三相精馏：非平衡模拟与参数估计
|
摘要
按照传统的观点,在精馏塔内应该避免出现多个液相共存的情况——因为多相会给操作和控制带来很多不确定的因素。然而,在流程工业中,特别是在诸如共沸精馏、萃取精馏、反应精馏等高附加值的化工生产中,往往不可避免地出现第二个液相,从而形成汽-液-液三相共存的复杂精馏过程。
由于流动特征和传质机理过去复杂,三相精馏的研究一度停滞不前。近年来,随着计算能力的提高和实验设施的进步,探索汽-液-液三相精馏的条件逐渐成熟。因此,有必要深入研究三相精馏过程及其本质属性,并以此为契机来提高精馏效率,优化生产工艺,实现节能降耗。
本文致力于三相(填料)精馏过程的建模与仿真。在研究中分别建立了三相精馏的平衡(EQ)模型和非平衡(NEQ)模型,并利用柏林工业大学的实验设施开展了系统化的填料精馏实验。结果表明,汽-液-液三相间本质上处于非平衡态。因此,基于板效率和HETP概念的EQ模型不适用于三相体系;NEQ模型是三相精馏过程建模的首选。然而,三相精馏NEQ模型的应用也存在一些制约因素,主要的问题是缺乏估算相间传质参数(如相接触面积、传质系数)的有效方法,这是本文的研究重点之一。
本文的主要贡献和创新点总结如下:
1.针对汽-液-液三相精馏的流态多样性,在综合文献成果和实验观测的基础上,提出了三种改进的NEQ模型、即M_1,M_2,M_3模型。这些模型基于不同的流态简化和模型假设,可根据塔板或填料上的三相流动特征甄别选用。同时,针对三相精馏普遍存在的液相稳定性问题,提出了内置相稳定性算法的非平衡模拟方法。这对实际生产中大量存在的两相/三相混合精馏过程具有重要意义。
2.针对三相精馏中传质参数计算的难点,开展了基于NEQ模型的参数估计研究。提出了一种分层估计策略以归类不同被估参数,成功地实现了多数据集参数估计问题的分解降维。根据参数估计结果,建立了一些扩展的传质经验关联式,首次有效地解决了非平衡模拟中传质参数难以估算的问题。研究表明,在三相精馏模拟中采用扩展的传质关联式可以显著地提升NEO模型的预测性能。
3.通过分析汽-液-液三相在填料上的流动特征,建立了三相精馏的传质机理模型,可以用来定量计算汽-液-液三相界面上的所有传质参数(填补了文献上的空白)。研究表明,第二液相的流动模式将对三相精馏的分离效率产生显著影响。本文通过参数估计的方法,基于大量的三相精馏实验数据,辨识了不同操作条件下第二液相的流动模式,进而揭示了三相精馏的一些本质特征,对于学术界有关三相填料精馏的分离效率(上升或者下降)的争论,也能够给予合理的解释。
4.为了研究三相精馏塔的控制和优化命题,建立了三相精馏过程的动态EQ模型和NEQ模型。对比了EQ模型与NEQ模型的动态仿真差异,并通过实验数据验证了动态NEQ模型的可靠性。此外,开展了基于三相精馏动态NEQ模型的参数估计研究,并印证了前文关于第二液相流动模式的辨识结果的准确性。
最后总结了全文并建议了未来的研究方向。
From a conventional point of view, the presence of more than one liquid phase within a distillation column should be generally avoided due to the uncertainties caused by multi-liquid-phase in operation and control. However, the appearance of a second liquid sometimes is inevitable in chemical industry, especially in some high-value added processes like azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation and reactive distillation, where the complex vapor-liquid-liquid three-phase distillation may appear.
In the past, the research on three-phase distillation has been generally ignored because of the complexity of the three-phase hydrodynamics. These years, with the aid of advanced computation ability and experiment facilities, it is time to explore the essence of three-phase distillation, and to utilize its unique characteristics to enhance efficiency, optimize operation, save energy and reduce consumption.
This thesis focuses on the aspects of modeling and simulation of three-phase (packed) distillation. Modeling concepts of equilibrium (EQ) and nonequilibrium (NEQ) are employed. Meanwhile, systematic experimental investigations on packed distillation have been conducted at TU Berlin. Due to the nonequilibrium nature of three-phase hydrodynamics, the EQ concept using stage efficiency or HETP is found not suitable for modeling three-phase distillation. The NEQ concept should be primarily considered. However, the three-phase NEQ modeling was severely restricted due to the lack of methods to predict the interphase transfer parameters, which is the main research topic of this dissertation.
The contributions and innovations of this thesis are as follows:
1. To describe the diversity of vapor-liquid-liquid flow, three improved NEQ models (i.e. M_1, M_2, M_3) were proposed based on literature results and experimental observations. Each model can be applied to certain three-phase flow on a tray and a packing. One unique feature of the models is the using of embedded phase stability algorithm in the NEQ simulation, which is of great significance to the mixed two/three-phase distillation largely existing in real distillation practice.
2. NEQ model based parameter estimations using multiple experimental data sets have been performed. A hierarchical estimation strategy has been proposed for parameter classification and problem decomposition. As a result, some literature correlations have been extended, and can be used in the transfer parameters prediction for three-phase distillation. Model validation has shown that the prediction ability of three-phase NEQ model can be significantly improved by using the extended correlations.
3. Principle three-phase mass transfer model has been developed on the basis of a thorough analysis of the three-phase flow behaviors on packings. The model enables, for the first time, rigorous computation of all the transfer parameters. The flow pattern of the second liquid was found to play a critical role on the efficiency of three-phase distillation. Therefore, its unknown flow pattern has been identified based on comprehensive experimental data sets. The identified flow behavior can give a reasonable explanation to the discrepancy existing in the separation efficiency of three-phase packed distillation.
4. In the scope of distillation operation and control, dynamic EQ and NEQ models for three-phase distillation have been developed. (EQ and NEQ) model validation and comparison with experimental data have been carried out. Moreover, dynamic parameter estimation based on the NEQ model has been conducted, the identified dynamic flow pattern of the second liquid phase corresponds well with previous studies.
Finally, conclusions and future research prospects are given.
由于流动特征和传质机理过去复杂,三相精馏的研究一度停滞不前。近年来,随着计算能力的提高和实验设施的进步,探索汽-液-液三相精馏的条件逐渐成熟。因此,有必要深入研究三相精馏过程及其本质属性,并以此为契机来提高精馏效率,优化生产工艺,实现节能降耗。
本文致力于三相(填料)精馏过程的建模与仿真。在研究中分别建立了三相精馏的平衡(EQ)模型和非平衡(NEQ)模型,并利用柏林工业大学的实验设施开展了系统化的填料精馏实验。结果表明,汽-液-液三相间本质上处于非平衡态。因此,基于板效率和HETP概念的EQ模型不适用于三相体系;NEQ模型是三相精馏过程建模的首选。然而,三相精馏NEQ模型的应用也存在一些制约因素,主要的问题是缺乏估算相间传质参数(如相接触面积、传质系数)的有效方法,这是本文的研究重点之一。
本文的主要贡献和创新点总结如下:
1.针对汽-液-液三相精馏的流态多样性,在综合文献成果和实验观测的基础上,提出了三种改进的NEQ模型、即M_1,M_2,M_3模型。这些模型基于不同的流态简化和模型假设,可根据塔板或填料上的三相流动特征甄别选用。同时,针对三相精馏普遍存在的液相稳定性问题,提出了内置相稳定性算法的非平衡模拟方法。这对实际生产中大量存在的两相/三相混合精馏过程具有重要意义。
2.针对三相精馏中传质参数计算的难点,开展了基于NEQ模型的参数估计研究。提出了一种分层估计策略以归类不同被估参数,成功地实现了多数据集参数估计问题的分解降维。根据参数估计结果,建立了一些扩展的传质经验关联式,首次有效地解决了非平衡模拟中传质参数难以估算的问题。研究表明,在三相精馏模拟中采用扩展的传质关联式可以显著地提升NEO模型的预测性能。
3.通过分析汽-液-液三相在填料上的流动特征,建立了三相精馏的传质机理模型,可以用来定量计算汽-液-液三相界面上的所有传质参数(填补了文献上的空白)。研究表明,第二液相的流动模式将对三相精馏的分离效率产生显著影响。本文通过参数估计的方法,基于大量的三相精馏实验数据,辨识了不同操作条件下第二液相的流动模式,进而揭示了三相精馏的一些本质特征,对于学术界有关三相填料精馏的分离效率(上升或者下降)的争论,也能够给予合理的解释。
4.为了研究三相精馏塔的控制和优化命题,建立了三相精馏过程的动态EQ模型和NEQ模型。对比了EQ模型与NEQ模型的动态仿真差异,并通过实验数据验证了动态NEQ模型的可靠性。此外,开展了基于三相精馏动态NEQ模型的参数估计研究,并印证了前文关于第二液相流动模式的辨识结果的准确性。
最后总结了全文并建议了未来的研究方向。
From a conventional point of view, the presence of more than one liquid phase within a distillation column should be generally avoided due to the uncertainties caused by multi-liquid-phase in operation and control. However, the appearance of a second liquid sometimes is inevitable in chemical industry, especially in some high-value added processes like azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation and reactive distillation, where the complex vapor-liquid-liquid three-phase distillation may appear.
In the past, the research on three-phase distillation has been generally ignored because of the complexity of the three-phase hydrodynamics. These years, with the aid of advanced computation ability and experiment facilities, it is time to explore the essence of three-phase distillation, and to utilize its unique characteristics to enhance efficiency, optimize operation, save energy and reduce consumption.
This thesis focuses on the aspects of modeling and simulation of three-phase (packed) distillation. Modeling concepts of equilibrium (EQ) and nonequilibrium (NEQ) are employed. Meanwhile, systematic experimental investigations on packed distillation have been conducted at TU Berlin. Due to the nonequilibrium nature of three-phase hydrodynamics, the EQ concept using stage efficiency or HETP is found not suitable for modeling three-phase distillation. The NEQ concept should be primarily considered. However, the three-phase NEQ modeling was severely restricted due to the lack of methods to predict the interphase transfer parameters, which is the main research topic of this dissertation.
The contributions and innovations of this thesis are as follows:
1. To describe the diversity of vapor-liquid-liquid flow, three improved NEQ models (i.e. M_1, M_2, M_3) were proposed based on literature results and experimental observations. Each model can be applied to certain three-phase flow on a tray and a packing. One unique feature of the models is the using of embedded phase stability algorithm in the NEQ simulation, which is of great significance to the mixed two/three-phase distillation largely existing in real distillation practice.
2. NEQ model based parameter estimations using multiple experimental data sets have been performed. A hierarchical estimation strategy has been proposed for parameter classification and problem decomposition. As a result, some literature correlations have been extended, and can be used in the transfer parameters prediction for three-phase distillation. Model validation has shown that the prediction ability of three-phase NEQ model can be significantly improved by using the extended correlations.
3. Principle three-phase mass transfer model has been developed on the basis of a thorough analysis of the three-phase flow behaviors on packings. The model enables, for the first time, rigorous computation of all the transfer parameters. The flow pattern of the second liquid was found to play a critical role on the efficiency of three-phase distillation. Therefore, its unknown flow pattern has been identified based on comprehensive experimental data sets. The identified flow behavior can give a reasonable explanation to the discrepancy existing in the separation efficiency of three-phase packed distillation.
4. In the scope of distillation operation and control, dynamic EQ and NEQ models for three-phase distillation have been developed. (EQ and NEQ) model validation and comparison with experimental data have been carried out. Moreover, dynamic parameter estimation based on the NEQ model has been conducted, the identified dynamic flow pattern of the second liquid phase corresponds well with previous studies.
Finally, conclusions and future research prospects are given.
引文
Arora, N. and Biegler, L.T., Parameter Estimation for a Polymerization Reactor Model with a Composite-Step Trust-Region NLP Algorithm, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2004, 43(14), 3616-3631.
Ataki, A. and Bart, H.-J., Experimental and CFD Simulation Study for the Wetting of A Structured Packing Element with Liquids, Chem. Eng. Tech., 2006, 29(3), 336-347.
Ausner, I., Experimental Investigations on Multi-Phase Film Flows, 2006, PhD Thesis, Berlin University of Technology.
Bakshi, B. R. and Fiksel, J., The Quest for Sustainability: Challenges for Process Systems Engineering, AIChEJ., 2003,49(6), 1350-1358.
Baten, J.M.V., Krishna, R., Modelling Sieve Tray Hydraulics Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Chem Eng. J.,2000, 77,143-151.
Baur, R., Higler, A.P., Taylor, R., Krishna, R., Comparison of Equilibrium Stage and Nonequilibrium Stage Models for Reactive Distillation, Chem. Eng. J., 2000, 76, 33-47.
Biegler, L.T., Cervantes A. and Wachter, A., Advances in Simultaneous Strategies for Dynamic Process Optimization, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2002, 57(4), 575-593.
Biegler, L.T. and Grossmann, I.E., Retrospective on Optimization, Com. Chem. Eng., 2004,28(8), 1169-1192.
Billet, R. and Schultes, R., Predicting Mass Transfer in Packed Columns, Chem. Eng. Tech., 1993,16, 1-9.
Billet, R. and Schultes, R., Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transfer in the Total Capacity Range of Packed Columns up to the Flood Point, Chem. Eng. Tech., 1995, 18, 371-379.
Billet, R. and Schultes, R., Prediction of Mass Transfer Columns with Dumped and Arranged Packing - Updated Summary of The Calculation Method of Billet and Schultes, Trans IChemE, Part A, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 1999, 77(A6), 498-504.
Block, U. and Hegner, B., Development and Application of a Simulation Model for Three-Phase Distillation, AIChE J., 1976, 22(3), 582-589.
Bravo, J.L., Fair, J.R., Generalized Correlation for Mass Transfer in Packed Distillation Columns, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 1982, 21(1), 162-170.
Bravo, J.L., Rocha, J.A. and Fair, J.R., Mass Transfer in Gauze Packings, Hydrocarbon Processing, 1985, 64(1), 91-95.
Bock, H.G,Plitt, K.J., A multiple Shooting Algorithm for Direct Solution of Optimal
Control Problems, Proceedings of the ninth IFAC world congress, Budapest, 1984.
Bullard, L. G.and Biegler, L. T., Iterated Linear Programming Strategies for Nonsmooth Simulation: A Penalty Based Method for Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Application, Comp. Chem. Eng., 1993,17(1), 95-109.
Cairns, B. P. and Furzer, I. A., Multicomponent Three-Phase Azeotropic Distillation. 1. Extensive Experiment Data and Simulation Results, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1990a, 29(7), 1349-1363.
Cairns, B. P. and Furzer, I. A., Multicomponent Three-Phase Azeotropic Distillation. 2. Phase-Stability and Phase-Splitting Algorithms, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1990b, 29(7), 1364-1382.
Cairns, B. P. and Furzer, I. A., Multicomponent Three-Phase Azeotropic Distillation. 3. Modern Thermodynamic Models and Multiple Solutions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1990c, 29(7), 1383-1395.
Castier, M., Rasmussen, P. and Fredenslund, A., Calculation of Simultaneous Chemical and Phase Equilibria in Nonideal Systems, Chem. Engng. Sci., 1989,44(2), 237-248.
Chen, L., Repke, J.-U. and Wozny G.,Wang, S., Extension of Mass Transfer Calculation for Three-Phase Distillation in Packed Column: A Nonequilibrium Model based Parameter Estimation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2009,48(15), 7289-7300.
Chilton, T. H. and Colburx, A. P., Distillation and Absorption in Packed Columns: A Convenient Design and Correlation Method, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1935, 27(3), 255-260.
Doherty, M. F. and Malone, M. F., Conceptual Design of Distillation Systems, 2001, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
Doniec, A., Wettability Determination as an Important Factor in Design and Environmental Performance of Some Industrial Processes, Technical report, 2004.
Eckert, E. and Kubicek, M., Modeling of Dynamics for Multiple Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Stage, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1994,49(11), 1783-1788.
Eckert, E. and Kubicek, M., Dynamic Simulation of a Distillation Column with Multiple Liquid Phases, Comp. Chem. Eng. 1995,19, 393-398.
Eckert, E. and Vanek, T., Some Aspects of Rate-based Modelling and Simulation of Three-Phase Distillation Columns, Comp. Chem. Eng., 2001, 25, 603-612.
Egorov, Y., Menter, F., Kloker, M. and Kenig, E. Y, On the Combination of CFD and Rate-based Modelling in the Simulation of Reactive Separation Processes, Chem. Eng. Processing, 2005,44(6), 631-644.
Faber, R., Li, P. and Wozny, G.,Sequential Parameter Estimation for Large-scale Systems with Multiple Data Sets. 1. Computational Framework, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2003,42(23), 5850-5860.
Faber,R.,Li,P.and Wozny,G.,Sequential Parameter Estimation for Large-scale Systems with Multiple Data Sets.2.Application to an Industrial Coke-Oven-Gas Purification Process,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2004,43(15),4350-4362.
Fard,M.H.,Zivdar M.,Rahimi R.,Esfahani M.N.,Afacan A.,Nandakumar K.,Chuang K.T.,CFD Simulation of Mass Transfer Efficiency and Pressure Drop in a Structured Packed Distillation Column,Chem.Eng.Tech.,2007,30(7),854-861.
Ferraris,G.B.,and Morbidelli,M.,Distillation Models for Two Partially Immiscible Liquids,AIChE J.,1981,27(6),881-888.
Ferraris,G.B.and Morbidelli,M.,An Approximate Mathematical Model for Three-Phase Multistage Separators,AIChE J.,1982,28(1),49-55.
Fick,A.,On Liquid Diffusion,Phil Mag.,1855,10,30-39.
Fuller,E.N.,Schettler,P.D.,Giddings,J.C.,A New Method for Prediction of Binary Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficients,Ind.Eng.Chem.,1966,58(5),18-27.
Fulmer,J.W.and Graf,K.C.Distill Acetone in Tower Packing.Hydrocarbon Processing,1991,70(10),87-91.
Gau,C.-Y.and Stadtherr,M.A.Determine Global Optimisation for Error-in-variables Parameter Estimation,AIChE J.,2002,48(6),1192-1197.
Goodliffe,A.H.,The Practical Testing of a Continuous Petroleum Still,Trans Insr.Chem.Engrs.,1934,12,107-135.
Gorak,A.,Wozny,G.and Jeromin,L.,Industrial Application of the Rate-Based Approach for Multicomponent Disitillation Simulation,Proceedings of 4~(th) world Congress in Chemical Engineering,Karlsruhe,Germany,1991.
Gu,F.,Liu,C.G,Yuan,X.G.,Yu,G.C.,CFD Simulation of Liquid Film Flow on Inclined Plates,Chem.Eng.Tech.,2004,27(10),1099-1104.
Gumus,Z.H.,and Ciric,A.R.,Reactive Distillation Column Design with Vapor/Liquid/Liquid Equilibria,Comp.Chem.Eng.,1997,21(s1),938-988.
Guo,M.Q.,Wang,S.Q.,Repke,J.-U.and Wozny,G.,Nonequilibrium Model and Parameter Estimation on Three-Phase Distillation in A Packed Column,The 5~(th)World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation(WCICA),2004a,Hangzhou,China.
Guo,M.Q.,Wang,S.Q.,Repke,J.-U.and Wozny,G,A Simultaneous Method for Two-and Three-Liquid-Phase Stability Determination,AIChE J.,2004b,50(10),2571-2583.
郭敏强,三相精馏过程的非平衡模型与优化研究,2004c,浙江大学博士论文
Gupta,A.K.,Bishnoi,P.R.and Kalogerakis,N.,A Method for the Simultaneous Phase Equilibria and Stability Calculations for Multiphase Reacting and Non-Reacting Systems.Fluid Phase Equilibria,1991,63(1-2),65-89.
Gualito,J.J.,Cerino,F.J.,Cardenas,J.C.,Rocha,J.A.,Design Method for Distillation Columns Filled with Metallic,Ceramic or Plastic Structured Packings,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,1997,36,1747-1757.
Han,G.and Rangaiah,G.P.,A Method for the Calculation of Vapor-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Equilibria,Comp.Chem.Eng.,1997,21(8),905-913.
Han,G.,and Rangaiah,G.P.,A Method for Multiphase Equilibrium Calculations,Comp.Chem.Eng.,1998,22(7-8),897-911.
Harrison,M.E.,Consider Three-Phase distillation in packed columns.Chem.Eng.Progr.,1990,86(11),80-85.
Hausen,H.,The Definition of the Degree of Exchange on Rectifying Plates for Binary and Ternary Mixtures,Chem.Ing.Tech.,1953,25,595-597.
Herron,C.C.,Kruelskie,B.K.and Fair,J.R.,Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer on Three-Phase Distillation Trays,AIChE J.,1988,34(8),1267-1274.
Hertzberg,T,Asbjornsen,O.A.,Parameter Estimation in Nonlinear Differential Equations,in Computer Applications in the Analysis of Data and Plants,Science Press,Princeton,1977.
Higler,A.,Chande,R.,Taylor,R.,Baur,R.and Krishna,R.,Nonequilibrium Model- ing of Three-Phase Distillation,Comp.Chem.Eng.,20114,28(10),2021-2036.
Hoffmann,A.,Ausner,I.,Repke,J.-U.and Wozny,G.,Detailed Investigation of Multiphase(Gas-Liquid and Gas-Liquid-Liquid) Flow Behaviour on Inclined Plates,Chem.Eng.Res.Des.,2006,84(2),147-154.
Hoffmann,A.,Ausner,I.,Repke,J.-U.and Wozny,G.,Fluid Dynamics in Multiphase Distillation Processes in Packed Towers,Comp.Chem.Eng.,2005,29(6),1433-1437.
Holland,C.D.,Fundamentals and Modelling of Separation Process,1975,Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,NJ.
Holland,C.D.,Fundamentals of Multicomponent Distillation,1997,McGraw-Hill.New York.
Hong,W.R.,Wang,S.Q.,Li,P.,Wozny,G.,Biegler,L.T.,A Quasi-Sequential Approach to Large-Scale Dynamic Optimization Problems,AIChE J.,2006,52(1),255-268.
洪伟荣,大规模动态过程优化的拟序贯算法研究,2005,浙江大学博士论文.
Hua,J.Z.,Brennecke,J.F.and Stadtherr,M.A.,Reliable Computation of Phase Stability Using Interval Analysis:Cubic Equation of State Models,Comp.Chem.Eng.,1998,22(9),1207-1214.
Hua,J.Z.,Maier,R.W.,Tessier,S.R.,Brennecke,J.F.and Stadtherr,M.A.,Interval Analysis for Thermodynamic Calculations in Process Design: A Novel and Completely Reliable Approach, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1999,158, 607-615.
Joeng, S. and Garimella, S., Falling-Film and Droplet Mode Heat and Mass Transfer in A Horizontal Tube LiBr/Water Absorber, Int. J. heat and mass transfer, 2002, 45(7), 1445-1458.
Kameswaran, S., Biegler, L.T., Simultaneous Dynamic Optimization Strategies: Recent Advances and Challenges, Com. Chem. Eng., 2006, 30(10-12), 1560-1575.
Khaledi. R, and Bishnoi, P. R., A method for Modeling Two- and Three-Phase Reactive Distillation Columns, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2006, 45(17), 6007-6020.
Kingsley, J. P. and Lucia, A., Simulation and Optimization of Three-Phase Distillation Processes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1988, 27(10), 1900-1910.
Kovach, J.W. and Seider, W.D., Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation-Homotopy- Continuation Methods, Comp. Chem. Eng., 1987a, 11(6), 593-605.
Kovach, J.W. and Seider, W.D., Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation: Experimental and Simulation Results, AIChE J., 1987b, 33(8), 1300-1314.
Kramer, J., Multiphase Flow and Mass Transfer in Three-Phase Packed Distillation, 1996, PhD Thesis, Fortschr.-Ber. VDI-Z. Reihe 3, No. 432, VDI-Verlag, Duesseldorf.
Krishna, R., A Generalized Film Model for Mass Transfer in Nonideal Fluid Mixtures, Chem. Eng. Sci. 1977, 32(6), 659-667.
Krishna, R., A Turbulent Film Model for Multicomponent Mass Transfer, Chem. Eng. J., 1982,24(2), 163-72.
Krishna, R. and Standart, G.L., A Multicomponent Film Model Incorporating a General Matrix Method of Solution to the Maxwell-Stefan Equations, AIChE J., 1976, 22(2), 383-389.
Krishna, R. and Standart, G.L., Mass and Energy Transfer in Multicomponent Systems, Chem. Eng. Comm., 1979, 3(4-5), 201-75.
Krishna, R. and Wesselingh, J. A., The Maxwell-Stefan Approach to Mass Transfer, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1997, 52(6), 861-911.
Krishnamurthy, R. and Taylor, R., A Nonequilibrium Stage Model of Multicomponent Separation Processes. I - Model Description and Method of Solution, AIChE J., 1985a, 31(3), 449-456.
Krishnamurthy, R. and Taylor, R., A Nonequilibrium Stage Model of Multicomponent Separation Processes. II- Comparison with Experiment, AIChE J., 1985b, 31(3), 456-465.
Krishnamurthy, R. and Taylor, R., A Nonequilibrium Stage Model of Multicomponent Separation Processes. III - The Influence of Unequal Component-Efficiencies in Process Design Problems, AIChE J., 1985c, 31(12), 1973-1985.
Kooijman, H.A., Dynamic Nonequilibrium Column Simulation, 1995a, PhD Thesis, Clarkson University.
Kooijman, H.A. and Taylor, R., A Nonequilibrium Model for Dynamic Simulation of Tray Distillation Columns, AIChE J., 1995b, 41(8), 1852-1863.
Kooijman, H.A. and Taylor, R., The ChemSep Book, 2001, Norderstedt, Germany.
Lao, M., Nonequilibrium Models for Multiphase Separation Processes, 1989, PhD Thesis, Clarkson University.
Lao, M. and Taylor, R., Modeling Mass Transfer in Three-Phase Distillation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1994, 33(11), 2637-2650.
Lee J.-H., Dudukovic, M.P., A Comparison of Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Models for a Multicomponent Reactive Distillation Column, Comp. Chem. Eng., 1998, 23, 159-172.
Liu, C.J., Yuan, X.G, Yu, GC, The Analysis of Distillation Tray Column Efficiency by Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transfer Computation, Chinese J. Chem. Eng., 2005, 13(2), 153-160.
Mahr, B. and Mewes, D., Two-phase Flow in Structured Packings: Modeling and Calculation on a Macroscopic Scale, AIChE J., 2008, 54(3), 614-626.
Makarytchev, S.V., Langrish, T.A.G, Fletcher D.F., Mass Transfer Analysis of Spinning Cone Columns Using CFD, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 2004, 82(6), 752-761.
McCabe, W. L., Thiele, E. W., Graphical Design of Fractionating Columns, ind. Eng. Chem., 1925,17 (6), 605-611.
McDonald, C. M. and Floudas, C. A., Global Optimization for the Phase Stability Problem, AIChE J., 1995,41(7), 1798-1814.
Michelsen, M. L., The Isothermal Flash Problem. Part I: Stability, Fluid Phase Equilibra, 1982a, 9(1), 1-19.
Michelsen, M. L., The Isothermal Flash Problem. Part II: Phase-Split Calculation, Fluid phase Equilibra, 1982b, 9(1), 21-40.
Mori, H., Ito, C., Oda, A. and Aragaki, T., Total Reflux Simulation of Packed Column Distillation, J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 1999, 32(1), 69-75.
Mori, H., Oda, A., Aragaki, T. and Kunimoto, Y., Packed Column Distillation Simulation with a Rate-Based Method, J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 1996,29(2), 307-314.
Mortaheb, H. R., Kosuge, H. and Asano, K., Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in Heterogeneous Distillation with Sieve Tray Column, Chem. Eng. J., 2002, 88, 59-69.
Mortaheb, H. R. and Kosuge, H., Simulation and Optimization of Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Process with a Rate-Based Model, Chem. Eng. Proc., 2004, 43,317-326.
Murphree, E. V., Rectifying Column Calculation, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1925a, 17(7), 747-750.
Murphree, E. V., Graphical Rectifying Column Calculations, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1925b, 17(9), 960-964.
Nava, J.A.O., Krishna, R., Influence of Unequal Component Efficiencies on Trajectories during Distillation of a Homogeneous Azeotropic Mixture, Chem. Eng. Processing, 2004,43,305-315.
Nichita, D. V., Gomez, S. and Luna, E., Multiphase Equilibria Calculation by Direct Minimization of Gibbs Free Energy with a Global Optimization Method, Comp. Chem. Eng., 2002, 26(12), 1703-1724.
Nicolaiewsky, E. M. A., Tavares, F. W., Rajagopal, K. and Fair, J. R., Liquid Film Flow and Area Generation in Structured Packed Columns, Power Technology, 1999, 104(1), 84-94.
Nikou, K., Ehsani, M.R., Emami, M.D., CFD Simulation of Hydrodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer Simultaneously in Structured, Int. J. of Chem. Reactor Eng., 2008, 6, 1-20.
Noriler, D., Meier, H.F., Barros, A.A.C. and Maciel, M.R., Thermal Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Gas-Liquid Flow on a Distillation Sieve Tray, Chem Eng. J., 2008, 136(2-3), 133-143.
Ohanomah, M. O. and Thompson, D. W., Computation of Multicomponent Phase Equilibrium. Comp. Chem. Eng., 1984, 8(3-4), 147-169.
Olujic, Z and de Graauw, J., Experimetal Studies on the Interaction between the Initial Liquid Distribution and the Performance of Structured Packings, Sep. Sci. Tech., 1990,25(13-15), 1723-1735.
Olujic, Z., Kamerbeek, A. and Graauw, J., A Mechanistic Model for Hydraulic and Mass Transfer Performance of Corrugated Sheet Structured Packings, AIChE Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 10-15 Nov, 1996.
Onda, K., Sada, E., Murase, Y., Liquid-side Mass Transfer Coefficients in Packed Towers, AIChE J., 1959, 5(2), 235-239.
Onda, K., Takeuchi, H. and Okumoto, Y., Mass Transfer Coefficients between Gas and Liquid Phases in Packed Columns, J. of Chem. Eng. Japan, 1968, 1(1), 59-62.
Ottenbacher, M., and Hasse, H., Continuous Three-Phase Distillation: A process for Separating Thermally Unstable Substances, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 2007, 85(1), 144-148.
Paschke, S., Repke, J.-U. and Wozny, G.,Untersuchungen von Filmstromungen mittels eines neuartigen Micro Particle Image Velocimetry Messverfahrens, Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2008, 80(10), 1477-1485.
Paschke, S., Thiele, R. and Repke, J.-U., Untersuchung des Stoffubergangverhaltens Dreiphasig Betriebener Fallfilmabsorber, Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2009, 81(3), 297-304.
Pelkonen, S., Multicomponent Mass Transfer in Packed Distillation Columns, 1997, PhD Thesis, University Dortmund.
Pelkonen, S., Gorak, A., Ohligschlaeger, A. and Kaesemann, R., Experimental Study on Multicomponent Distillation In Packed Columns, Chem. Eng. Proc., 2001, 40, 235-243.
Peng, J., Modeling and Control of Packed Reactive Distillation Column, PhD Thesis, 2003, The Universiy of Texas at Austin.
Peng, J., Edgar, T.F., Eldridge, R.B., Dynamic Rate-based and Equilibrium Models for a Packed Reactive Distillation Column, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2003, 58, 2671-2680.
Pham, H. N. and Doherty, M. F., Design and Synthesis of Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillations - I. Heterogeneous Phase Diagrams, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1990, 45(7), 1823-1836.
Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M., O'Connell, J.O., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill: Boston, 2000.
Qi, Z., Sundmacher, K., Bifurcation Analysis of Reactive Distillation Systems with Liquid-phase Splitting, Comp. Chem. Eng., 2002, 26(10), 1459-1471.
Qian, W., et al., Nonequilibrium Stage Modeling of Catalytic Distillation for Ethyl Benzene Synthesis, Chinese J. of Chem. Eng., 2001, 52(10), 853-857.
Qin, Y., Xu, Y., Fang, C., Tang, J., A Dynamic Nonequilibrium Stage Model of Mutlicomponent Distillation Processes, Chinese J. of Chem. Eng., 1997, 48(2), 166-174.
Rahimi R., Rahimi M.R., Zivdar M., Efficiencies of Sieve Tray Distillation Columns by CFD Simulation, Chem. Eng. Tech., 2006, 29(3), 326-335.
Rangaiah, G.P., Evaluation of Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing for Phase Equilibrium and Stability Problems, Fluid Phase Equilibria., 2001,187-188, 83-109.
Reid, R. C., Prausnitz, J. M. and Poling, B. E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 2000, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Repke, J.-U., Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Three-Phase Rectification in Packed and Tray Columns, 2002a, PhD Thesis, Fortschritt-Bericht VDI, Reihe 3, Nr. 751 VDI-Verlag Dusseldorf.
Repke, J.-U. and Wozny, G.,Experimental Investigations of Three-Phase Distillation in a Packed Column,Chem.Eng.Tech.,2002b,25(5),513-519.
Repke,J.-U.;Villain,O.;Wozny,G.A Nonequilibrium Model for Three-phase Distillation in A Packed Column:Modelling and Experiments.Comp.Chem.Eng.2004a,28(5),775-780.
Repke,J.-U.and Wozny,G.,A Short Story of Modeling and Operation of Three-Phase Distillation in Packed Columns.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2004b,43(24),7850-7860.
Repke,J.-U.,Ausner,I.,Paschke,S.,Hoffmann,A.and Wozny,G.,On the Track to Understanding Three Phases in One Tower,Chem.Eng.Res.Des.,2007,85(A1),50-58.
Pescarini,M.H.,Barros,A.A.C.and Wolf-Maciel,M.R.,Development of a Software for Simulating Separation Processes Using a Nonequilibrium Stage Model,Comp.Chem.Eng.,1996,20(Suppl.A),279-284.
Rocha,J.A.,Bravo,J.L.and Fair,J.R.,Distillation Columns Containing Structured Packings:A Comprehensive Model for Their Performance.1.Hydraulic Models,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,1993,32(4),641-651.
Rocha,J.A.,Bravo,J.L.and Fair,J.R.,Distillation Columns Containing Structured Packings:A Comprehensive Model for Their Performance.2.Mass-Transfer Model,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,1996,35(5),1660-1667.
Ronge,G.,Verification of Different Models for the Mass Transfer in Distillation Packed Column,1995,PhD thesis,Fortschr.-Ber.VDI Reihe 3 Nr.390,VDI-Verlag,Duesseldorf,Germany.
Ross,A.B.,and Seider,W.D.,Simulation of Three-Phase Distillation Towers.Comp.Chem.Eng.,1981,5(1),7-20.
Rovaglio,M.and Doherty,M.F.,Dynamics of Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Columns,AIChE J.,1990,36(1),39-52.
Saito,N.,Abe,Y.,Kosuge,H.and Asano,K.,Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Distillation of Ethanol-Benzene-Water System by Packed Column with Structured Packing,J.Chem.Eng.Japan,1999a,32(5),670-677.
Saito,N.,Kosuge,H.and Asano,K.,Simulation Model Considering of Liquid Phase Mass Transfer Resistance in Heterogeneous Distillation,J.Chem.Eng.Japan.,1999b,32(3),358-361.
Sakizlis,V.,Perkins,J.D.,Pistikopoulos,E.N.,Recent Advances in Optimization -based Simultaneous Process and Control Design,Comp.Chem.Eng.,2004,28(10),2069-2086.
Schneider,R.,Synthesis and Analysis of Three-Phase Distillation Columns,1999,PhD Thesis,Fortschritt-Bericht VDI,Reihe 12,Nr.619,VDI-Verlag,D(u|¨)sseldorf.
Schneider, R., Wozny, G.,and Fieg, G.,Optimization of An Industrial Three Phase Distillation Column Train with Experimental Verification, Comp. Chem. Eng., 1997,21(Suppl.), 1131-1136.
Schoenborn, E. M., Koffolt, J. H. and Withrow, J. R., Rectification in the Presence of an Insoluble Component, Trans. AIChE, 1941, 37,997-1021.
Seader, J. D., The B. C. (Before Computers) and A. D. of Equilibrium Stage Operations, Chem. Eng. Educ., 1985, 19(2), 88-103.
Seader, J. D. and Henley, E. J., Separation Process Principles, 1998, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Shi, M. G.and Mersmann, A., Effective Interfacial Area in Packed Columns, Ger, Chem Eng., 1985, 8, 87-96.
Mersmann, A., Deixler, A., Packed Columns, Ger, Chem. Eng., 1986, 9(5), 265-276.
Shyamsundar, V., and Rangaiah, G.P., A Method for Simulation and Optimization of Multiphase Distillation, Comp. Chem. Eng., 2000,24(1), 23-37.
Spiegel, L., et al., CFD Simulation of Liquid Distributors Improves Separation efficiency, Sulzer Technical Review, 2006, 88(2), 19-21.
Siegert, M., Three-Phase Distillation in Packed Columns, 1999, PhD Thesis, Fortschr.-Ber. VDI-Z. Reihe 3, No. 586, VDI-Verlag, Duesseldorf.
Siegert, M., Stichlmair, J., Repke, J.-U. and Wozny, G.,Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation in Packed Columns: Experimental Results. Chem. Eng. Tech., 2000, 23(12), 1047-1050.
Soares, M.E., Medina, A.G., McDermott, C. and Ashton, N., Three Phase Flash Calculation Using Free Energy Minimization, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1982, 37(4), 521-528.
Song, W. X. and Larson, M. A., Phase Equilibrium Calculation by Using Large Scale Optimization Technique, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1991,46(10), 2513-2523.
Sorel, E., La Rectification de l'alcool, 1893, Gauthier-Villais et fils, Paris, France.
Sorensen, J. M. and Arlt, W., Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection. DECHEMA chemistry data series, Vol.5, Parts 2-4 (1979-1987).
Springer, P. A. M., Baur, R. and Krishna, R., Composition Trajectories for Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation in a Bubble-Cap Tray Column: Influence of Mass Transfer, Trans IChemE, Part A, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 2003, 81(4), 413-426.
Springer, P., Molen, S. and Krishna, R. The Need for Using Rigorous Rate-based Models for Simulations of Ternary Azeotropic Distillation, Comp. Chem. Eng., 2002, 26(9), 1265-1279.
Standart, G.L., Studies on Distillation- V. Generalized Definition of a Theoretical Plate or Stage of Contacting Equipment, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1965, 20(6), 611-622.
Stichlmair, J. and Thiel, J., Design of Distillation Columns - State of the Art and Future Developments from the Perspective of Universities and Industry, Chem. Ing. Tech., 2003, 75(8), 1163-1164.
Sun, Z.M., Liu, B.T., Yuan, X.G, Liu, C.J., Yu, K.T., New Turbulent Model for Computational Mass Transfer and Its Application to A Commercial-Scale Distillation Column, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2005,44(12), 4427-4434.
Taylor, R., Distillation Modeling after All These Years: A Review of the State of Art, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2007, 46(13), 4349-4345.
Taylor, R., Kooijman, H. A. and Hung, J. S., A Second Generation Nonequilibrium Model for Computer Simulation of Multicomponent Separation Processes, Comp. Chem. Eng., 1994,18(3), 205-217.
Taylor, R. and Krishna, R., Multicomponent Mass Transfer, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Taylor, R., Krishna, R. and Kooijman, H., Real-world Modeling of Distillation, Chem. Eng. Progress, 2003, 99(7) 28-39.
Tyn, M. T. and Calus, W. F., Diffusion Coefficients in Dilute Binary Liquid Mixtures, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1975, 20(1), 106-109.
Urdaneta, R.Y., Bausa, J., Brtiggemann, S., Marquardt, W., Analysis and Conceptual Design of Ternary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2002,41, 3849-3866.
Verschoof, H.-J., Olujic, Z. and Fair, J. R., A General Correlation for Predicting The Loading Point of Corrugated Sheet Structured Packings, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1999, 38(10), 3663-3669.
Vignes, A., Diffusion in Binary Solutions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 1966, 5(2), 189-199.
Villain, O., Repke, J.-U. and Wozny, G.,Systematic Experimental Investigation of the Three-Phase Distillation, The 15th Int. Conf. Process Eng. & Chem. Plant Design, 2004, Krakow, Poland.
Villain, O., Repke, J.-U. and Wozny, G.,Evaluation of Separation Efficiency of Three-Phase Operated Packed Towers, AIChE Spring Meeting, 2005, Atlanta.
Villain, O., Repke, J.-U. and Wozny, G.,Performance Characterization of Three-Phase Operated Column, AIChE Annual Meeting, 2003, San Francisco.
Wachter A. An interior point algorithm for large-scale nonlinear optimization with applications in process engineering. PhD thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 2002.
Wang, G.Q., Yuan, X. G.and Yu, K. T., Review Mass Transfer Correlations for Packed Column,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2005,44(23),8715-8729.
Wang,X.L.,Liu,C.J.,Yuan,X.G,Yu,K.T.,Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Three-Dimensional Liquid Flow and Mass Transfer on Distillation Column Trays,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2004,43(10),2556-2567.
Widagdo,S.,and Seider,W.D.,Azeotropic Distillation,AIChE J.,1996,42(1),96-130.
Widagdo,S.,Seider,W.D.and Sebastian,D.H.,Bifurcation Analysis in Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation,AIChE J.,1989,35(9),1457-1464.
Widagdo,S.,Seider,W.D.and Sebastian,D.H.,Dynamic Analysis of Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation,AIChE J.,1992,38(8),1229-1242.
Wikipedia,Distillation,2009,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation.
Whitman,W.G.,The Two-Film Theory of Gas Absorption,Chem.Metal Eng.,1923,29(4),146-148.
Wong,D.S.H.,Jang,S.S.and Chang,C.F.,Simulation of Dynamics and Phase Pattern Changes for Azeotropic Distillation Column,Com.Chem.Eng.,1991,15(5),325-335.
Xu,Z.P.,Afacan,A,Chuang K.T.,Predicting Mass Transfer in Packed Columns Containing Structureed Packings,Trans.IChemE.,2000,78,91-98.
Xu,Y.,Paschke,S.,Repke,J.-U.,Yuan,J.and Wozny G.Portraying the Countercurrent Fow on Packings by Three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations,Chem.Eng.Tech.,2008,31(10),1445-1452.
Xu,Y.,Zheng,Y.,Ng,F.T.T.,Rempel,G.L.,A Three-Phase Nonequilibrium Dynamic Model for Catalytic Distillation,Chem.Eng.Sci.,2005,60,5637-5647.
Zavala,V.M.,and Biegler,L.T.Large-Scale Parameter Estimation in Low-Density Polyethylene Tubular Reactors.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.2006,45(23),7867-7881.
Zavala,V.M.,Laird C.D.,and Biegler,L.T.Interior-point Decomposition Approaches for Parallel Solution of Large-Scale Nonlinear Parameter Estimation Problems.Chem.Eng.Sci.2008,63(19),4834-4845.
Zech,J.B.,Liquid Flow and Mass Transfer in Trickled Beds,1978,PhD Thesis,Technical University Munich.
祝雪妹,热集成精馏系统建模、优化与控制的若干问题研究,2005,浙江大学博士学位论文.
Zhu,Y.,Wen,H.and Xu,Z.,Global Stability Analysis and Phase Equilibrium Calculations at High Pressures Using the Enhanced Simulated Annealing Algorithm,Chem.Eng.Sci.,2000,55(17),3451-3459.
Ataki, A. and Bart, H.-J., Experimental and CFD Simulation Study for the Wetting of A Structured Packing Element with Liquids, Chem. Eng. Tech., 2006, 29(3), 336-347.
Ausner, I., Experimental Investigations on Multi-Phase Film Flows, 2006, PhD Thesis, Berlin University of Technology.
Bakshi, B. R. and Fiksel, J., The Quest for Sustainability: Challenges for Process Systems Engineering, AIChEJ., 2003,49(6), 1350-1358.
Baten, J.M.V., Krishna, R., Modelling Sieve Tray Hydraulics Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Chem Eng. J.,2000, 77,143-151.
Baur, R., Higler, A.P., Taylor, R., Krishna, R., Comparison of Equilibrium Stage and Nonequilibrium Stage Models for Reactive Distillation, Chem. Eng. J., 2000, 76, 33-47.
Biegler, L.T., Cervantes A. and Wachter, A., Advances in Simultaneous Strategies for Dynamic Process Optimization, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2002, 57(4), 575-593.
Biegler, L.T. and Grossmann, I.E., Retrospective on Optimization, Com. Chem. Eng., 2004,28(8), 1169-1192.
Billet, R. and Schultes, R., Predicting Mass Transfer in Packed Columns, Chem. Eng. Tech., 1993,16, 1-9.
Billet, R. and Schultes, R., Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transfer in the Total Capacity Range of Packed Columns up to the Flood Point, Chem. Eng. Tech., 1995, 18, 371-379.
Billet, R. and Schultes, R., Prediction of Mass Transfer Columns with Dumped and Arranged Packing - Updated Summary of The Calculation Method of Billet and Schultes, Trans IChemE, Part A, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 1999, 77(A6), 498-504.
Block, U. and Hegner, B., Development and Application of a Simulation Model for Three-Phase Distillation, AIChE J., 1976, 22(3), 582-589.
Bravo, J.L., Fair, J.R., Generalized Correlation for Mass Transfer in Packed Distillation Columns, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 1982, 21(1), 162-170.
Bravo, J.L., Rocha, J.A. and Fair, J.R., Mass Transfer in Gauze Packings, Hydrocarbon Processing, 1985, 64(1), 91-95.
Bock, H.G,Plitt, K.J., A multiple Shooting Algorithm for Direct Solution of Optimal
Control Problems, Proceedings of the ninth IFAC world congress, Budapest, 1984.
Bullard, L. G.and Biegler, L. T., Iterated Linear Programming Strategies for Nonsmooth Simulation: A Penalty Based Method for Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Application, Comp. Chem. Eng., 1993,17(1), 95-109.
Cairns, B. P. and Furzer, I. A., Multicomponent Three-Phase Azeotropic Distillation. 1. Extensive Experiment Data and Simulation Results, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1990a, 29(7), 1349-1363.
Cairns, B. P. and Furzer, I. A., Multicomponent Three-Phase Azeotropic Distillation. 2. Phase-Stability and Phase-Splitting Algorithms, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1990b, 29(7), 1364-1382.
Cairns, B. P. and Furzer, I. A., Multicomponent Three-Phase Azeotropic Distillation. 3. Modern Thermodynamic Models and Multiple Solutions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1990c, 29(7), 1383-1395.
Castier, M., Rasmussen, P. and Fredenslund, A., Calculation of Simultaneous Chemical and Phase Equilibria in Nonideal Systems, Chem. Engng. Sci., 1989,44(2), 237-248.
Chen, L., Repke, J.-U. and Wozny G.,Wang, S., Extension of Mass Transfer Calculation for Three-Phase Distillation in Packed Column: A Nonequilibrium Model based Parameter Estimation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2009,48(15), 7289-7300.
Chilton, T. H. and Colburx, A. P., Distillation and Absorption in Packed Columns: A Convenient Design and Correlation Method, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1935, 27(3), 255-260.
Doherty, M. F. and Malone, M. F., Conceptual Design of Distillation Systems, 2001, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
Doniec, A., Wettability Determination as an Important Factor in Design and Environmental Performance of Some Industrial Processes, Technical report, 2004.
Eckert, E. and Kubicek, M., Modeling of Dynamics for Multiple Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Stage, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1994,49(11), 1783-1788.
Eckert, E. and Kubicek, M., Dynamic Simulation of a Distillation Column with Multiple Liquid Phases, Comp. Chem. Eng. 1995,19, 393-398.
Eckert, E. and Vanek, T., Some Aspects of Rate-based Modelling and Simulation of Three-Phase Distillation Columns, Comp. Chem. Eng., 2001, 25, 603-612.
Egorov, Y., Menter, F., Kloker, M. and Kenig, E. Y, On the Combination of CFD and Rate-based Modelling in the Simulation of Reactive Separation Processes, Chem. Eng. Processing, 2005,44(6), 631-644.
Faber, R., Li, P. and Wozny, G.,Sequential Parameter Estimation for Large-scale Systems with Multiple Data Sets. 1. Computational Framework, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2003,42(23), 5850-5860.
Faber,R.,Li,P.and Wozny,G.,Sequential Parameter Estimation for Large-scale Systems with Multiple Data Sets.2.Application to an Industrial Coke-Oven-Gas Purification Process,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2004,43(15),4350-4362.
Fard,M.H.,Zivdar M.,Rahimi R.,Esfahani M.N.,Afacan A.,Nandakumar K.,Chuang K.T.,CFD Simulation of Mass Transfer Efficiency and Pressure Drop in a Structured Packed Distillation Column,Chem.Eng.Tech.,2007,30(7),854-861.
Ferraris,G.B.,and Morbidelli,M.,Distillation Models for Two Partially Immiscible Liquids,AIChE J.,1981,27(6),881-888.
Ferraris,G.B.and Morbidelli,M.,An Approximate Mathematical Model for Three-Phase Multistage Separators,AIChE J.,1982,28(1),49-55.
Fick,A.,On Liquid Diffusion,Phil Mag.,1855,10,30-39.
Fuller,E.N.,Schettler,P.D.,Giddings,J.C.,A New Method for Prediction of Binary Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficients,Ind.Eng.Chem.,1966,58(5),18-27.
Fulmer,J.W.and Graf,K.C.Distill Acetone in Tower Packing.Hydrocarbon Processing,1991,70(10),87-91.
Gau,C.-Y.and Stadtherr,M.A.Determine Global Optimisation for Error-in-variables Parameter Estimation,AIChE J.,2002,48(6),1192-1197.
Goodliffe,A.H.,The Practical Testing of a Continuous Petroleum Still,Trans Insr.Chem.Engrs.,1934,12,107-135.
Gorak,A.,Wozny,G.and Jeromin,L.,Industrial Application of the Rate-Based Approach for Multicomponent Disitillation Simulation,Proceedings of 4~(th) world Congress in Chemical Engineering,Karlsruhe,Germany,1991.
Gu,F.,Liu,C.G,Yuan,X.G.,Yu,G.C.,CFD Simulation of Liquid Film Flow on Inclined Plates,Chem.Eng.Tech.,2004,27(10),1099-1104.
Gumus,Z.H.,and Ciric,A.R.,Reactive Distillation Column Design with Vapor/Liquid/Liquid Equilibria,Comp.Chem.Eng.,1997,21(s1),938-988.
Guo,M.Q.,Wang,S.Q.,Repke,J.-U.and Wozny,G.,Nonequilibrium Model and Parameter Estimation on Three-Phase Distillation in A Packed Column,The 5~(th)World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation(WCICA),2004a,Hangzhou,China.
Guo,M.Q.,Wang,S.Q.,Repke,J.-U.and Wozny,G,A Simultaneous Method for Two-and Three-Liquid-Phase Stability Determination,AIChE J.,2004b,50(10),2571-2583.
郭敏强,三相精馏过程的非平衡模型与优化研究,2004c,浙江大学博士论文
Gupta,A.K.,Bishnoi,P.R.and Kalogerakis,N.,A Method for the Simultaneous Phase Equilibria and Stability Calculations for Multiphase Reacting and Non-Reacting Systems.Fluid Phase Equilibria,1991,63(1-2),65-89.
Gualito,J.J.,Cerino,F.J.,Cardenas,J.C.,Rocha,J.A.,Design Method for Distillation Columns Filled with Metallic,Ceramic or Plastic Structured Packings,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,1997,36,1747-1757.
Han,G.and Rangaiah,G.P.,A Method for the Calculation of Vapor-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Equilibria,Comp.Chem.Eng.,1997,21(8),905-913.
Han,G.,and Rangaiah,G.P.,A Method for Multiphase Equilibrium Calculations,Comp.Chem.Eng.,1998,22(7-8),897-911.
Harrison,M.E.,Consider Three-Phase distillation in packed columns.Chem.Eng.Progr.,1990,86(11),80-85.
Hausen,H.,The Definition of the Degree of Exchange on Rectifying Plates for Binary and Ternary Mixtures,Chem.Ing.Tech.,1953,25,595-597.
Herron,C.C.,Kruelskie,B.K.and Fair,J.R.,Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer on Three-Phase Distillation Trays,AIChE J.,1988,34(8),1267-1274.
Hertzberg,T,Asbjornsen,O.A.,Parameter Estimation in Nonlinear Differential Equations,in Computer Applications in the Analysis of Data and Plants,Science Press,Princeton,1977.
Higler,A.,Chande,R.,Taylor,R.,Baur,R.and Krishna,R.,Nonequilibrium Model- ing of Three-Phase Distillation,Comp.Chem.Eng.,20114,28(10),2021-2036.
Hoffmann,A.,Ausner,I.,Repke,J.-U.and Wozny,G.,Detailed Investigation of Multiphase(Gas-Liquid and Gas-Liquid-Liquid) Flow Behaviour on Inclined Plates,Chem.Eng.Res.Des.,2006,84(2),147-154.
Hoffmann,A.,Ausner,I.,Repke,J.-U.and Wozny,G.,Fluid Dynamics in Multiphase Distillation Processes in Packed Towers,Comp.Chem.Eng.,2005,29(6),1433-1437.
Holland,C.D.,Fundamentals and Modelling of Separation Process,1975,Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,NJ.
Holland,C.D.,Fundamentals of Multicomponent Distillation,1997,McGraw-Hill.New York.
Hong,W.R.,Wang,S.Q.,Li,P.,Wozny,G.,Biegler,L.T.,A Quasi-Sequential Approach to Large-Scale Dynamic Optimization Problems,AIChE J.,2006,52(1),255-268.
洪伟荣,大规模动态过程优化的拟序贯算法研究,2005,浙江大学博士论文.
Hua,J.Z.,Brennecke,J.F.and Stadtherr,M.A.,Reliable Computation of Phase Stability Using Interval Analysis:Cubic Equation of State Models,Comp.Chem.Eng.,1998,22(9),1207-1214.
Hua,J.Z.,Maier,R.W.,Tessier,S.R.,Brennecke,J.F.and Stadtherr,M.A.,Interval Analysis for Thermodynamic Calculations in Process Design: A Novel and Completely Reliable Approach, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1999,158, 607-615.
Joeng, S. and Garimella, S., Falling-Film and Droplet Mode Heat and Mass Transfer in A Horizontal Tube LiBr/Water Absorber, Int. J. heat and mass transfer, 2002, 45(7), 1445-1458.
Kameswaran, S., Biegler, L.T., Simultaneous Dynamic Optimization Strategies: Recent Advances and Challenges, Com. Chem. Eng., 2006, 30(10-12), 1560-1575.
Khaledi. R, and Bishnoi, P. R., A method for Modeling Two- and Three-Phase Reactive Distillation Columns, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2006, 45(17), 6007-6020.
Kingsley, J. P. and Lucia, A., Simulation and Optimization of Three-Phase Distillation Processes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1988, 27(10), 1900-1910.
Kovach, J.W. and Seider, W.D., Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation-Homotopy- Continuation Methods, Comp. Chem. Eng., 1987a, 11(6), 593-605.
Kovach, J.W. and Seider, W.D., Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation: Experimental and Simulation Results, AIChE J., 1987b, 33(8), 1300-1314.
Kramer, J., Multiphase Flow and Mass Transfer in Three-Phase Packed Distillation, 1996, PhD Thesis, Fortschr.-Ber. VDI-Z. Reihe 3, No. 432, VDI-Verlag, Duesseldorf.
Krishna, R., A Generalized Film Model for Mass Transfer in Nonideal Fluid Mixtures, Chem. Eng. Sci. 1977, 32(6), 659-667.
Krishna, R., A Turbulent Film Model for Multicomponent Mass Transfer, Chem. Eng. J., 1982,24(2), 163-72.
Krishna, R. and Standart, G.L., A Multicomponent Film Model Incorporating a General Matrix Method of Solution to the Maxwell-Stefan Equations, AIChE J., 1976, 22(2), 383-389.
Krishna, R. and Standart, G.L., Mass and Energy Transfer in Multicomponent Systems, Chem. Eng. Comm., 1979, 3(4-5), 201-75.
Krishna, R. and Wesselingh, J. A., The Maxwell-Stefan Approach to Mass Transfer, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1997, 52(6), 861-911.
Krishnamurthy, R. and Taylor, R., A Nonequilibrium Stage Model of Multicomponent Separation Processes. I - Model Description and Method of Solution, AIChE J., 1985a, 31(3), 449-456.
Krishnamurthy, R. and Taylor, R., A Nonequilibrium Stage Model of Multicomponent Separation Processes. II- Comparison with Experiment, AIChE J., 1985b, 31(3), 456-465.
Krishnamurthy, R. and Taylor, R., A Nonequilibrium Stage Model of Multicomponent Separation Processes. III - The Influence of Unequal Component-Efficiencies in Process Design Problems, AIChE J., 1985c, 31(12), 1973-1985.
Kooijman, H.A., Dynamic Nonequilibrium Column Simulation, 1995a, PhD Thesis, Clarkson University.
Kooijman, H.A. and Taylor, R., A Nonequilibrium Model for Dynamic Simulation of Tray Distillation Columns, AIChE J., 1995b, 41(8), 1852-1863.
Kooijman, H.A. and Taylor, R., The ChemSep Book, 2001, Norderstedt, Germany.
Lao, M., Nonequilibrium Models for Multiphase Separation Processes, 1989, PhD Thesis, Clarkson University.
Lao, M. and Taylor, R., Modeling Mass Transfer in Three-Phase Distillation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1994, 33(11), 2637-2650.
Lee J.-H., Dudukovic, M.P., A Comparison of Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Models for a Multicomponent Reactive Distillation Column, Comp. Chem. Eng., 1998, 23, 159-172.
Liu, C.J., Yuan, X.G, Yu, GC, The Analysis of Distillation Tray Column Efficiency by Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transfer Computation, Chinese J. Chem. Eng., 2005, 13(2), 153-160.
Mahr, B. and Mewes, D., Two-phase Flow in Structured Packings: Modeling and Calculation on a Macroscopic Scale, AIChE J., 2008, 54(3), 614-626.
Makarytchev, S.V., Langrish, T.A.G, Fletcher D.F., Mass Transfer Analysis of Spinning Cone Columns Using CFD, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 2004, 82(6), 752-761.
McCabe, W. L., Thiele, E. W., Graphical Design of Fractionating Columns, ind. Eng. Chem., 1925,17 (6), 605-611.
McDonald, C. M. and Floudas, C. A., Global Optimization for the Phase Stability Problem, AIChE J., 1995,41(7), 1798-1814.
Michelsen, M. L., The Isothermal Flash Problem. Part I: Stability, Fluid Phase Equilibra, 1982a, 9(1), 1-19.
Michelsen, M. L., The Isothermal Flash Problem. Part II: Phase-Split Calculation, Fluid phase Equilibra, 1982b, 9(1), 21-40.
Mori, H., Ito, C., Oda, A. and Aragaki, T., Total Reflux Simulation of Packed Column Distillation, J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 1999, 32(1), 69-75.
Mori, H., Oda, A., Aragaki, T. and Kunimoto, Y., Packed Column Distillation Simulation with a Rate-Based Method, J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 1996,29(2), 307-314.
Mortaheb, H. R., Kosuge, H. and Asano, K., Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in Heterogeneous Distillation with Sieve Tray Column, Chem. Eng. J., 2002, 88, 59-69.
Mortaheb, H. R. and Kosuge, H., Simulation and Optimization of Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Process with a Rate-Based Model, Chem. Eng. Proc., 2004, 43,317-326.
Murphree, E. V., Rectifying Column Calculation, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1925a, 17(7), 747-750.
Murphree, E. V., Graphical Rectifying Column Calculations, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1925b, 17(9), 960-964.
Nava, J.A.O., Krishna, R., Influence of Unequal Component Efficiencies on Trajectories during Distillation of a Homogeneous Azeotropic Mixture, Chem. Eng. Processing, 2004,43,305-315.
Nichita, D. V., Gomez, S. and Luna, E., Multiphase Equilibria Calculation by Direct Minimization of Gibbs Free Energy with a Global Optimization Method, Comp. Chem. Eng., 2002, 26(12), 1703-1724.
Nicolaiewsky, E. M. A., Tavares, F. W., Rajagopal, K. and Fair, J. R., Liquid Film Flow and Area Generation in Structured Packed Columns, Power Technology, 1999, 104(1), 84-94.
Nikou, K., Ehsani, M.R., Emami, M.D., CFD Simulation of Hydrodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer Simultaneously in Structured, Int. J. of Chem. Reactor Eng., 2008, 6, 1-20.
Noriler, D., Meier, H.F., Barros, A.A.C. and Maciel, M.R., Thermal Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Gas-Liquid Flow on a Distillation Sieve Tray, Chem Eng. J., 2008, 136(2-3), 133-143.
Ohanomah, M. O. and Thompson, D. W., Computation of Multicomponent Phase Equilibrium. Comp. Chem. Eng., 1984, 8(3-4), 147-169.
Olujic, Z and de Graauw, J., Experimetal Studies on the Interaction between the Initial Liquid Distribution and the Performance of Structured Packings, Sep. Sci. Tech., 1990,25(13-15), 1723-1735.
Olujic, Z., Kamerbeek, A. and Graauw, J., A Mechanistic Model for Hydraulic and Mass Transfer Performance of Corrugated Sheet Structured Packings, AIChE Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 10-15 Nov, 1996.
Onda, K., Sada, E., Murase, Y., Liquid-side Mass Transfer Coefficients in Packed Towers, AIChE J., 1959, 5(2), 235-239.
Onda, K., Takeuchi, H. and Okumoto, Y., Mass Transfer Coefficients between Gas and Liquid Phases in Packed Columns, J. of Chem. Eng. Japan, 1968, 1(1), 59-62.
Ottenbacher, M., and Hasse, H., Continuous Three-Phase Distillation: A process for Separating Thermally Unstable Substances, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 2007, 85(1), 144-148.
Paschke, S., Repke, J.-U. and Wozny, G.,Untersuchungen von Filmstromungen mittels eines neuartigen Micro Particle Image Velocimetry Messverfahrens, Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2008, 80(10), 1477-1485.
Paschke, S., Thiele, R. and Repke, J.-U., Untersuchung des Stoffubergangverhaltens Dreiphasig Betriebener Fallfilmabsorber, Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2009, 81(3), 297-304.
Pelkonen, S., Multicomponent Mass Transfer in Packed Distillation Columns, 1997, PhD Thesis, University Dortmund.
Pelkonen, S., Gorak, A., Ohligschlaeger, A. and Kaesemann, R., Experimental Study on Multicomponent Distillation In Packed Columns, Chem. Eng. Proc., 2001, 40, 235-243.
Peng, J., Modeling and Control of Packed Reactive Distillation Column, PhD Thesis, 2003, The Universiy of Texas at Austin.
Peng, J., Edgar, T.F., Eldridge, R.B., Dynamic Rate-based and Equilibrium Models for a Packed Reactive Distillation Column, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2003, 58, 2671-2680.
Pham, H. N. and Doherty, M. F., Design and Synthesis of Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillations - I. Heterogeneous Phase Diagrams, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1990, 45(7), 1823-1836.
Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M., O'Connell, J.O., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill: Boston, 2000.
Qi, Z., Sundmacher, K., Bifurcation Analysis of Reactive Distillation Systems with Liquid-phase Splitting, Comp. Chem. Eng., 2002, 26(10), 1459-1471.
Qian, W., et al., Nonequilibrium Stage Modeling of Catalytic Distillation for Ethyl Benzene Synthesis, Chinese J. of Chem. Eng., 2001, 52(10), 853-857.
Qin, Y., Xu, Y., Fang, C., Tang, J., A Dynamic Nonequilibrium Stage Model of Mutlicomponent Distillation Processes, Chinese J. of Chem. Eng., 1997, 48(2), 166-174.
Rahimi R., Rahimi M.R., Zivdar M., Efficiencies of Sieve Tray Distillation Columns by CFD Simulation, Chem. Eng. Tech., 2006, 29(3), 326-335.
Rangaiah, G.P., Evaluation of Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing for Phase Equilibrium and Stability Problems, Fluid Phase Equilibria., 2001,187-188, 83-109.
Reid, R. C., Prausnitz, J. M. and Poling, B. E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 2000, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Repke, J.-U., Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Three-Phase Rectification in Packed and Tray Columns, 2002a, PhD Thesis, Fortschritt-Bericht VDI, Reihe 3, Nr. 751 VDI-Verlag Dusseldorf.
Repke, J.-U. and Wozny, G.,Experimental Investigations of Three-Phase Distillation in a Packed Column,Chem.Eng.Tech.,2002b,25(5),513-519.
Repke,J.-U.;Villain,O.;Wozny,G.A Nonequilibrium Model for Three-phase Distillation in A Packed Column:Modelling and Experiments.Comp.Chem.Eng.2004a,28(5),775-780.
Repke,J.-U.and Wozny,G.,A Short Story of Modeling and Operation of Three-Phase Distillation in Packed Columns.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2004b,43(24),7850-7860.
Repke,J.-U.,Ausner,I.,Paschke,S.,Hoffmann,A.and Wozny,G.,On the Track to Understanding Three Phases in One Tower,Chem.Eng.Res.Des.,2007,85(A1),50-58.
Pescarini,M.H.,Barros,A.A.C.and Wolf-Maciel,M.R.,Development of a Software for Simulating Separation Processes Using a Nonequilibrium Stage Model,Comp.Chem.Eng.,1996,20(Suppl.A),279-284.
Rocha,J.A.,Bravo,J.L.and Fair,J.R.,Distillation Columns Containing Structured Packings:A Comprehensive Model for Their Performance.1.Hydraulic Models,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,1993,32(4),641-651.
Rocha,J.A.,Bravo,J.L.and Fair,J.R.,Distillation Columns Containing Structured Packings:A Comprehensive Model for Their Performance.2.Mass-Transfer Model,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,1996,35(5),1660-1667.
Ronge,G.,Verification of Different Models for the Mass Transfer in Distillation Packed Column,1995,PhD thesis,Fortschr.-Ber.VDI Reihe 3 Nr.390,VDI-Verlag,Duesseldorf,Germany.
Ross,A.B.,and Seider,W.D.,Simulation of Three-Phase Distillation Towers.Comp.Chem.Eng.,1981,5(1),7-20.
Rovaglio,M.and Doherty,M.F.,Dynamics of Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Columns,AIChE J.,1990,36(1),39-52.
Saito,N.,Abe,Y.,Kosuge,H.and Asano,K.,Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Distillation of Ethanol-Benzene-Water System by Packed Column with Structured Packing,J.Chem.Eng.Japan,1999a,32(5),670-677.
Saito,N.,Kosuge,H.and Asano,K.,Simulation Model Considering of Liquid Phase Mass Transfer Resistance in Heterogeneous Distillation,J.Chem.Eng.Japan.,1999b,32(3),358-361.
Sakizlis,V.,Perkins,J.D.,Pistikopoulos,E.N.,Recent Advances in Optimization -based Simultaneous Process and Control Design,Comp.Chem.Eng.,2004,28(10),2069-2086.
Schneider,R.,Synthesis and Analysis of Three-Phase Distillation Columns,1999,PhD Thesis,Fortschritt-Bericht VDI,Reihe 12,Nr.619,VDI-Verlag,D(u|¨)sseldorf.
Schneider, R., Wozny, G.,and Fieg, G.,Optimization of An Industrial Three Phase Distillation Column Train with Experimental Verification, Comp. Chem. Eng., 1997,21(Suppl.), 1131-1136.
Schoenborn, E. M., Koffolt, J. H. and Withrow, J. R., Rectification in the Presence of an Insoluble Component, Trans. AIChE, 1941, 37,997-1021.
Seader, J. D., The B. C. (Before Computers) and A. D. of Equilibrium Stage Operations, Chem. Eng. Educ., 1985, 19(2), 88-103.
Seader, J. D. and Henley, E. J., Separation Process Principles, 1998, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Shi, M. G.and Mersmann, A., Effective Interfacial Area in Packed Columns, Ger, Chem Eng., 1985, 8, 87-96.
Mersmann, A., Deixler, A., Packed Columns, Ger, Chem. Eng., 1986, 9(5), 265-276.
Shyamsundar, V., and Rangaiah, G.P., A Method for Simulation and Optimization of Multiphase Distillation, Comp. Chem. Eng., 2000,24(1), 23-37.
Spiegel, L., et al., CFD Simulation of Liquid Distributors Improves Separation efficiency, Sulzer Technical Review, 2006, 88(2), 19-21.
Siegert, M., Three-Phase Distillation in Packed Columns, 1999, PhD Thesis, Fortschr.-Ber. VDI-Z. Reihe 3, No. 586, VDI-Verlag, Duesseldorf.
Siegert, M., Stichlmair, J., Repke, J.-U. and Wozny, G.,Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation in Packed Columns: Experimental Results. Chem. Eng. Tech., 2000, 23(12), 1047-1050.
Soares, M.E., Medina, A.G., McDermott, C. and Ashton, N., Three Phase Flash Calculation Using Free Energy Minimization, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1982, 37(4), 521-528.
Song, W. X. and Larson, M. A., Phase Equilibrium Calculation by Using Large Scale Optimization Technique, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1991,46(10), 2513-2523.
Sorel, E., La Rectification de l'alcool, 1893, Gauthier-Villais et fils, Paris, France.
Sorensen, J. M. and Arlt, W., Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection. DECHEMA chemistry data series, Vol.5, Parts 2-4 (1979-1987).
Springer, P. A. M., Baur, R. and Krishna, R., Composition Trajectories for Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation in a Bubble-Cap Tray Column: Influence of Mass Transfer, Trans IChemE, Part A, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 2003, 81(4), 413-426.
Springer, P., Molen, S. and Krishna, R. The Need for Using Rigorous Rate-based Models for Simulations of Ternary Azeotropic Distillation, Comp. Chem. Eng., 2002, 26(9), 1265-1279.
Standart, G.L., Studies on Distillation- V. Generalized Definition of a Theoretical Plate or Stage of Contacting Equipment, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1965, 20(6), 611-622.
Stichlmair, J. and Thiel, J., Design of Distillation Columns - State of the Art and Future Developments from the Perspective of Universities and Industry, Chem. Ing. Tech., 2003, 75(8), 1163-1164.
Sun, Z.M., Liu, B.T., Yuan, X.G, Liu, C.J., Yu, K.T., New Turbulent Model for Computational Mass Transfer and Its Application to A Commercial-Scale Distillation Column, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2005,44(12), 4427-4434.
Taylor, R., Distillation Modeling after All These Years: A Review of the State of Art, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2007, 46(13), 4349-4345.
Taylor, R., Kooijman, H. A. and Hung, J. S., A Second Generation Nonequilibrium Model for Computer Simulation of Multicomponent Separation Processes, Comp. Chem. Eng., 1994,18(3), 205-217.
Taylor, R. and Krishna, R., Multicomponent Mass Transfer, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Taylor, R., Krishna, R. and Kooijman, H., Real-world Modeling of Distillation, Chem. Eng. Progress, 2003, 99(7) 28-39.
Tyn, M. T. and Calus, W. F., Diffusion Coefficients in Dilute Binary Liquid Mixtures, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1975, 20(1), 106-109.
Urdaneta, R.Y., Bausa, J., Brtiggemann, S., Marquardt, W., Analysis and Conceptual Design of Ternary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2002,41, 3849-3866.
Verschoof, H.-J., Olujic, Z. and Fair, J. R., A General Correlation for Predicting The Loading Point of Corrugated Sheet Structured Packings, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1999, 38(10), 3663-3669.
Vignes, A., Diffusion in Binary Solutions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 1966, 5(2), 189-199.
Villain, O., Repke, J.-U. and Wozny, G.,Systematic Experimental Investigation of the Three-Phase Distillation, The 15th Int. Conf. Process Eng. & Chem. Plant Design, 2004, Krakow, Poland.
Villain, O., Repke, J.-U. and Wozny, G.,Evaluation of Separation Efficiency of Three-Phase Operated Packed Towers, AIChE Spring Meeting, 2005, Atlanta.
Villain, O., Repke, J.-U. and Wozny, G.,Performance Characterization of Three-Phase Operated Column, AIChE Annual Meeting, 2003, San Francisco.
Wachter A. An interior point algorithm for large-scale nonlinear optimization with applications in process engineering. PhD thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 2002.
Wang, G.Q., Yuan, X. G.and Yu, K. T., Review Mass Transfer Correlations for Packed Column,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2005,44(23),8715-8729.
Wang,X.L.,Liu,C.J.,Yuan,X.G,Yu,K.T.,Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Three-Dimensional Liquid Flow and Mass Transfer on Distillation Column Trays,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2004,43(10),2556-2567.
Widagdo,S.,and Seider,W.D.,Azeotropic Distillation,AIChE J.,1996,42(1),96-130.
Widagdo,S.,Seider,W.D.and Sebastian,D.H.,Bifurcation Analysis in Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation,AIChE J.,1989,35(9),1457-1464.
Widagdo,S.,Seider,W.D.and Sebastian,D.H.,Dynamic Analysis of Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation,AIChE J.,1992,38(8),1229-1242.
Wikipedia,Distillation,2009,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation.
Whitman,W.G.,The Two-Film Theory of Gas Absorption,Chem.Metal Eng.,1923,29(4),146-148.
Wong,D.S.H.,Jang,S.S.and Chang,C.F.,Simulation of Dynamics and Phase Pattern Changes for Azeotropic Distillation Column,Com.Chem.Eng.,1991,15(5),325-335.
Xu,Z.P.,Afacan,A,Chuang K.T.,Predicting Mass Transfer in Packed Columns Containing Structureed Packings,Trans.IChemE.,2000,78,91-98.
Xu,Y.,Paschke,S.,Repke,J.-U.,Yuan,J.and Wozny G.Portraying the Countercurrent Fow on Packings by Three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations,Chem.Eng.Tech.,2008,31(10),1445-1452.
Xu,Y.,Zheng,Y.,Ng,F.T.T.,Rempel,G.L.,A Three-Phase Nonequilibrium Dynamic Model for Catalytic Distillation,Chem.Eng.Sci.,2005,60,5637-5647.
Zavala,V.M.,and Biegler,L.T.Large-Scale Parameter Estimation in Low-Density Polyethylene Tubular Reactors.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.2006,45(23),7867-7881.
Zavala,V.M.,Laird C.D.,and Biegler,L.T.Interior-point Decomposition Approaches for Parallel Solution of Large-Scale Nonlinear Parameter Estimation Problems.Chem.Eng.Sci.2008,63(19),4834-4845.
Zech,J.B.,Liquid Flow and Mass Transfer in Trickled Beds,1978,PhD Thesis,Technical University Munich.
祝雪妹,热集成精馏系统建模、优化与控制的若干问题研究,2005,浙江大学博士学位论文.
Zhu,Y.,Wen,H.and Xu,Z.,Global Stability Analysis and Phase Equilibrium Calculations at High Pressures Using the Enhanced Simulated Annealing Algorithm,Chem.Eng.Sci.,2000,55(17),3451-3459.