团队协同的知识工作效率影响因素及效率评价研究
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摘要
以计算机和网络为代表的信息技术以及各种高新技术的高速发展,将人类社会带入知识经济时代。不同的企业通过建立伙伴关系,整合各自的核心能力,才能最大限度地提高产品与服务的竞争力。为了构建现代企业组织的核心竞争能力,企业组织随着企业的经营环境、企业能力和企业发展战略的变化而发生变化。在企业组织的内外动力作用下,企业组织发生变革,扁平化,网络化以及团队等组织结构形式提高了企业组织的反应能力,降低了决策代理成本,信息技术的发展使“跨经济领域”的团队得到更为广泛的应用。以脑力劳动为主的团队协同的知识工作成为主要的工作方式,这类工作没有—套固定的程序,工作过程具有时间的不连续性和过程的不确定性,与传统的工作方式相比有根本性的差别。如何提高和度量团队协同的知识工作效率成为现今组织必须解决的问题。针对这一问题,本文深入探讨了团队协同的知识工作效率的影响因素,构建了完整的效率评价指标体系和效率评价模型。本文的主要研究内容及结论如下:
1、本文在理论上对团队协同的知识工作及其效率进行了研究。包括知识工作内涵、工作内容、工作过程以及其效率的内涵及特征。知识工作的内涵表明知识工作主体必须具备一定知识、技术,生产工具一般为技术,知识,其工作形式以群体协同为主,并且得到以信息为特征的产出。通过对知识工作团队的工作特征的研究,映射出:1)知识工作团队中个人的效率难以评价;2)对个人的工作效率评价方法已不能运用于知识工作团队评价体制中。同时,本文研究还发现新时代的“效率”内涵发生巨大变化,认为团队协同知识工作效率体现了知识工作团队投入的时间、人力、财力、协同力等与任务达成率、成员满意程度和团队存活力之间的关系。
2、本文研究得到了影响团队协同知识工作效率的关键因素。基于对国内外理论文献的研究,构建了“影响因素--过程--知识工作团队效率”的模型,通过探索性实验、走访、调查等实验手段形成了“知识工作团队效率的影响因素”量表,研究了三者之间相互的关系,将影响团队协同知识工作效率的因素归纳为六个方面,即团队构成、团队结构、管理因素、环境因素、知识作用、团队过程。并通过相关性分析和检验确定了影响团队协同知识工作效率的关键因素。同时由此模型分析得出,各个层面的关键影响因素,都是通过团队过程因素来影响团队的最终效率。
3、运用结构方程模型建模(SEM)方法,研究各因素对团队协同知识工作效率的影响路径。利用Amos结构方程模型分析软件,通过多次拟合最终得到符合标准的模型34条影响路径图,该模型显示了个体差异性、成员认知能力、成员角色、任务结构、团队规范、团队文化、激励因素、环境因素八个方面的关键影响因子通过过程对知识工作团队效率影响的显著路径,并刻画了最终路径图及其影响效应值,根据最终路径图及其影响效应值,可以有效的找到改善知识工作团队效率的最佳途径,为在实践中改善团队协同知识工作效率提供了理论依据。
4、构建了团队协同知识工作效率的模糊DEA模型和评价指标体系。从知识工作团队的投入和产出两方面着手,建立了以时间、人力、财力、固定投入以及团队协同力投入为投入指标,以任务达成率、团队成员个人满意程度、团队存活力为产出指标的团队协同的知识工作团队效率评价指标体系。通过引入模糊集理论,将知识工作团队效率评价中难以精确表达的模糊性指标处理成适当的模糊集合,采用基于截集的方法来求解模糊DEA模型,对该评价模型进行了算例研究和分析。以20个设计型知识工作团队为例利用该模型进行效率评价,并对团队协同的知识工作效率影响因素进行了验证分析。
本文对团队协同的的知识工作效率影响因素及效率评价问题进行了探索性研究,取得了有意义的研究成果和结论。虽然还有很多问题仍然需要深入研究,但这对于深化团队协同知识工作效率研究,丰富团队协同的知识工作和效率评价理论能够起到积极的促进作用,并对企业的管理和发展有着一定的指导意义。
The speedy development of high and new technologies such as IT brings us into the age of knowledge economy. Partnership between firms can integrate core competence and greatly increase the competitive strength. Firms structure change according to their environment, their abilities and their strategies. Some new types of organizations like flat organization, network organization and teamwork can react quickly and decrease agent costs. And the cross-cutting teamwork can be better applied with information technologies. In knowledge economy, the knowledge work of team collaboration featured as brainwork is becoming popular. Such work is totally different from traditional work because it has no fixed procedure, and is discontinue in time and uncertain in process. How to effectively evaluate the efficiency of knowledge team is a key problem that firms must resolve. Aimed at this problem, this paper deeply discussed the factors that influence the efficiency of knowledge work, and construct a complete efficiency evaluation index system and a model of efficiency evaluation. The contents and main results of this research are as follows.
1、The knowledge work and its efficiency of team collaboration were discussed theoretically. We discussed the connotations, contents, and process of knowledge work and the connotations and the character of the efficiency. The characters of knowledge work team mean that: the personal efficiency is hard to evaluate in knowledge work team; and the traditional evaluation methods can not be used to evaluate knowledge work team. At the same time, this paper found out that the connotation of efficiency in the new age embodies the relationship between the resources used in knowledge teamwork and task accomplishment, members’satisfaction and team survival.
2、This paper obtained the key factors that may influence the knowledge work efficiency in team collaboration. Based on the literature review, the model of influential factor-process-knowledge teamwork efficiency was identified, and by explorative observation experiments and interviews, the influential factor scale of knowledge teamwork efficiency was shaped. There are six types of factors that influence the knowledge work efficiency: team composition, team process, team structure, team knowledge effect, team management, environments and so on. All the key factors were identified by correlation analysis and all the factors work through team process.
3、SEM was applied to analyze the paths through which all the factors influence knowledge work efficiency. 34 paths were got with Amos and they showed that personal varieties, cognitive competences, team member roles, task structures, team criteria, team culture, motivations, and environments can influence knowledge teamwork efficiency through the process. According to the path diagram, the best way to amend knowledge teamwork efficiency can be quickly found. All the above brought forward the theoretic bases to the improvement of teamwork cooperation in practice.
4、The fuzzy DEA evaluation index system for knowledge work efficiency of team collaboration was obtained. Input indices were identified as time, human, money, fixed input, and team collaboration; and output indices were identified as task accomplishment, members’satisfaction and team survival. Based on the fuzzy set theory, the blur indices were managed into fuzzy set, and DEA model was solved by cut set. With 20 knowledge teamwork as one example, the model was used to evaluate their efficiencies, and the influential factors were tested too.
The explosive research of the influential factors and the evaluation model of the knowledge work efficiency of team collaboration acquired some meaningful results. Although there are some problems to dig into, such a research can positively improve theories on knowledge work of team collaboration, and can guide firms to better develop as well.
1、本文在理论上对团队协同的知识工作及其效率进行了研究。包括知识工作内涵、工作内容、工作过程以及其效率的内涵及特征。知识工作的内涵表明知识工作主体必须具备一定知识、技术,生产工具一般为技术,知识,其工作形式以群体协同为主,并且得到以信息为特征的产出。通过对知识工作团队的工作特征的研究,映射出:1)知识工作团队中个人的效率难以评价;2)对个人的工作效率评价方法已不能运用于知识工作团队评价体制中。同时,本文研究还发现新时代的“效率”内涵发生巨大变化,认为团队协同知识工作效率体现了知识工作团队投入的时间、人力、财力、协同力等与任务达成率、成员满意程度和团队存活力之间的关系。
2、本文研究得到了影响团队协同知识工作效率的关键因素。基于对国内外理论文献的研究,构建了“影响因素--过程--知识工作团队效率”的模型,通过探索性实验、走访、调查等实验手段形成了“知识工作团队效率的影响因素”量表,研究了三者之间相互的关系,将影响团队协同知识工作效率的因素归纳为六个方面,即团队构成、团队结构、管理因素、环境因素、知识作用、团队过程。并通过相关性分析和检验确定了影响团队协同知识工作效率的关键因素。同时由此模型分析得出,各个层面的关键影响因素,都是通过团队过程因素来影响团队的最终效率。
3、运用结构方程模型建模(SEM)方法,研究各因素对团队协同知识工作效率的影响路径。利用Amos结构方程模型分析软件,通过多次拟合最终得到符合标准的模型34条影响路径图,该模型显示了个体差异性、成员认知能力、成员角色、任务结构、团队规范、团队文化、激励因素、环境因素八个方面的关键影响因子通过过程对知识工作团队效率影响的显著路径,并刻画了最终路径图及其影响效应值,根据最终路径图及其影响效应值,可以有效的找到改善知识工作团队效率的最佳途径,为在实践中改善团队协同知识工作效率提供了理论依据。
4、构建了团队协同知识工作效率的模糊DEA模型和评价指标体系。从知识工作团队的投入和产出两方面着手,建立了以时间、人力、财力、固定投入以及团队协同力投入为投入指标,以任务达成率、团队成员个人满意程度、团队存活力为产出指标的团队协同的知识工作团队效率评价指标体系。通过引入模糊集理论,将知识工作团队效率评价中难以精确表达的模糊性指标处理成适当的模糊集合,采用基于截集的方法来求解模糊DEA模型,对该评价模型进行了算例研究和分析。以20个设计型知识工作团队为例利用该模型进行效率评价,并对团队协同的知识工作效率影响因素进行了验证分析。
本文对团队协同的的知识工作效率影响因素及效率评价问题进行了探索性研究,取得了有意义的研究成果和结论。虽然还有很多问题仍然需要深入研究,但这对于深化团队协同知识工作效率研究,丰富团队协同的知识工作和效率评价理论能够起到积极的促进作用,并对企业的管理和发展有着一定的指导意义。
The speedy development of high and new technologies such as IT brings us into the age of knowledge economy. Partnership between firms can integrate core competence and greatly increase the competitive strength. Firms structure change according to their environment, their abilities and their strategies. Some new types of organizations like flat organization, network organization and teamwork can react quickly and decrease agent costs. And the cross-cutting teamwork can be better applied with information technologies. In knowledge economy, the knowledge work of team collaboration featured as brainwork is becoming popular. Such work is totally different from traditional work because it has no fixed procedure, and is discontinue in time and uncertain in process. How to effectively evaluate the efficiency of knowledge team is a key problem that firms must resolve. Aimed at this problem, this paper deeply discussed the factors that influence the efficiency of knowledge work, and construct a complete efficiency evaluation index system and a model of efficiency evaluation. The contents and main results of this research are as follows.
1、The knowledge work and its efficiency of team collaboration were discussed theoretically. We discussed the connotations, contents, and process of knowledge work and the connotations and the character of the efficiency. The characters of knowledge work team mean that: the personal efficiency is hard to evaluate in knowledge work team; and the traditional evaluation methods can not be used to evaluate knowledge work team. At the same time, this paper found out that the connotation of efficiency in the new age embodies the relationship between the resources used in knowledge teamwork and task accomplishment, members’satisfaction and team survival.
2、This paper obtained the key factors that may influence the knowledge work efficiency in team collaboration. Based on the literature review, the model of influential factor-process-knowledge teamwork efficiency was identified, and by explorative observation experiments and interviews, the influential factor scale of knowledge teamwork efficiency was shaped. There are six types of factors that influence the knowledge work efficiency: team composition, team process, team structure, team knowledge effect, team management, environments and so on. All the key factors were identified by correlation analysis and all the factors work through team process.
3、SEM was applied to analyze the paths through which all the factors influence knowledge work efficiency. 34 paths were got with Amos and they showed that personal varieties, cognitive competences, team member roles, task structures, team criteria, team culture, motivations, and environments can influence knowledge teamwork efficiency through the process. According to the path diagram, the best way to amend knowledge teamwork efficiency can be quickly found. All the above brought forward the theoretic bases to the improvement of teamwork cooperation in practice.
4、The fuzzy DEA evaluation index system for knowledge work efficiency of team collaboration was obtained. Input indices were identified as time, human, money, fixed input, and team collaboration; and output indices were identified as task accomplishment, members’satisfaction and team survival. Based on the fuzzy set theory, the blur indices were managed into fuzzy set, and DEA model was solved by cut set. With 20 knowledge teamwork as one example, the model was used to evaluate their efficiencies, and the influential factors were tested too.
The explosive research of the influential factors and the evaluation model of the knowledge work efficiency of team collaboration acquired some meaningful results. Although there are some problems to dig into, such a research can positively improve theories on knowledge work of team collaboration, and can guide firms to better develop as well.
引文
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