转换波三维三分量地震勘探方法技术研究
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摘要
转换波三维三分量地震勘探方法技术经过长时间的研究和探索,21世纪以来在海上油气勘探中得到广泛推广应用,见到良好的勘探效果。近几年来,随着转换波资料采集、处理、解释技术的不断完善和发展,陆上转换波勘探技术试验和工业化生产项目呈快速上升趋势,各大石油公司都投入了大量的人力、物力开展相关研究。在全球性或地区性的学术研讨会上,关于多波多分量研究的学术论文也越来越多(如San Antonio 2007 SEG年会和Las Vegas 2008 SEG年会)。由于转换波三维三分量地震勘探能够获得比纵波勘探更加丰富的岩性、裂缝和流体信息,因而有利于复杂或隐蔽油气藏的勘探。
为推动转换波3D3C地震勘探技术的工业化应用进程,在以下几个方面开展了系统研究并取得重要进展。
转换波三维三分量地震资料采集技术:以P波和C波传播特性为基础,针对P波、C波同一观测系统采集,以及方位各向异性研究必须的CMP和CCP面元属性良好分布的要求,结合勘探目标和任务,建立了先进、实用的转换波三维三分量地震资料采集参数论证和观测系统设计分析方法。提出了符合目前经济技术条件、完全满足转换波处理、储层预测、裂缝检测、含气性识别等特殊要求的转换波三维三分量地震资料采集观测系统。
转换波三维三分量地震资料处理技术:解决了转换波三维三分量资料处理的重定向、坐标旋转、去噪、静校正、地表一致性处理、速度分析、剩余静校正、叠前时间偏移处理等关键技术难题。建立了P波和C波各向同性及各向异性处理流程,能同时满足纵横波联合的储层预测、裂缝检测及含气性识别的要求。
转换波三维三分量地震资料解释技术:解决了转换波正演模拟、P波和C波标定、时间匹配、波组特征匹配、层位对比追踪技术难题。建立了全波属性概念,形成了纵横波联合的地震资料解释工作流程。
多波多分量储层预测技术:建立了纵横波叠前联合自动匹配反演、纵横波叠后同时联合反演、弹性波阻抗反演等关键技术,形成了纵横波联合的岩性识别、优质储层预测技术。
多波多分量裂缝检测技术研究:建立了多层介质各向异性介质转换波3D3C正演模拟技术,完善了P波方位各向异性AVAZ、VVAZ裂缝检测技术,建立了C波方位各向异性AVAZ裂缝检测、C波横波分裂相对时差法裂缝检测、C波横波分裂层剥离法裂缝检测技术等裂缝预测新技术。
多波多分量含气性检测技术:建立了多子波分解含气性识别、多尺度频率与吸收含气性识别、全波属性含气性识别等技术。
多波多分量综合应用方法技术:在储层基本地质特征、岩石物理特征、测井响应特征、地震响应特征研究基础上,建立了基于全波属性的川西深层致密裂缝型气藏天然气富集带综合预测和评价方法技术。
上述方法技术的研究与应用,为川西地区天然气增储上产提供了坚实的技术支撑,取得了良好的勘探开发效果,建议的新2井、新3井、新5、新8、新10、新11、新202、新301均获得高产工业气流,勘探开发成功率由前期的50%上升到89%左右,高产井由前期的不到17%上升到67%以上。
Considerable progress of methods and technologies of converted-wave 3D3C seismic exploration have been made since the twenty-first century after a very long period of intensive research and development, and it is now extensively applied in offshore oil and gas exploration. In recent years, along with continuously improving and developing of converted-wave 3D3C seismic data acquisition, data processing and interpretation techniques, the number of onshore land 3D3C exploration pilot and industrial projects has risen rapidly as well. Major oil and gas companies have invested a great amount of manpower and material resources in this area, and the number of academic papers on multi-component seismic is greatly increased in global and regional seminars, such as the SEG 2007 annual meeting in San Antonio and 2008 annual meeting in Las Vegas. As converted-wave 3D3C data often carries more information about fracture, lithology and fluid property than P-wave does, it is more desirable to use multi-component seismic including both the P-wave and C-wave to explore complicated or hidden oil and gas reservoirs.
For the sake of pushing the progress of industrial application of converted-wave 3D3C seismic technology, systematic researches have been done and significant achievements have been made in many aspects as follow.
Converted-wave 3D3C seismic data acquisition:A series of advanced and practicable 3D3C acquisition parameter design and geometry analysis method are established according to the propagation characters of converted-waves, the request of receiving P and C waves in same geometry, and the good attributes distribution of CMP and CCP bins, combining characteristic of target layer and project task. Geometry of 3D3C acquisition was proposed, which coincide with the current economic and technological conditions, and satisfies completely the particular requests of converted-wave processing, reservoir prediction, cracks detection and gas-bearing recognition, etc.
Converted-wave 3D3C seismic data processing:Many data processing technical problems have been solved such as 3D3C seismic data reorientation, coordinate rotation, denoise, converted-wave statics correction, surface consistent processing, converted-wave velocity analysis, residual statics, pre-stack time migration, etc. then P-wave and C-wave isotropic and anisotropic data processing flow chart have been established, which can satisfy the needs of fracture detection, reservoir prediction and gas bearing recognition by joint using P-wave and C-wave simultaneously.
Converted-wave 3D3C seismic data interpretation:A lot of multi-component interpretation problems have been solved including converted-wave forward modeling, P wave and C wave joint calibration, time registration, frequency matching and phase correction, P-wave and C-wave horizon picking, etc. the concept of full-wave attribute has been proposed and the work flow chart of multi-component data interpretation by joint using P-wave and C-wave has been established.
Multi-component reservoir prediction: Lithology discrimination and high quality reservoir prediction techniques have been established including many key technologies like P-wave and C-wave auto-matching pre-stack joint inversion, P-wave and C-wave post-stack simultaneously joint inversion, elastic impedance inversion, etc.
Multi-component fracture detection: Including converted-wave 3D3C seismic forward modeling of multi-layer anisotropy media, AVAZ, VVAZ crack detection techniques based on P-wave azimuthal anisotropy, and new fracture detection techniques such as AVAZ based on C-wave azimuthal anisotropy, relative delta T and layer stripping based on shear wave splitting. Multi-component gas-bearing recognition: including gas-bearing recognition using wavelet decomposition, multi-scale frequency and absorption, and full-wave attributes analysis.
Multi-component integrated application methods: Methods and technologies of comprehensive prediction and evaluation of deep ultra-tight fractured reservoirs in Western Sichuan Basin have been established by using full-wave attributes, based on researches of reservoir geological character, petrophysics, logging response and seismic response.
Researches and applications of the above new seismic methods and technologies have conduced to essential contribution to the growth of gas reserves and production Western Sichuan Basin. The proposed wells such as X2, X3, X5, X8, X10, X11, X202, X301, etc. already got commercial production. As a result, the successful rate of exploration and production wells rises from the early 50% to 89%, and the high-yield well rate from the previously around 17% to over 67%.
为推动转换波3D3C地震勘探技术的工业化应用进程,在以下几个方面开展了系统研究并取得重要进展。
转换波三维三分量地震资料采集技术:以P波和C波传播特性为基础,针对P波、C波同一观测系统采集,以及方位各向异性研究必须的CMP和CCP面元属性良好分布的要求,结合勘探目标和任务,建立了先进、实用的转换波三维三分量地震资料采集参数论证和观测系统设计分析方法。提出了符合目前经济技术条件、完全满足转换波处理、储层预测、裂缝检测、含气性识别等特殊要求的转换波三维三分量地震资料采集观测系统。
转换波三维三分量地震资料处理技术:解决了转换波三维三分量资料处理的重定向、坐标旋转、去噪、静校正、地表一致性处理、速度分析、剩余静校正、叠前时间偏移处理等关键技术难题。建立了P波和C波各向同性及各向异性处理流程,能同时满足纵横波联合的储层预测、裂缝检测及含气性识别的要求。
转换波三维三分量地震资料解释技术:解决了转换波正演模拟、P波和C波标定、时间匹配、波组特征匹配、层位对比追踪技术难题。建立了全波属性概念,形成了纵横波联合的地震资料解释工作流程。
多波多分量储层预测技术:建立了纵横波叠前联合自动匹配反演、纵横波叠后同时联合反演、弹性波阻抗反演等关键技术,形成了纵横波联合的岩性识别、优质储层预测技术。
多波多分量裂缝检测技术研究:建立了多层介质各向异性介质转换波3D3C正演模拟技术,完善了P波方位各向异性AVAZ、VVAZ裂缝检测技术,建立了C波方位各向异性AVAZ裂缝检测、C波横波分裂相对时差法裂缝检测、C波横波分裂层剥离法裂缝检测技术等裂缝预测新技术。
多波多分量含气性检测技术:建立了多子波分解含气性识别、多尺度频率与吸收含气性识别、全波属性含气性识别等技术。
多波多分量综合应用方法技术:在储层基本地质特征、岩石物理特征、测井响应特征、地震响应特征研究基础上,建立了基于全波属性的川西深层致密裂缝型气藏天然气富集带综合预测和评价方法技术。
上述方法技术的研究与应用,为川西地区天然气增储上产提供了坚实的技术支撑,取得了良好的勘探开发效果,建议的新2井、新3井、新5、新8、新10、新11、新202、新301均获得高产工业气流,勘探开发成功率由前期的50%上升到89%左右,高产井由前期的不到17%上升到67%以上。
Considerable progress of methods and technologies of converted-wave 3D3C seismic exploration have been made since the twenty-first century after a very long period of intensive research and development, and it is now extensively applied in offshore oil and gas exploration. In recent years, along with continuously improving and developing of converted-wave 3D3C seismic data acquisition, data processing and interpretation techniques, the number of onshore land 3D3C exploration pilot and industrial projects has risen rapidly as well. Major oil and gas companies have invested a great amount of manpower and material resources in this area, and the number of academic papers on multi-component seismic is greatly increased in global and regional seminars, such as the SEG 2007 annual meeting in San Antonio and 2008 annual meeting in Las Vegas. As converted-wave 3D3C data often carries more information about fracture, lithology and fluid property than P-wave does, it is more desirable to use multi-component seismic including both the P-wave and C-wave to explore complicated or hidden oil and gas reservoirs.
For the sake of pushing the progress of industrial application of converted-wave 3D3C seismic technology, systematic researches have been done and significant achievements have been made in many aspects as follow.
Converted-wave 3D3C seismic data acquisition:A series of advanced and practicable 3D3C acquisition parameter design and geometry analysis method are established according to the propagation characters of converted-waves, the request of receiving P and C waves in same geometry, and the good attributes distribution of CMP and CCP bins, combining characteristic of target layer and project task. Geometry of 3D3C acquisition was proposed, which coincide with the current economic and technological conditions, and satisfies completely the particular requests of converted-wave processing, reservoir prediction, cracks detection and gas-bearing recognition, etc.
Converted-wave 3D3C seismic data processing:Many data processing technical problems have been solved such as 3D3C seismic data reorientation, coordinate rotation, denoise, converted-wave statics correction, surface consistent processing, converted-wave velocity analysis, residual statics, pre-stack time migration, etc. then P-wave and C-wave isotropic and anisotropic data processing flow chart have been established, which can satisfy the needs of fracture detection, reservoir prediction and gas bearing recognition by joint using P-wave and C-wave simultaneously.
Converted-wave 3D3C seismic data interpretation:A lot of multi-component interpretation problems have been solved including converted-wave forward modeling, P wave and C wave joint calibration, time registration, frequency matching and phase correction, P-wave and C-wave horizon picking, etc. the concept of full-wave attribute has been proposed and the work flow chart of multi-component data interpretation by joint using P-wave and C-wave has been established.
Multi-component reservoir prediction: Lithology discrimination and high quality reservoir prediction techniques have been established including many key technologies like P-wave and C-wave auto-matching pre-stack joint inversion, P-wave and C-wave post-stack simultaneously joint inversion, elastic impedance inversion, etc.
Multi-component fracture detection: Including converted-wave 3D3C seismic forward modeling of multi-layer anisotropy media, AVAZ, VVAZ crack detection techniques based on P-wave azimuthal anisotropy, and new fracture detection techniques such as AVAZ based on C-wave azimuthal anisotropy, relative delta T and layer stripping based on shear wave splitting. Multi-component gas-bearing recognition: including gas-bearing recognition using wavelet decomposition, multi-scale frequency and absorption, and full-wave attributes analysis.
Multi-component integrated application methods: Methods and technologies of comprehensive prediction and evaluation of deep ultra-tight fractured reservoirs in Western Sichuan Basin have been established by using full-wave attributes, based on researches of reservoir geological character, petrophysics, logging response and seismic response.
Researches and applications of the above new seismic methods and technologies have conduced to essential contribution to the growth of gas reserves and production Western Sichuan Basin. The proposed wells such as X2, X3, X5, X8, X10, X11, X202, X301, etc. already got commercial production. As a result, the successful rate of exploration and production wells rises from the early 50% to 89%, and the high-yield well rate from the previously around 17% to over 67%.
引文
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