火炮武器高原射表编制理论研究
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摘要
本文对高原射表的编制理论进行了系统的研究。首先对现代射表编制技术的特点和发展趋势进行了分析和概括,指出了现有高原射表编制方法存在的不足和改进措施。针对新型弹箭发展,建立了弹箭飞行动力学和控制的一般运动方程组,该方程组采用了矩阵表示形式,便于对各种弹箭的弹道特性和控制规律进行数值计算和分析。为了找出现有高原射表存在误差的原因,系统分析了高原环境对弹道特性的影响,包括高原气象条件、高原空气动力特性等对弹道飞行稳定性、飞行姿态、射击散布以及弹道诸元的影响情况,研究发现弹丸阻力系数随海拔高度的变化是造成高原射表误差的主要原因,而且为了提高高原射表应该采用高阶弹道模型。提出并推导了高阶弹道模型的分部求解方法,从而解决了采用高阶弹道模型编制射表时计算步长小和计算速度慢的难题。首次提出了弹丸阻力系数随马赫数和海拔高度变化的二元函数模型,在该模型中首次采用了非均匀B样条技术,可使阻力系数与马赫数的关系更接近实际情况。详细推导了从弹道跟踪雷达测量的速度曲线中提取弹丸阻力系数二元函数的数据处理技术,并编制了计算机软件。在以上研究的基础上,提出了高原射表编制的新方法,其基本原理是采用现代弹道测试手段对全弹道进行跟踪测量,对试验结果进行分析并准确处理出与海拔高度相关的弹道基础数据；以精确的弹道模型为基础,对多个弹道特征点进行全面符合计算,保证理论弹道与实际弹道具有良好的一致性；利用在符合计算中修正的弹道理论模型进行射表计算并编制所需的射表。首次提出了射表全面符合计算的具体方法,利用全弹道坐标测量,可同时高低跳角、方向跳角、阻力系数、升力系数、静力矩系数等五个符合系数进行符合计算,发展了射表编制理论。由于在高原进行射表试验存在一定的困难,采用新的射表编制方法可以在原有的靶场进行射表试验。文中结合低海拔和高海拔的射击试验结果,比较了传统高原射表编制方法和新的编制方法,结果表明新方法可极大地提高高原射表的精度。研究成果可在各类火炮武器系统高原射表编制中推广应用。
In this dissertation, a systematic research has been made on the theory of firing table design at high altitude above sea level for artillery systems. First, the characteristics and development trend of modern firing table design methods are analyzed and summarized. The disadvantage and improvement of the traditional methods are pointed out. Considered the advanced munitions, the general equations of flight dynamics and control for projectiles and rockets are developed, witch are formulated in mathematical matrix and can be used conveniently to analyze and compute numerically the ballistic and control properties of various projectiles and rockets. In order to find out the factors causing the errors of firing table at high altitude, the influence of the plateau condition on the ballistic properties is systematically analyzed, including the effects of meteorological conditions and aerodynamic parameters on the flight stability, flight attitude, shot dispersion and trajectory elements. It is found out that the main factor causing the errors of firing tables at high altitude is the varity of air drag coefficient with the altitude above sea level, and that the ballistic model of high order should be applied to improve the accuracy of a firing table at high altitude. The partition technique of solving the ballistic model of high order is developed, and hence the difficulty of the small numerical step and the slow computational speed in use of the ballistic model of high order is overcame. The two-variant function model of air drag coefficient of a projectile varying with Mach number and altitude is presented at the first time, in witch the non-uniform B spline technique is applied and so the relation of the drag coefficient and Mach number can be made to loser to the actual situation. Based on the previous researches, the new design technique of a high altitude firing table is presented, witch principle is that the total trajectory of projectile is measured with the modern ballistic measurement means, the ballistic basic data relative to the altitude is attained from the test results, the several characteristic points of the actual trajectory are made to fit completely in with the results produced by the precise ballistic model, and the firing table is computed and arranged by using the modified theoretical ballistic model. The true procedure of the completely fitting computation for the firing table design is provided, in witch the 5 fitting coefficients of the elevation angle, azimuth angle, drag coefficient, lift coefficient and static moment coefficient are computed with the space position measurement of the total trajectory. It expands the theory of firing table design. Because the existence of difficulty of tests for the high altitude firing table, the tests can be implemented at the original firing test base at lower altitude with the new design technique of firing tables. In the paper, the reslts of the firing tests at the lower and higher altitude are used to compare the two design techniques of the traditional and new firing tables at high altitude, and it is showed that the accuracy of the high altitude firing table can be increased greatly by the new technique. The new technique can be widely applied to design the high altitude firing table of various artillery sysytems.
In this dissertation, a systematic research has been made on the theory of firing table design at high altitude above sea level for artillery systems. First, the characteristics and development trend of modern firing table design methods are analyzed and summarized. The disadvantage and improvement of the traditional methods are pointed out. Considered the advanced munitions, the general equations of flight dynamics and control for projectiles and rockets are developed, witch are formulated in mathematical matrix and can be used conveniently to analyze and compute numerically the ballistic and control properties of various projectiles and rockets. In order to find out the factors causing the errors of firing table at high altitude, the influence of the plateau condition on the ballistic properties is systematically analyzed, including the effects of meteorological conditions and aerodynamic parameters on the flight stability, flight attitude, shot dispersion and trajectory elements. It is found out that the main factor causing the errors of firing tables at high altitude is the varity of air drag coefficient with the altitude above sea level, and that the ballistic model of high order should be applied to improve the accuracy of a firing table at high altitude. The partition technique of solving the ballistic model of high order is developed, and hence the difficulty of the small numerical step and the slow computational speed in use of the ballistic model of high order is overcame. The two-variant function model of air drag coefficient of a projectile varying with Mach number and altitude is presented at the first time, in witch the non-uniform B spline technique is applied and so the relation of the drag coefficient and Mach number can be made to loser to the actual situation. Based on the previous researches, the new design technique of a high altitude firing table is presented, witch principle is that the total trajectory of projectile is measured with the modern ballistic measurement means, the ballistic basic data relative to the altitude is attained from the test results, the several characteristic points of the actual trajectory are made to fit completely in with the results produced by the precise ballistic model, and the firing table is computed and arranged by using the modified theoretical ballistic model. The true procedure of the completely fitting computation for the firing table design is provided, in witch the 5 fitting coefficients of the elevation angle, azimuth angle, drag coefficient, lift coefficient and static moment coefficient are computed with the space position measurement of the total trajectory. It expands the theory of firing table design. Because the existence of difficulty of tests for the high altitude firing table, the tests can be implemented at the original firing test base at lower altitude with the new design technique of firing tables. In the paper, the reslts of the firing tests at the lower and higher altitude are used to compare the two design techniques of the traditional and new firing tables at high altitude, and it is showed that the accuracy of the high altitude firing table can be increased greatly by the new technique. The new technique can be widely applied to design the high altitude firing table of various artillery sysytems.
引文
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