跨断层隧道结构非线性地震损伤反应分析
|
摘要
本文对隧道的抗震分析理论及其工程应用进行了较为系统的研究,建立了围岩-隧道相互作用问题的静-动力联合分析模型,分析了高烈度地震区跨断层隧道的非线性地震损伤反应特性,进而开展了强震作用下跨断层隧道灾变机理与控制的地震模拟振动台试验。
论文从汶川地震收集的山岭隧道震害资料出发,结合计算机仿真和地震模拟振动台试验研究手段,主要在以下五方面展开工作：
(1)深入调查分析汶川地震中都汶公路受损隧道的震害情况及其地质构造；并对酒家垭隧道、紫坪铺隧道、龙洞子隧道和龙溪隧道等跨断层隧道进行震害评估；最后给出启示。
(2)为了突破传统动力人工边界不能兼顾静力效应的局限,基于现有的无限元理论,提出无限元静-动力统一人工边界,结合ABAQUS有限元分析软件编制相应辅助程序。
(3)为考虑动载作用下岩石、混凝土材料的动态特性(应变率的强化效应和损伤的弱化效应),根据李庆斌率相关动力损伤本构模型,基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件编写相应子程序。利用建立的无限元静-动力统一人工边界和李庆斌率相关动力损伤本构模型子程序,对跨断层隧道进行非线性地震损伤分析,研究强震作用下隧道的损伤分布及发展情况。并且借用希尔顿-黄变换(HHT)的波谱分析技术,对输入地震波进行能量分析。
(4)提出利用损伤指标和能量指标进行隧道抗震安全评价。包括利用损伤发展反映隧道抗震薄弱部位的损伤累积和渐进破坏过程。并在借鉴柔性比概念的基础上,引入抗震层概念,通过有无抗震层的隧道抗震安全评价,考察抗震层的减震效果。最后将抗震层应用于实际工程。
(5)开展跨断层隧道振动台模型试验,研究跨断层隧道的动力反应规律；了解跨断层隧道衬砌开裂过程及破坏形态；探讨跨断层隧道设置抗震层的减震效果,最后对比分析了模型试验与损伤计算结果。
A systematic study on the seismic theory and its application of tunnels across faults are presented in the dissertation. A numerical joint analysis model for dynamic interaction between surrounding rock and tunnel structure is proposed, which can take the influence of static loads into consideration. Nonlinear seismic damage responses of tunnels across faults in high-intensity earthquake zones are analyzed, and large-scale shaking table tests are conducted to study the damage mechanism and control of tunnels across faults under strong earthquake.
Combined with computer simulation and shaking table tests, the main work of the dissertation is described as follows:
(1) Damage information of tunnels in Dujiangyan-wenchuan highway after the Wenchuan earthquake are investigated completely. Furthermore, damage degree on tunnels across faults, including Jiujiaya Tunnel, Zipingpu Tunnel, Longdongzi Tunnel and Longxi Tunnel, are evaluated and lessons learnt from seismic damage are presented at last.
(2) A unified infinite element boundary method for static and dynamic analysis is proposed based on the infinite element theory and corresponding subroutine is implemented based on the ABAQUS platform.
(3) Subroutine of Lee's rate-dependent damage model based on the ABAQUS platform is implemented, which takes into consideration the dynamic effect (the strengthening effect of strain rate & the weakening effect of damage). Nonlinear seismic damage analysis of tunnels across faults are performed based on the subroutines of unified infinite element boundary and Lee's rate-dependent damage model. Damage distribution and development of tunnels under strong earthquake are hereby presented. Moreover, energy time-histories of input waves are analyzed using Hilbert-Huang Transform spectrum technology.
(4) Damage index and energy index for seismic assessment of tunnels are proposed, by whcih the seismic vulnerable area and progressively damage process of tunnels can be obtained. And more, Seismic layer is proposed based on the concept of flexibility ratio and validated effective. Seismic layer is hereby applied to practice.
(5) Dynamic response and damage configuration of tunnels across faults under strong earthquake action are conducted by shaking table tests. The effectiveness of seismic layer are also analyzed.
论文从汶川地震收集的山岭隧道震害资料出发,结合计算机仿真和地震模拟振动台试验研究手段,主要在以下五方面展开工作：
(1)深入调查分析汶川地震中都汶公路受损隧道的震害情况及其地质构造；并对酒家垭隧道、紫坪铺隧道、龙洞子隧道和龙溪隧道等跨断层隧道进行震害评估；最后给出启示。
(2)为了突破传统动力人工边界不能兼顾静力效应的局限,基于现有的无限元理论,提出无限元静-动力统一人工边界,结合ABAQUS有限元分析软件编制相应辅助程序。
(3)为考虑动载作用下岩石、混凝土材料的动态特性(应变率的强化效应和损伤的弱化效应),根据李庆斌率相关动力损伤本构模型,基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件编写相应子程序。利用建立的无限元静-动力统一人工边界和李庆斌率相关动力损伤本构模型子程序,对跨断层隧道进行非线性地震损伤分析,研究强震作用下隧道的损伤分布及发展情况。并且借用希尔顿-黄变换(HHT)的波谱分析技术,对输入地震波进行能量分析。
(4)提出利用损伤指标和能量指标进行隧道抗震安全评价。包括利用损伤发展反映隧道抗震薄弱部位的损伤累积和渐进破坏过程。并在借鉴柔性比概念的基础上,引入抗震层概念,通过有无抗震层的隧道抗震安全评价,考察抗震层的减震效果。最后将抗震层应用于实际工程。
(5)开展跨断层隧道振动台模型试验,研究跨断层隧道的动力反应规律；了解跨断层隧道衬砌开裂过程及破坏形态；探讨跨断层隧道设置抗震层的减震效果,最后对比分析了模型试验与损伤计算结果。
A systematic study on the seismic theory and its application of tunnels across faults are presented in the dissertation. A numerical joint analysis model for dynamic interaction between surrounding rock and tunnel structure is proposed, which can take the influence of static loads into consideration. Nonlinear seismic damage responses of tunnels across faults in high-intensity earthquake zones are analyzed, and large-scale shaking table tests are conducted to study the damage mechanism and control of tunnels across faults under strong earthquake.
Combined with computer simulation and shaking table tests, the main work of the dissertation is described as follows:
(1) Damage information of tunnels in Dujiangyan-wenchuan highway after the Wenchuan earthquake are investigated completely. Furthermore, damage degree on tunnels across faults, including Jiujiaya Tunnel, Zipingpu Tunnel, Longdongzi Tunnel and Longxi Tunnel, are evaluated and lessons learnt from seismic damage are presented at last.
(2) A unified infinite element boundary method for static and dynamic analysis is proposed based on the infinite element theory and corresponding subroutine is implemented based on the ABAQUS platform.
(3) Subroutine of Lee's rate-dependent damage model based on the ABAQUS platform is implemented, which takes into consideration the dynamic effect (the strengthening effect of strain rate & the weakening effect of damage). Nonlinear seismic damage analysis of tunnels across faults are performed based on the subroutines of unified infinite element boundary and Lee's rate-dependent damage model. Damage distribution and development of tunnels under strong earthquake are hereby presented. Moreover, energy time-histories of input waves are analyzed using Hilbert-Huang Transform spectrum technology.
(4) Damage index and energy index for seismic assessment of tunnels are proposed, by whcih the seismic vulnerable area and progressively damage process of tunnels can be obtained. And more, Seismic layer is proposed based on the concept of flexibility ratio and validated effective. Seismic layer is hereby applied to practice.
(5) Dynamic response and damage configuration of tunnels across faults under strong earthquake action are conducted by shaking table tests. The effectiveness of seismic layer are also analyzed.
引文
[1].四川省高速公路网规划(2008-2030年),网址：http://www.scjtonline.cn/scjt.asp.
[2].钱七虎,何川,晏启祥.隧道工程动力响应特性与汶川地震隧道震害分析及启示[C].汶川大地震工程震害调查分析与研究,2009：608-618.
[3].汶川大地震一周年大事记,网址:http://www.chinanews.com. cn.
[4].中国地震信息网,网址:http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/index080512.htm.
[5]. WANG Zhengzheng, GAO Bo, JIANG Yuanjun, YUAN Song. Investigation and assessment on mountain tunnels and geotechnical damage after the Wenchuan earthquake. Science in China Series E:Technological Sciences.2009,52(2):546-558.
[6].高波,王峥峥,袁松,申玉生.汶川地震公路隧道震害启示[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(3)：336-341.
[7].李海清.隧道工程震害处治对策[C].汶川大地震与四川公路隧道建设研讨会.四川省公路学会隧道专业委员会,2008.
[8]. Youssef M.A. Hashash, Jeffrey J.Hook, el al. Seismic design and analysis of underground structures [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2001,16:247-293.
[9]. Jan-Nan Wang. Seismic Design of Tunnels:A Simple State-of-the-art Design Approach, Monogragh 7. Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas Inc. New York,1993.
[10].Rowe, Robert. Tunnelling in seismic zones[J]. Tunnels and Tunnelling,1992,24:41-44.
[11].Dowding C.H., Rozen A.. Damge to rock tunnels from earthquake shaking[J]. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,1978,104(1):175-191.
[12].Sharma S., Judd W.R.. Underground opening damage from earthquakes[J]. Engineering Geology,1991,30(1):263-276.
[13].林皋.地下结构抗震分析综述(上)[J].世界地震工程,1990,6(2)：1-9.
[14].林皋.地下结构抗震分析综述(下)[J].世界地震工程,1990,6(3)：1-10.
[15].潘昌实.隧道地震灾害综述[J].隧道及地下工程,1990,11(2)：1-9.
[16].郑永来.杨林德.李文艺等.地下结构抗震[M].同济大学出版社,2005.
[17]. ASCE. Earthquake damage evalutation and design considerations for underground structures. ASCE,1974.
[18].JSCE. Earthquake resistant design for civil engineering structures in Japan. JSCE,1988.
[19].Duke C.H., Leeds D.J. Effect of Earthquake on tunnels:paper presented at the RAND
second protective construction symposium[C].1959,24-26.
[20]. Stevens P.R. A review of the effects of earthquakes on underground mines. United States Geological survey Open Files Report[R].1977,77-313.
[21]. Owen G.N., Scholl R.E. Earthquake engineering of large underground structures [R].1981.
[22].Power M., Rosidi D., Kaneshiro J. Seismic vulnerability of tunnels-revisited[C]. Proceedings of the north American tunnelling conference. Elsevier,1998.
[23].李天斌.汶川特大地震中山岭隧道变形破坏特征及影响因素分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6)：742-750.
[24].潘昌实.隧道及地下结构物抗震问题的研究概况[J].世界隧道,1996,5：7-16
[25].Toshihiro Asakora, Damage to Mountain Tunnels in Hazard Area-Special Issue of Soils and Foundation, Japanese Geotechnical Society.1996:301-310.
[26].Hiroomi Iida. Damage to Daikai Subway Station-Special Issue of Soils and Foundation. Japanese Geotechnical Society.1996:283-300.
[27].W.L. Wang, T.T. Wang, J.J. Su, et al. Assessment of damage in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2001,16(1): 133-150.
[28].Okamoto S. Behavor of submerged tunnels during earthquake[C]. Proceedings of the 5th WCEE,1973:544-553.
[29].徐志英,施善云.土与地下结构动力相互作用的大型振动台试验与计算[J].岩土工程学报,1993,15(4)：1-7.
[30].铁道部第二勘测设计院,西南交通大学.南昆铁路8、9度地震区隧道洞口及浅埋大跨段新结构设计试验研究[R].1996.
[31].史常青.浅埋明挖地下铁道车站结构的抗震性能研究[D].西南交通大学,1996.
[32].周德培.强震区隧道洞口段的动力特性研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1998,18(1)：124-130.
[33].季倩倩.地铁车站结构振动台模型试验研究[D].同济大学博士研究生论文,2002.
[34].杨林德,季倩倩,郑永来等.软土地铁车站结构的振动台模型试验[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(1)：7-11.
[35].宫必宁,赵大鹏.地下结构与土动力相互作用试验研究[D].三峡大学学报,2002(6)：492-496.
[36].庄海洋.土-地下结构非线性动力相互作用及其大型振动台试验研究[D],南京工业大学
博士论文,2006.
[37].陈国兴,庄海洋,杜修力等.土-地铁车站结构动力相互作用大型振动台模型试验研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2007,27(2)：171-176.
[38].付鹏程.地铁地下结构震动变形的实用评价方法研究[D].清华大学硕士学位论文.2004.
[39].Navarro S. Simplified longitudinal seismic analysis of buried tunnels. Software for engineering worstrations.1998,4:3-9.
[40].Gil L.M., Hernandez E., Fuente P.D. Simplified transverse seismic analysis of buried structures. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.2001,21:735-740.
[41].杜荣强.混凝土静动弹塑性损伤模型及在大坝分析中的应用[D].大连理工大学博士学位论文,2006.
[42].廖振鹏.工程波动理论导论(第二版)[M].北京,科学出版社,2002.
[43].赵密.粘弹性人工边界及其与透射人工边界的比较研究[D].北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[44].Beskos D.E. Boundary element methods in dynamic analysis[J]. Applied Mechanics Review, 1987,40:1-23.
[45].Givoli D. Numerical methods for problems in infinite domains[M]. Elsevier,1992.
[46].J. Lysmer, R.L. Kulemeyer. Finite dynamic model for infinite mediea[J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics Division,1969,95(4):492-503.
[47].A.J. Deeks, M.F. Randolph. Axisymmetric time-domain transmitting boundaries [J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1994,120(1):25-42.
[48].刘晶波,吕彦东.结构-地基动力相互作用问题分析的一种直接方法[J].土木工程学报,1998,31(3)：55-64.
[49].Liao Zhenpeng, Yang Baipo, Yuan Yifan. Feedback effects of low-rise building on vertical earthquake ground motion and application of trasmitting boundaries for transient wave analysis[R]. Institute of Engineering Mechanics,1978.
[50].廖振鹏,黄孔亮,杨柏坡等.暂态波透射边界[J].中国科学A辑,1984,27(6)：556-564.
[51].王明年.高地震区地下结构减震技术原理的研究[D].西南交通大学博士研究生论文,1999.
[52].Shahidi A.R.,Vafaeian M.. Analysis of longitudinal profile of the tunnels in the active faulted zone and designing the flexible lining (for Koohrang-Ⅲ tunnel)[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2005,20:213-221.
[53].Russo M., Germani G., Amberg W. Design and construction of large tunnel through active faults:a recentapplication[C]. InternationalConference of Tunnelling & Underground Space Use. Istanbul, Turkey,2002.
[54].蒋树屏,李鹏,林志.穿越活动断层区隧道的抗断设计对策[J].重庆交通大学学报(自然科学版),2008,27(6)：1034-1036.
[55].Caulfield J.R.,Kieffer S.D.,Tsztoo D.F., et al. Seismic design measures for the retrofit of the Claremont[C]. RETC Proceeings. Calif., USA,2005.
[56].梁文灏,李国良.乌鞘岭特长隧道方案设计[J].现代隧道技术,2004,41(2)：1-7.
[57].刘惠珊,张在明.地震区的场地与地基基础[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1994.
[58].胡聿贤.地震工程学(第二版)[M],地震出版社,2004.
[59].谢和平.岩石混凝土损伤力学[M].中国矿业大学出版社,1990.
[60].Bazant Z.P., Cedolin L. Stability of structures:elastic, inelastic, fracture and damage theories[M], Oxford University Press,1991.
[61].沈新普,鲍文博,沈国晓.混凝土断裂与损伤[M].冶金出版社,2004.
[62].林皋,闫东明,肖诗云等.应变速率对混凝土特性及工程结构地震响应的影响[J].土木工程学报,2005,38(11)：1-8.
[63].Cruz S.J., Barros J., Azevedo A. Elasto-plastic multi-fixed smeared crack model for concrete[J]. Universidade do Porto,2004.
[64].Krajcinovic D. Damage mechanics:accomplishments, trends and nees[J]. Int J Solids Struct., 2000,37:267-277.
[65].Nard H Le, Bailly P. Dynamic behavior of concrete:the structural effects on compressive strength increase[J]. Mech. Cohens-Frict. Mater.,2000,5:491-510.
[66].谢和平,陈至达.岩石的连续损伤力学模型探讨[J].煤炭学报,1988,(1)：33-42.
[67].杨延毅,周维垣.混凝土、岩石类损伤材料宏观断裂模型及应用.工程力学,1991,8(4)：20-32.
[68].凌建明,孙钧.脆性岩石的细观裂纹损伤及其时效特征[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1993,12(4)：304-312.
[69].陈良森,李长春.关于岩石的本构关系[J].力学进展,1992,22(2)：173-181.
[70].李彬.地铁地下结构抗震理论分析与应用研究[D].清华大学博士学位论文,2005.
[71].张广洋.“5.12”汶川大地震与都汶公路隧道震害[C].汶川大地震与四川公路隧道建设研讨会.成都：四川省公路学会隧道专业委员会,2008.
[72].四川省交通厅公路规划勘察设计研究院.国道317、213线都江堰至汶川公路高速路段地震灾后恢复重建方案设计汇报材料[R].成都：四川省交通厅公路规划勘察设计研究院.2008.
[73].四川省交通厅交通勘察设计研究院.G213映秀至汶川段老路调查、检测、评估、设计报告[R].成都：四川省交通厅交通勘察设计研究院2008.
[74].朱长安.断层破碎带隧道地震动力响应分析[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[75].中华人民共和国行业标准.公路工程抗震设计规范(JTJ 044-89).中国建筑工业出版社,1989.
[76].中华人民共和国国家标准.铁路工程抗震设计规范(GB 50111-2006).中国计划出版社,2006.
[77].中华人民共和国国家标准.地铁设计规范(GB 50157-2003).中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[78].中华人民共和国行业标准.水工建筑物抗震设计规范(DL 5073-2000).中国电力出版社,2001.
[79].中华人民共和国行业标准.核电厂抗震设计规范(GB50267—97).中国建筑工业出版社,1997.
[80].中华人民共和国国家标准.建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011-2001)(2008年版).中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[81].施仲衡.王元湘.关于地铁工程抗震设计的若干问题.北京市城建设计研究院,2002.
[82].燕柳斌.结构与岩土介质相互作用分析方法及其应用[D].广西大学博士学位论文,2004.
[83].雷晓燕.岩土工程数值计算[M],北京：中国铁道出版社,1999.
[84].P.Bettess,Infinite elements[J],int.J.Num.Meth.Eng.1997,11,53-64
[85].赵崇斌,张楚汉,张光斗.映射动力无穷元及其特性研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1987,7(3)：1-13.
[86].赵崇斌,张楚汉,张光斗.地基无限域的动力模拟——有限元与无穷元耦合模型[J].水利学报,1990,6：20-27.
[87].Zhao Chong-bing, Zhang Chu-han, Zhang Guang-dou. Analysis of 3D foundation wave problems by mapped dynamic infinite elements[J]. Science in China(Series A),1989,32(4): 479-491.
[88].朱伯芳.有限单元法原理与应用[M].中国水利水电出版社,2004.
[89].王勖成,邵敏.有限元法基本原理和数值方法(第二版).清华大学出版社,1997.
[90].张伯艳,陈厚群.无穷元刚度矩阵及其数值积分[J].地震工程与工程振动,1992,12(3)：92-99.
[91].潘昌实.隧道力学数值方法[M].中国铁道出版社,1995.
[92].朱以文,蔡元奇,徐晗.ABAQUS与岩土工程分析[M],中国图书出版社,2005.
[93].ABAQUS User's Manual[Z], Hibbit, Karlsson and Scorensen, Inc.,2004.
[94].徐芝纶.弹性力学(第四版)[M].高等教育出版社,2008.
[95].阿肯巴赫.弹性固体中波的传播[M].同济大学出版社,1992.
[96].A.C.艾龙根,E.S.舒胡华.弹性动力学[M].石油工业出版社,1984.
[97].《四川地震资料汇编》编辑组.四川地震资料汇编[M].人民出版社,1980.
[98].《中国岩石圈动力学地图集》编委会.中国岩石圈动力学概论[M].地震出版社,1991.
[99].徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽等.川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型[J].地震地质,2005,27(3)：446～461.
[100].滕吉文,白登海,杨辉等.2008汶川Ms8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(5)：1385-1442.
[101].王海波,李德玉.拱坝抗震设计理论与实践[M].中国水利水电出版社,2006.
[102].肖明葵,刘纲,白绍良.基于能量反应的地震动输入选择方法讨论[J].世界地震工程,2006,22(3)：89-94.
[103]. Huang N E, Shen Z, Long SR, et al. The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis[J]. Proc. Roy. Soc.Lond. A, 1998,454:899-995.
[104]. Huang N E, Shen Z, Long S R, et al. A new view of nonlinear water waves:the Hilbert spectrum[J]. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.,1999,31:417-457.
[105].李庆斌,邓宗才,张立翔.考虑初始弹模变化的混凝土动力损伤本构模型[J].清华大学学报,2003,43(8)：1088-1091.
[106].李庆斌,张楚汉,王光纶.单轴状态下混凝土的动力损伤本构模型[J].水利学报,1994,(12)：55-60.
[107]. Li Qingbin, Zhang Chuhan, Wang Guanglun. Dynamic damage constitutive model of concrete in uniaxial tension. Eng. Fract. Mech.,1996,53(3):449-455.
[108]. Jaw-Nan Wang. Seismic design of tunnels-a simple state of the art design approach[M]. Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.,1993.
[109].王峥峥,高波,索然绪.双洞隧道洞口段抗减震振动台试验[J].中国公路学报,2009,22(2)：71-76.
[110].申玉生,高波,王峥峥.强震区山岭隧道振动台模型试验破坏形态分析[J].工程力学,2009,26(Suppl.1):71-76.
[111].孙铁成,高波,王峥峥.双洞隧道洞口段抗减震模型试验研究.岩土力学.2009,30(7)：2021-2026.
[112].中华人民共和国行业标准.建筑抗震试验方法规程(JGJ 101-96).中国建筑工业出版社,1997.
[2].钱七虎,何川,晏启祥.隧道工程动力响应特性与汶川地震隧道震害分析及启示[C].汶川大地震工程震害调查分析与研究,2009：608-618.
[3].汶川大地震一周年大事记,网址:http://www.chinanews.com. cn.
[4].中国地震信息网,网址:http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/index080512.htm.
[5]. WANG Zhengzheng, GAO Bo, JIANG Yuanjun, YUAN Song. Investigation and assessment on mountain tunnels and geotechnical damage after the Wenchuan earthquake. Science in China Series E:Technological Sciences.2009,52(2):546-558.
[6].高波,王峥峥,袁松,申玉生.汶川地震公路隧道震害启示[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(3)：336-341.
[7].李海清.隧道工程震害处治对策[C].汶川大地震与四川公路隧道建设研讨会.四川省公路学会隧道专业委员会,2008.
[8]. Youssef M.A. Hashash, Jeffrey J.Hook, el al. Seismic design and analysis of underground structures [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2001,16:247-293.
[9]. Jan-Nan Wang. Seismic Design of Tunnels:A Simple State-of-the-art Design Approach, Monogragh 7. Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas Inc. New York,1993.
[10].Rowe, Robert. Tunnelling in seismic zones[J]. Tunnels and Tunnelling,1992,24:41-44.
[11].Dowding C.H., Rozen A.. Damge to rock tunnels from earthquake shaking[J]. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,1978,104(1):175-191.
[12].Sharma S., Judd W.R.. Underground opening damage from earthquakes[J]. Engineering Geology,1991,30(1):263-276.
[13].林皋.地下结构抗震分析综述(上)[J].世界地震工程,1990,6(2)：1-9.
[14].林皋.地下结构抗震分析综述(下)[J].世界地震工程,1990,6(3)：1-10.
[15].潘昌实.隧道地震灾害综述[J].隧道及地下工程,1990,11(2)：1-9.
[16].郑永来.杨林德.李文艺等.地下结构抗震[M].同济大学出版社,2005.
[17]. ASCE. Earthquake damage evalutation and design considerations for underground structures. ASCE,1974.
[18].JSCE. Earthquake resistant design for civil engineering structures in Japan. JSCE,1988.
[19].Duke C.H., Leeds D.J. Effect of Earthquake on tunnels:paper presented at the RAND
second protective construction symposium[C].1959,24-26.
[20]. Stevens P.R. A review of the effects of earthquakes on underground mines. United States Geological survey Open Files Report[R].1977,77-313.
[21]. Owen G.N., Scholl R.E. Earthquake engineering of large underground structures [R].1981.
[22].Power M., Rosidi D., Kaneshiro J. Seismic vulnerability of tunnels-revisited[C]. Proceedings of the north American tunnelling conference. Elsevier,1998.
[23].李天斌.汶川特大地震中山岭隧道变形破坏特征及影响因素分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6)：742-750.
[24].潘昌实.隧道及地下结构物抗震问题的研究概况[J].世界隧道,1996,5：7-16
[25].Toshihiro Asakora, Damage to Mountain Tunnels in Hazard Area-Special Issue of Soils and Foundation, Japanese Geotechnical Society.1996:301-310.
[26].Hiroomi Iida. Damage to Daikai Subway Station-Special Issue of Soils and Foundation. Japanese Geotechnical Society.1996:283-300.
[27].W.L. Wang, T.T. Wang, J.J. Su, et al. Assessment of damage in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2001,16(1): 133-150.
[28].Okamoto S. Behavor of submerged tunnels during earthquake[C]. Proceedings of the 5th WCEE,1973:544-553.
[29].徐志英,施善云.土与地下结构动力相互作用的大型振动台试验与计算[J].岩土工程学报,1993,15(4)：1-7.
[30].铁道部第二勘测设计院,西南交通大学.南昆铁路8、9度地震区隧道洞口及浅埋大跨段新结构设计试验研究[R].1996.
[31].史常青.浅埋明挖地下铁道车站结构的抗震性能研究[D].西南交通大学,1996.
[32].周德培.强震区隧道洞口段的动力特性研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1998,18(1)：124-130.
[33].季倩倩.地铁车站结构振动台模型试验研究[D].同济大学博士研究生论文,2002.
[34].杨林德,季倩倩,郑永来等.软土地铁车站结构的振动台模型试验[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(1)：7-11.
[35].宫必宁,赵大鹏.地下结构与土动力相互作用试验研究[D].三峡大学学报,2002(6)：492-496.
[36].庄海洋.土-地下结构非线性动力相互作用及其大型振动台试验研究[D],南京工业大学
博士论文,2006.
[37].陈国兴,庄海洋,杜修力等.土-地铁车站结构动力相互作用大型振动台模型试验研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2007,27(2)：171-176.
[38].付鹏程.地铁地下结构震动变形的实用评价方法研究[D].清华大学硕士学位论文.2004.
[39].Navarro S. Simplified longitudinal seismic analysis of buried tunnels. Software for engineering worstrations.1998,4:3-9.
[40].Gil L.M., Hernandez E., Fuente P.D. Simplified transverse seismic analysis of buried structures. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.2001,21:735-740.
[41].杜荣强.混凝土静动弹塑性损伤模型及在大坝分析中的应用[D].大连理工大学博士学位论文,2006.
[42].廖振鹏.工程波动理论导论(第二版)[M].北京,科学出版社,2002.
[43].赵密.粘弹性人工边界及其与透射人工边界的比较研究[D].北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[44].Beskos D.E. Boundary element methods in dynamic analysis[J]. Applied Mechanics Review, 1987,40:1-23.
[45].Givoli D. Numerical methods for problems in infinite domains[M]. Elsevier,1992.
[46].J. Lysmer, R.L. Kulemeyer. Finite dynamic model for infinite mediea[J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics Division,1969,95(4):492-503.
[47].A.J. Deeks, M.F. Randolph. Axisymmetric time-domain transmitting boundaries [J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1994,120(1):25-42.
[48].刘晶波,吕彦东.结构-地基动力相互作用问题分析的一种直接方法[J].土木工程学报,1998,31(3)：55-64.
[49].Liao Zhenpeng, Yang Baipo, Yuan Yifan. Feedback effects of low-rise building on vertical earthquake ground motion and application of trasmitting boundaries for transient wave analysis[R]. Institute of Engineering Mechanics,1978.
[50].廖振鹏,黄孔亮,杨柏坡等.暂态波透射边界[J].中国科学A辑,1984,27(6)：556-564.
[51].王明年.高地震区地下结构减震技术原理的研究[D].西南交通大学博士研究生论文,1999.
[52].Shahidi A.R.,Vafaeian M.. Analysis of longitudinal profile of the tunnels in the active faulted zone and designing the flexible lining (for Koohrang-Ⅲ tunnel)[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2005,20:213-221.
[53].Russo M., Germani G., Amberg W. Design and construction of large tunnel through active faults:a recentapplication[C]. InternationalConference of Tunnelling & Underground Space Use. Istanbul, Turkey,2002.
[54].蒋树屏,李鹏,林志.穿越活动断层区隧道的抗断设计对策[J].重庆交通大学学报(自然科学版),2008,27(6)：1034-1036.
[55].Caulfield J.R.,Kieffer S.D.,Tsztoo D.F., et al. Seismic design measures for the retrofit of the Claremont[C]. RETC Proceeings. Calif., USA,2005.
[56].梁文灏,李国良.乌鞘岭特长隧道方案设计[J].现代隧道技术,2004,41(2)：1-7.
[57].刘惠珊,张在明.地震区的场地与地基基础[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1994.
[58].胡聿贤.地震工程学(第二版)[M],地震出版社,2004.
[59].谢和平.岩石混凝土损伤力学[M].中国矿业大学出版社,1990.
[60].Bazant Z.P., Cedolin L. Stability of structures:elastic, inelastic, fracture and damage theories[M], Oxford University Press,1991.
[61].沈新普,鲍文博,沈国晓.混凝土断裂与损伤[M].冶金出版社,2004.
[62].林皋,闫东明,肖诗云等.应变速率对混凝土特性及工程结构地震响应的影响[J].土木工程学报,2005,38(11)：1-8.
[63].Cruz S.J., Barros J., Azevedo A. Elasto-plastic multi-fixed smeared crack model for concrete[J]. Universidade do Porto,2004.
[64].Krajcinovic D. Damage mechanics:accomplishments, trends and nees[J]. Int J Solids Struct., 2000,37:267-277.
[65].Nard H Le, Bailly P. Dynamic behavior of concrete:the structural effects on compressive strength increase[J]. Mech. Cohens-Frict. Mater.,2000,5:491-510.
[66].谢和平,陈至达.岩石的连续损伤力学模型探讨[J].煤炭学报,1988,(1)：33-42.
[67].杨延毅,周维垣.混凝土、岩石类损伤材料宏观断裂模型及应用.工程力学,1991,8(4)：20-32.
[68].凌建明,孙钧.脆性岩石的细观裂纹损伤及其时效特征[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1993,12(4)：304-312.
[69].陈良森,李长春.关于岩石的本构关系[J].力学进展,1992,22(2)：173-181.
[70].李彬.地铁地下结构抗震理论分析与应用研究[D].清华大学博士学位论文,2005.
[71].张广洋.“5.12”汶川大地震与都汶公路隧道震害[C].汶川大地震与四川公路隧道建设研讨会.成都：四川省公路学会隧道专业委员会,2008.
[72].四川省交通厅公路规划勘察设计研究院.国道317、213线都江堰至汶川公路高速路段地震灾后恢复重建方案设计汇报材料[R].成都：四川省交通厅公路规划勘察设计研究院.2008.
[73].四川省交通厅交通勘察设计研究院.G213映秀至汶川段老路调查、检测、评估、设计报告[R].成都：四川省交通厅交通勘察设计研究院2008.
[74].朱长安.断层破碎带隧道地震动力响应分析[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[75].中华人民共和国行业标准.公路工程抗震设计规范(JTJ 044-89).中国建筑工业出版社,1989.
[76].中华人民共和国国家标准.铁路工程抗震设计规范(GB 50111-2006).中国计划出版社,2006.
[77].中华人民共和国国家标准.地铁设计规范(GB 50157-2003).中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[78].中华人民共和国行业标准.水工建筑物抗震设计规范(DL 5073-2000).中国电力出版社,2001.
[79].中华人民共和国行业标准.核电厂抗震设计规范(GB50267—97).中国建筑工业出版社,1997.
[80].中华人民共和国国家标准.建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011-2001)(2008年版).中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[81].施仲衡.王元湘.关于地铁工程抗震设计的若干问题.北京市城建设计研究院,2002.
[82].燕柳斌.结构与岩土介质相互作用分析方法及其应用[D].广西大学博士学位论文,2004.
[83].雷晓燕.岩土工程数值计算[M],北京：中国铁道出版社,1999.
[84].P.Bettess,Infinite elements[J],int.J.Num.Meth.Eng.1997,11,53-64
[85].赵崇斌,张楚汉,张光斗.映射动力无穷元及其特性研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1987,7(3)：1-13.
[86].赵崇斌,张楚汉,张光斗.地基无限域的动力模拟——有限元与无穷元耦合模型[J].水利学报,1990,6：20-27.
[87].Zhao Chong-bing, Zhang Chu-han, Zhang Guang-dou. Analysis of 3D foundation wave problems by mapped dynamic infinite elements[J]. Science in China(Series A),1989,32(4): 479-491.
[88].朱伯芳.有限单元法原理与应用[M].中国水利水电出版社,2004.
[89].王勖成,邵敏.有限元法基本原理和数值方法(第二版).清华大学出版社,1997.
[90].张伯艳,陈厚群.无穷元刚度矩阵及其数值积分[J].地震工程与工程振动,1992,12(3)：92-99.
[91].潘昌实.隧道力学数值方法[M].中国铁道出版社,1995.
[92].朱以文,蔡元奇,徐晗.ABAQUS与岩土工程分析[M],中国图书出版社,2005.
[93].ABAQUS User's Manual[Z], Hibbit, Karlsson and Scorensen, Inc.,2004.
[94].徐芝纶.弹性力学(第四版)[M].高等教育出版社,2008.
[95].阿肯巴赫.弹性固体中波的传播[M].同济大学出版社,1992.
[96].A.C.艾龙根,E.S.舒胡华.弹性动力学[M].石油工业出版社,1984.
[97].《四川地震资料汇编》编辑组.四川地震资料汇编[M].人民出版社,1980.
[98].《中国岩石圈动力学地图集》编委会.中国岩石圈动力学概论[M].地震出版社,1991.
[99].徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽等.川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型[J].地震地质,2005,27(3)：446～461.
[100].滕吉文,白登海,杨辉等.2008汶川Ms8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(5)：1385-1442.
[101].王海波,李德玉.拱坝抗震设计理论与实践[M].中国水利水电出版社,2006.
[102].肖明葵,刘纲,白绍良.基于能量反应的地震动输入选择方法讨论[J].世界地震工程,2006,22(3)：89-94.
[103]. Huang N E, Shen Z, Long SR, et al. The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis[J]. Proc. Roy. Soc.Lond. A, 1998,454:899-995.
[104]. Huang N E, Shen Z, Long S R, et al. A new view of nonlinear water waves:the Hilbert spectrum[J]. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.,1999,31:417-457.
[105].李庆斌,邓宗才,张立翔.考虑初始弹模变化的混凝土动力损伤本构模型[J].清华大学学报,2003,43(8)：1088-1091.
[106].李庆斌,张楚汉,王光纶.单轴状态下混凝土的动力损伤本构模型[J].水利学报,1994,(12)：55-60.
[107]. Li Qingbin, Zhang Chuhan, Wang Guanglun. Dynamic damage constitutive model of concrete in uniaxial tension. Eng. Fract. Mech.,1996,53(3):449-455.
[108]. Jaw-Nan Wang. Seismic design of tunnels-a simple state of the art design approach[M]. Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.,1993.
[109].王峥峥,高波,索然绪.双洞隧道洞口段抗减震振动台试验[J].中国公路学报,2009,22(2)：71-76.
[110].申玉生,高波,王峥峥.强震区山岭隧道振动台模型试验破坏形态分析[J].工程力学,2009,26(Suppl.1):71-76.
[111].孙铁成,高波,王峥峥.双洞隧道洞口段抗减震模型试验研究.岩土力学.2009,30(7)：2021-2026.
[112].中华人民共和国行业标准.建筑抗震试验方法规程(JGJ 101-96).中国建筑工业出版社,1997.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |