基于遥感的煤矿区植被净初级生产力变化的监测与评价
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摘要
矿产资源开采对国民经济发展具有不可替代作用,然而资源开采促进社会经济发展的同时,对矿区的生态环境造成破坏,威胁到矿区生态安全和社会的可持续发展。本文结合多学科的理论知识,综合运用“3S”技术和实验方法,通过定性与定量相结合、数值模拟与实验分析相结合、一般理论与案例实证相结合、比较分析与归纳总结相结合等多种方法,通过引入植被净初级生产力来对矿区生态扰动进行监测与评价研究。
首先,从矿区生态系统扰动因素、扰动特征、扰动形式,分析矿区生态系统扰动的表观现象。以徐州九里矿区为例,从矿区生态系统扰动机理、扰动因素、扰动程度评价、扰动的生态响应特征等四个方面分析矿区生态系统的生物因子、非生物因子、景观生态因子对采动的响应机理。
其次,根据矿区生态扰动监测的目标、内容,将植被净初级生产力(NPP)作为矿区生态扰动监测的指标,对其可行性和合理性进行分析。基于遥感和植物生理生态的原理,提出小区域范围NPP测算的遥感模型----改进的CASA模型,模型改进体现在三个方面:(1)通过遥感数据与实验数据相结合,建立FPAR与植被盖度f的反演模型,进而对植被所吸收的光合有效辐射参数进行了改进;(2)NDVI是模型中的关键参数,提出采用频度图来确定NDVI参数,提高其测算精度。(3)提高基础数据的精度。采用空间分辨率为30m的遥感影像,不同土地覆被类型采用不同的最大光能利用率,提高土地覆盖分类精度。
然后,建立基于NPP的矿区生态扰动监测与评价体系,采用实验技术、RS技术、GIS技术来提取矿区生态扰动的生态信息,通过改进的CASA模型来评价矿区NPP,模型验证合理,结果表明:(1)矿区不同年际NPP的时空变化:1987年到2008年间,NPP的平均值在不断减小,NPP变化的峰值比例逐渐减小,峰值范围逐渐增大,变化趋势趋于平缓,说明采矿扰动程度对植被生产力变化的影响逐渐增大。从空间分布来看,生态破坏区内NPP的平均变化量2.752 gCm-2month-1到4.752 gCm-2month-1,生态影响区NPP的平均变化范围为0.152 gCm-2month-1到0.352 gCm-2month-1之间,生态破坏区NPP的变化大于生态影响区。(2)不同土地覆盖类型NPP的变化:在1987年到2008年间,矿区NPP不断减小,平均NPP减小量为5.531 gCmonth-1,其中耕地和林地减小量最大,耕地减小6.785 gCmonth-1,林地减小10.056 gCmonth-1,是导致NPP降低的最直接原因,其NPP的变化趋势与采矿导致土地覆盖面积变化的趋势一致。(3)不同类型矿井NPP的变化:随着矿井生产规模的扩大,对矿区周边的生态破坏程度越来越大,NPP降低量越来越大。矿井的建设投产期NPP开始降低,稳产高产期NPP降低量最大,衰退期NPP降低幅度开始减小并NPP有增加的趋势。(4)矿区NPP变化的影响因素分析:在矿区采矿活动是导致矿区NPP变化的主要因素,NPP变化对采矿活动很敏感,气候变化对NPP的影响范围长度为0.1105 gCm-2month-1-3.3325 gCm-2month-1,采矿活动对NPP的影响范围长度为90.5253 gCm-2month-1-107.8915 gCm-2month-1。(5)矿区NPP变化的影响因素相对作用分析:采矿活动和气候变化共同作用影响矿区NPP的变化,气候变化推动NPP是向正方向发展,采矿活动推动NPP向负方向发展。随着采矿活动逐渐增强,采矿活动对NPP推动变成主导因素,其推动NPP向负方向发展的比例在增大。
最后,提出建立基于NPP矿区生态扰动监测与评价系统,并提出该生态扰动监测系统的应用和建议。
Mineral resources exploitation plays an irreplaceable role in national economic development, however it also causes severe damage to mine ecosystem and eco-environment threat to ecological security, economic development and social progress. The multi-disciplinary theoretical knowledges are introduced into this study which is to monitor and evaluat ecological disturbances in mining area based on the indicator of Net Primary Productivity .
Firstly, the dissertation analyzed the phenomena of mining ecosystem disturbance from its influencing factors, characteristics, forms. It took Jiuli mining area of Xuzhou as an example and analyzed the response mechanism of biological factors, abiotic factors, landscape factors of mining ecosystem disturbance from the following four aspects: the mechanism, factors, evaluation, response characteristics of mining ecosystem disturbance.
Secondly, according to the objective and content of mining ecosystem disturbance monitoring, it analyzed the practicability and rationality of taking NPP as the index of mine ecosystem disturbance monitoring. Based on RS and physiological ecology, it established the model of NPP in mining area--an advanced CASA model. The model was improved in the following three aspects: (1) Through the combination of RS data and experimental data, it established inverse model of FPAR and vegetation coverage f to ameliorate effective radiation parameter of photosynthesis absorbed by plant; (2) It proposed a determination method of NDVI parameter by frequency diagram to improve the estimation precision since NDVI is the key parameter of the model; (3) It improved the precision of the basic data. Image spatial resolution was 30m,and the maximum light utilization efficiency was improved by the different land cover type and numeric,so the precision of the land cover classification was improved..
Thirdly, it established the evaluation system of mine ecosystem disturbance monitoring based on NPP, adopted the traditional monitoring technology, RS and GIS to get ecological information of mining ecological disturbances, adopted ameliorated CASA model to evaluate NPP in mining area. The model was reasonable after verification. The evaluation analysis indicated: (1) According to the analysis of NPP temporal and spatial variation in different years to the studied area, the simulation value of NPP decreased continuously from 1987 to 2008. The peak proportion of NPP variation decreased gradually, and the range of peak increased gradually and the variation trend became gentle. It meant that mining had much more influence on vegetation productivity. The average variable quantity of NPP in the ecological damage area is from 2.752 gCm-2month-1 to 4.752 gCm-2month-1.The average variable quantity of NPP in the ecological influencing area is from 0.152 gCm-2month-1 to 0.352 gCm-2month-1.The average variable quantity in the ecological damage area was greater than the ecological influence area; (2) The analysis of NPP variation in different land cover type indicated that NPP in mining area decreased continuously from 1987 to 2008, and the average decreasing amount of NPP was 5.531 gCmonth-1, and the decreasing amount of farmland and woodland was the greatest. The farmland decreased 6.785 gCmonth-1, and the woodland decreased 10.056 gCmonth-1. It was the most direct reason that led NPP decreased. The variation trend of NPP was consistent with land cover area variation; (3) The analysis of NPP variation in different mining area type indicated that along with the plant capacity expansion of mining area the bigger decreasing amount of NPP was, the worse the ecological destructiveness around the mining area was. NPP began to decrease in the construction period of mine ,and then NPP reduced markedly in the high stable production period of mine,and subsequently NPP had the increasing trend during the decay period of mine. (4) The variation analysis of influencing factors indicated that NPP variation in mining area was dominated by the mining activities, and NPP was sensitive to the mining activities. The influencing range of NPP by the climatic change was from 0.1105 gCm-2month-1 to 3.3325 gCm-2month-1, and the influencing range of NPP by mining activities was from 90.5253 gCm-2month-1 to 107.8915 gCm-2month-1; (5) The interaction analysis of factors affecting NPP indicated that the climate change and the mining activities interacted on the variation of NPP, and the climate change pushed NPP to forward direction and the mining activities pushed NPP to negative direction. Along with the enhancement of mining activities, the mining activities became the leading factor that influenced NPP and the ratio of negative direction increased.
Finally the dissertation developed a mining ecological disturbance monitoring system based on NPP and presented its application and suggestions.
首先,从矿区生态系统扰动因素、扰动特征、扰动形式,分析矿区生态系统扰动的表观现象。以徐州九里矿区为例,从矿区生态系统扰动机理、扰动因素、扰动程度评价、扰动的生态响应特征等四个方面分析矿区生态系统的生物因子、非生物因子、景观生态因子对采动的响应机理。
其次,根据矿区生态扰动监测的目标、内容,将植被净初级生产力(NPP)作为矿区生态扰动监测的指标,对其可行性和合理性进行分析。基于遥感和植物生理生态的原理,提出小区域范围NPP测算的遥感模型----改进的CASA模型,模型改进体现在三个方面:(1)通过遥感数据与实验数据相结合,建立FPAR与植被盖度f的反演模型,进而对植被所吸收的光合有效辐射参数进行了改进;(2)NDVI是模型中的关键参数,提出采用频度图来确定NDVI参数,提高其测算精度。(3)提高基础数据的精度。采用空间分辨率为30m的遥感影像,不同土地覆被类型采用不同的最大光能利用率,提高土地覆盖分类精度。
然后,建立基于NPP的矿区生态扰动监测与评价体系,采用实验技术、RS技术、GIS技术来提取矿区生态扰动的生态信息,通过改进的CASA模型来评价矿区NPP,模型验证合理,结果表明:(1)矿区不同年际NPP的时空变化:1987年到2008年间,NPP的平均值在不断减小,NPP变化的峰值比例逐渐减小,峰值范围逐渐增大,变化趋势趋于平缓,说明采矿扰动程度对植被生产力变化的影响逐渐增大。从空间分布来看,生态破坏区内NPP的平均变化量2.752 gCm-2month-1到4.752 gCm-2month-1,生态影响区NPP的平均变化范围为0.152 gCm-2month-1到0.352 gCm-2month-1之间,生态破坏区NPP的变化大于生态影响区。(2)不同土地覆盖类型NPP的变化:在1987年到2008年间,矿区NPP不断减小,平均NPP减小量为5.531 gCmonth-1,其中耕地和林地减小量最大,耕地减小6.785 gCmonth-1,林地减小10.056 gCmonth-1,是导致NPP降低的最直接原因,其NPP的变化趋势与采矿导致土地覆盖面积变化的趋势一致。(3)不同类型矿井NPP的变化:随着矿井生产规模的扩大,对矿区周边的生态破坏程度越来越大,NPP降低量越来越大。矿井的建设投产期NPP开始降低,稳产高产期NPP降低量最大,衰退期NPP降低幅度开始减小并NPP有增加的趋势。(4)矿区NPP变化的影响因素分析:在矿区采矿活动是导致矿区NPP变化的主要因素,NPP变化对采矿活动很敏感,气候变化对NPP的影响范围长度为0.1105 gCm-2month-1-3.3325 gCm-2month-1,采矿活动对NPP的影响范围长度为90.5253 gCm-2month-1-107.8915 gCm-2month-1。(5)矿区NPP变化的影响因素相对作用分析:采矿活动和气候变化共同作用影响矿区NPP的变化,气候变化推动NPP是向正方向发展,采矿活动推动NPP向负方向发展。随着采矿活动逐渐增强,采矿活动对NPP推动变成主导因素,其推动NPP向负方向发展的比例在增大。
最后,提出建立基于NPP矿区生态扰动监测与评价系统,并提出该生态扰动监测系统的应用和建议。
Mineral resources exploitation plays an irreplaceable role in national economic development, however it also causes severe damage to mine ecosystem and eco-environment threat to ecological security, economic development and social progress. The multi-disciplinary theoretical knowledges are introduced into this study which is to monitor and evaluat ecological disturbances in mining area based on the indicator of Net Primary Productivity .
Firstly, the dissertation analyzed the phenomena of mining ecosystem disturbance from its influencing factors, characteristics, forms. It took Jiuli mining area of Xuzhou as an example and analyzed the response mechanism of biological factors, abiotic factors, landscape factors of mining ecosystem disturbance from the following four aspects: the mechanism, factors, evaluation, response characteristics of mining ecosystem disturbance.
Secondly, according to the objective and content of mining ecosystem disturbance monitoring, it analyzed the practicability and rationality of taking NPP as the index of mine ecosystem disturbance monitoring. Based on RS and physiological ecology, it established the model of NPP in mining area--an advanced CASA model. The model was improved in the following three aspects: (1) Through the combination of RS data and experimental data, it established inverse model of FPAR and vegetation coverage f to ameliorate effective radiation parameter of photosynthesis absorbed by plant; (2) It proposed a determination method of NDVI parameter by frequency diagram to improve the estimation precision since NDVI is the key parameter of the model; (3) It improved the precision of the basic data. Image spatial resolution was 30m,and the maximum light utilization efficiency was improved by the different land cover type and numeric,so the precision of the land cover classification was improved..
Thirdly, it established the evaluation system of mine ecosystem disturbance monitoring based on NPP, adopted the traditional monitoring technology, RS and GIS to get ecological information of mining ecological disturbances, adopted ameliorated CASA model to evaluate NPP in mining area. The model was reasonable after verification. The evaluation analysis indicated: (1) According to the analysis of NPP temporal and spatial variation in different years to the studied area, the simulation value of NPP decreased continuously from 1987 to 2008. The peak proportion of NPP variation decreased gradually, and the range of peak increased gradually and the variation trend became gentle. It meant that mining had much more influence on vegetation productivity. The average variable quantity of NPP in the ecological damage area is from 2.752 gCm-2month-1 to 4.752 gCm-2month-1.The average variable quantity of NPP in the ecological influencing area is from 0.152 gCm-2month-1 to 0.352 gCm-2month-1.The average variable quantity in the ecological damage area was greater than the ecological influence area; (2) The analysis of NPP variation in different land cover type indicated that NPP in mining area decreased continuously from 1987 to 2008, and the average decreasing amount of NPP was 5.531 gCmonth-1, and the decreasing amount of farmland and woodland was the greatest. The farmland decreased 6.785 gCmonth-1, and the woodland decreased 10.056 gCmonth-1. It was the most direct reason that led NPP decreased. The variation trend of NPP was consistent with land cover area variation; (3) The analysis of NPP variation in different mining area type indicated that along with the plant capacity expansion of mining area the bigger decreasing amount of NPP was, the worse the ecological destructiveness around the mining area was. NPP began to decrease in the construction period of mine ,and then NPP reduced markedly in the high stable production period of mine,and subsequently NPP had the increasing trend during the decay period of mine. (4) The variation analysis of influencing factors indicated that NPP variation in mining area was dominated by the mining activities, and NPP was sensitive to the mining activities. The influencing range of NPP by the climatic change was from 0.1105 gCm-2month-1 to 3.3325 gCm-2month-1, and the influencing range of NPP by mining activities was from 90.5253 gCm-2month-1 to 107.8915 gCm-2month-1; (5) The interaction analysis of factors affecting NPP indicated that the climate change and the mining activities interacted on the variation of NPP, and the climate change pushed NPP to forward direction and the mining activities pushed NPP to negative direction. Along with the enhancement of mining activities, the mining activities became the leading factor that influenced NPP and the ratio of negative direction increased.
Finally the dissertation developed a mining ecological disturbance monitoring system based on NPP and presented its application and suggestions.
引文
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