沉积压实;在构造运动稳定期,流体驱动力主要是浮力、生烃增压等;喜山期川西坳陷遭受强烈的构造变动,流体驱动力主要是构造应力。其中水动力明显受压实作用、构造应力控制。
建立了三种成藏模式:高压驱动、浮力驱动、水动力驱动成藏模式,在复杂地史演变下这三种驱动模式往往以一种驱动模式为主,其它驱动模式为辅。
根据川西坳陷须家河组烃源、储层、封盖、古隆起、圈闭以及成藏动力主控因素的评价,按构造区带优选出6个有利区带,确定出9个重点勘探区域。
根据圈闭综合排队及钻探目标优选评价的结果,结合勘探现状及取得的成果,按照先易后难、先大后小的原则分为战略展开、战略突破、战略准备等3个层次依次展开17个目标、25个子目标,其中战略展开层次的4个目标、6个子目标分别为:孝泉-新场地区(须二、须四)、大邑构造(须三、须二)、丰谷(须四)、高庙子-合兴场地区(须二)。
The West Sichuan depression refers to the western area of Sichuan Basin since Mesozoic and Cenozoic era. The depression which has undergone nine major tectonic movements since the late Triassic is a typical superimposed foreland basin. There are many gas fields (pools) in the Xujiahe formation that super difficulty domain of petroleum exploration because of the characteristics of deep burial, tightness, super pressure and strong heterogeneity .of Xujiahe formation.
The paper used dynamics theory as a guide, also surmised the specific geological features of Xujiahe formation and the pervious research findings on thermodynamics. The strata pressure formation and evolution and evolution of fluid dynamics, basic geological conditions including source rocks, reservoir, seal, preservation, migration, accumulation period, and trap types were deeply studied to present the dynamic model of gas accumulation. The models were divided into three types.
A geological thermometer in western Sichuan was established using 6 methods including vitrinite reflectance, volatile matter of coal, fluid inclusions, fission track, clay minerals and pyrolysis peak temperature. The results show that the ancient geothermal field in west Sichuan depression was higher than that of present day since late Triassic, and also was greater change. in vertical and horizontal direction.
The Upper Triassic source rock showed a progressive process of hydrocarbon generation and multi-period expulsion. The time threshold of hydrocarbon generation became late from west to east, but in north-south direction, the middle area is first, followed by the southern area, northern area was the latest.
The strata pressure evolution of Xujiahe formation was established: The under-compaction formed in the late Indosinian, followed by hydrocarbon-generating pressurization in Yanshanian, then, pressure upgrading was mainly caused by Himalayan and Yanshanian tectonic compression. One major cause for pressurization was tectonic compression; also hydrocarbon generation had impact to extent. The acoustic reflex test results show a stronger tectonic compression strength in Himalayan than in the Yanshanian period.
By analysis of hydrodynamic evolution of the western Sichuan depression, the fluid potential energy that reflects the natural gas system was obtained. Four ancient hydrodynamic fields that showed a general trend from strong to weak and strong again existed in Xujiahe formation.. In smooth tectonic period, the hydrodynamic field was nearly consistent with the gas potential energy trend.
Xujiahe gas transportation system was composed by the high porosity and permeability of the sandstone beds and faults. The predominant pathways were the preferred conduit routes of oil and gas migration. The predominant pathways transported the majority of hydrocarbon but accounted for only a very small part in the transportation system.
According to the dynamic and oil source characteristics, The reservoir-formed dynamic system were divided into self-source high pressure dynamic system and mix-source middle pressure dynamic system. The first is driven by the tectonic stress and hydrocarbon generation; so it was characterized by the high pressure with pressure coefficient greater than 1.5.and the "self-generation and self-storage. The late was driven by buoyancy or water power, the hydrocarbon in the system could be from long-distance migration, so is characterized by middle–low pressure with pressure coefficient from 1.0 to 1.5.
The fluid power sources, including sedimentary compaction, tectonic stress, buoyancy, hydrodynamic and hydrocarbon generation were systematic studied. From late Indo-Chinese epoch to late Yanshan epoch, the Xujiahe fluid driving forces were mainly provided by the tectonic stress and sediment compaction as result of active tectonic movement. In smooth tectonic movement, fluid driving forces was buoyancy and hydrocarbon generation. In Himalayan epoch, The Xujiahe formation suffered a strong tectonic movements, the fluid driving forces which significantly affected by compaction and tectonic stress was the tectonic stress.
Three gas accumulation model were constructed : high-pressure-driven ,buoyancy-driven,water power-driven accumulation models One of the three driving modes was dominant at the same time in complex geologic history , other modes was supplement. According to evaluation of Xujiahe hydrocarbon source, reservoir, seal, ancient uplift, traps reservoir and controlling dynamic factors, the six structural optimum zonesand nine key exploration areas were identified.
According to comprehensive evaluation of the study area, and the principles of easy things first and the great things first, strategic deployment, strategic breakthrough, strategic preparation of three strategic levels were present to evaluate 17 targets and 25 sub-targets. The strategic deployment level 4 targets and 6 sub- targets are Xiao Quan - Xingchang area (Xu 2, Xu 4), Dayi structure (Xu3, Xu 2), Feng Gu area ( Xu 4), Gaomiaozi– Hexingchang area (Xu 2).
论文以成藏动力学理论为指导,结合川西坳陷须家河组的具体地质特征,充分利用大量丰富的地勘和研究成果,在前人研究的基础上从热力学、地压形成与演化、流体动力学演化等方面研究入手,对上三叠统烃源岩、储集层、封盖、保存、运移、聚集时期、圈闭类型等成藏基本地质条件进行了深入研究,提出三种成藏动力模式。
采用了镜质体反射率、煤挥发分、流体包裹体测温、矿物裂变径迹测温、粘土矿物相和热解峰顶温度等6种方法进行研究,建立了川西地区的地质温度计,研究表明川西坳陷三叠世以来地温场特征是地温古高今低,纵横方向变化大。
上三叠统烃源岩的演化表现为不同层段递进生烃、多期排烃过程。烃源岩进入生烃门限时间总体呈现由西向东变晚的趋势;南北方向上,中段最早、南段次之、北段最晚。确立了川西须家河组压力演化历史:印支晚期的欠压实增压、燕山期生烃增压、燕山、喜山期构造挤压增压。其中构造压力是增压的主要原因,生烃只是一定程度上增压,声反射实验结果表明喜山期构造挤压强于燕山期。
系统研究了川西坳陷流体动力演化特征,获得了反映天然气成藏系统的流体势能变化特征,川西坳陷须家河组存在四期古水动力场,水动力场总体表现为强-弱-强的特点。川西坳陷须家河组在构造平稳期的气势与水动力场趋势近一致。
川西坳陷须家河组油气输导系统是高孔渗的砂岩输导层、断层。优势通道就是油气优先选择运移的输导路线,仅占油气输导系统的极少一部分,但它输导的油气占输导系统运移油气总量的大部分。
根据动力学特征和油源特征,划分了两个成藏动力学系统:自源高压成藏动力学和混源中压成藏动力学。自源高压成藏动力学系统的动力是由构造应力、生烃增压,压力特征是高压,压力系数大于1.5,具有自生自储特征。混源中压成藏动力学系统的动力是浮力或水动力,烃源可以是经运移通道远距离运移而来,压力特征为中低压,压力系数1.0～1.5。
系统研究了流体动力源:沉积压实、构造应力、浮力、生烃增压和水动力等。印支晚期-燕山晚期:构造变动剧烈期,川西坳陷须家河组流体驱动力主要是构造应力、沉积压实;在构造运动稳定期,流体驱动力主要是浮力、生烃增压等;喜山期川西坳陷遭受强烈的构造变动,流体驱动力主要是构造应力。其中水动力明显受压实作用、构造应力控制。
建立了三种成藏模式:高压驱动、浮力驱动、水动力驱动成藏模式,在复杂地史演变下这三种驱动模式往往以一种驱动模式为主,其它驱动模式为辅。
根据川西坳陷须家河组烃源、储层、封盖、古隆起、圈闭以及成藏动力主控因素的评价,按构造区带优选出6个有利区带,确定出9个重点勘探区域。
根据圈闭综合排队及钻探目标优选评价的结果,结合勘探现状及取得的成果,按照先易后难、先大后小的原则分为战略展开、战略突破、战略准备等3个层次依次展开17个目标、25个子目标,其中战略展开层次的4个目标、6个子目标分别为:孝泉-新场地区(须二、须四)、大邑构造(须三、须二)、丰谷(须四)、高庙子-合兴场地区(须二)。
The West Sichuan depression refers to the western area of Sichuan Basin since Mesozoic and Cenozoic era. The depression which has undergone nine major tectonic movements since the late Triassic is a typical superimposed foreland basin. There are many gas fields (pools) in the Xujiahe formation that super difficulty domain of petroleum exploration because of the characteristics of deep burial, tightness, super pressure and strong heterogeneity .of Xujiahe formation.
The paper used dynamics theory as a guide, also surmised the specific geological features of Xujiahe formation and the pervious research findings on thermodynamics. The strata pressure formation and evolution and evolution of fluid dynamics, basic geological conditions including source rocks, reservoir, seal, preservation, migration, accumulation period, and trap types were deeply studied to present the dynamic model of gas accumulation. The models were divided into three types.
A geological thermometer in western Sichuan was established using 6 methods including vitrinite reflectance, volatile matter of coal, fluid inclusions, fission track, clay minerals and pyrolysis peak temperature. The results show that the ancient geothermal field in west Sichuan depression was higher than that of present day since late Triassic, and also was greater change. in vertical and horizontal direction.
The Upper Triassic source rock showed a progressive process of hydrocarbon generation and multi-period expulsion. The time threshold of hydrocarbon generation became late from west to east, but in north-south direction, the middle area is first, followed by the southern area, northern area was the latest.
The strata pressure evolution of Xujiahe formation was established: The under-compaction formed in the late Indosinian, followed by hydrocarbon-generating pressurization in Yanshanian, then, pressure upgrading was mainly caused by Himalayan and Yanshanian tectonic compression. One major cause for pressurization was tectonic compression; also hydrocarbon generation had impact to extent. The acoustic reflex test results show a stronger tectonic compression strength in Himalayan than in the Yanshanian period.
By analysis of hydrodynamic evolution of the western Sichuan depression, the fluid potential energy that reflects the natural gas system was obtained. Four ancient hydrodynamic fields that showed a general trend from strong to weak and strong again existed in Xujiahe formation.. In smooth tectonic period, the hydrodynamic field was nearly consistent with the gas potential energy trend.
Xujiahe gas transportation system was composed by the high porosity and permeability of the sandstone beds and faults. The predominant pathways were the preferred conduit routes of oil and gas migration. The predominant pathways transported the majority of hydrocarbon but accounted for only a very small part in the transportation system.
According to the dynamic and oil source characteristics, The reservoir-formed dynamic system were divided into self-source high pressure dynamic system and mix-source middle pressure dynamic system. The first is driven by the tectonic stress and hydrocarbon generation; so it was characterized by the high pressure with pressure coefficient greater than 1.5.and the "self-generation and self-storage. The late was driven by buoyancy or water power, the hydrocarbon in the system could be from long-distance migration, so is characterized by middle–low pressure with pressure coefficient from 1.0 to 1.5.
The fluid power sources, including sedimentary compaction, tectonic stress, buoyancy, hydrodynamic and hydrocarbon generation were systematic studied. From late Indo-Chinese epoch to late Yanshan epoch, the Xujiahe fluid driving forces were mainly provided by the tectonic stress and sediment compaction as result of active tectonic movement. In smooth tectonic movement, fluid driving forces was buoyancy and hydrocarbon generation. In Himalayan epoch, The Xujiahe formation suffered a strong tectonic movements, the fluid driving forces which significantly affected by compaction and tectonic stress was the tectonic stress.
Three gas accumulation model were constructed : high-pressure-driven ,buoyancy-driven,water power-driven accumulation models One of the three driving modes was dominant at the same time in complex geologic history , other modes was supplement. According to evaluation of Xujiahe hydrocarbon source, reservoir, seal, ancient uplift, traps reservoir and controlling dynamic factors, the six structural optimum zonesand nine key exploration areas were identified.
According to comprehensive evaluation of the study area, and the principles of easy things first and the great things first, strategic deployment, strategic breakthrough, strategic preparation of three strategic levels were present to evaluate 17 targets and 25 sub-targets. The strategic deployment level 4 targets and 6 sub- targets are Xiao Quan - Xingchang area (Xu 2, Xu 4), Dayi structure (Xu3, Xu 2), Feng Gu area ( Xu 4), Gaomiaozi– Hexingchang area (Xu 2).
引文
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