经济开放与工资变动：来自中国的经验分析
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摘要
基于多国典型事实的数据分析表明,一国的收入差距与其后来的长期经济增长存在显著的负相关关系。我国《2010政府工作报告》中也指出合理的收入分配制度是社会公平正义的重要体现,明确提出了改善民生的发展思路,充分体现了国家和政府对提高居民收入水平,缩小居民收入差距的重点关注。与此同时,以国际贸易和FDI为特征的经济开放与我国各层面的工资变动表现出了较强的相关性。
有鉴于此,我们以科学发展观为指导思想,以缩小居民收入差距为目标,以开放条件下FDI和国际贸易对我国收入差距的影响为基本切入点,通过选取包含12,180家微观企业的面板数据,包含我国三十个省市1997-2008年的区域层面数据,包含我国37个细分行业2003-2008年的产业层面数据,在全球化视角下,从技术外溢、产品市场竞争、劳动力转移三个渠道就经济开放对我国不同层面工资变动的影响深度和方式进行了深入研究,主要回答了以下几个问题：理论上经济开放影响工资变动的渠道和方式包括那些?我国不同层面是否存在明显的工资差距,以FDI和国际贸易为特征的经济开放是否对这一差距的产生有明显的作用?经济开放通过技术外溢渠道对我国不同层面工资变动造成了何种影响?经济开放通过产品市场竞争渠道对我国工资变动造成了何种影响?经济开放通过劳动力市场渠道对我国工资变动造成了何种影响?如何缩小经济开放对工资差距拉大带来的负面影响?
为在理论层面上找到经济开放影响我国工资变动的支点,通过对现有有关理论进行梳理,结合我们自己的研究视角,从而归纳出了经济开放影响工资变动的三个渠道：技术外溢渠道、产品市场竞争渠道和劳动力转移渠道。对发展中国家而言,从技术外溢的渠道看,在知识产权完全受保护的情况下,经济开放倾向于缩小高低技术工人的收入差距,而在知识产权得不到有效保护的情况下,经济开放则会通过价格效应提高高低技术工人的工资差距。从劳动力转移渠道看,整体上由于发展中国家出口产品质量较低,因此经济开放会使得企业对低技术工人需求上升,从而使得低技术工人工资水平上升,高低技术工人工资差距降低。从产品市场竞争渠道看,由经济开放所导致的产品市场竞争整体上倾向于降低工资水平,但这种产品市场竞争效应对低技术工人的影响相对更加强烈,因此同时表现为高低技术工人的工资差距升高。
通过对我国不同层面的工资水平变动情况进行估计,我们发现我国区域层面、产业层面和企业层面均存在明显的工资差距,而以FDI和进出口贸易为特征的经济开放对这一差距的产生也有较强的效应。为在更细的层面上找到经济开放对我国工资变动的影响,我们分别引入了经济开放影响我国工资变动的技术外溢渠道、产品市场竞争渠道和劳动力转移渠道。
技术外溢渠道是现有有关经济开放影响工资变动讨论最多的渠道。我们分别从区域层面、产业层面就经济开放通过技术外溢渠道对我国工资的影响进行了分析。与现有主张FDI对东道国技术外溢较强的结论相比,我们得到了与现有研究相左的结论,由于FDI为了维持其较高的市场竞争地位,使其核心技术具有较高的保密性(该效应类似于知识产权保护),FDI对低技术工人工资的影响明显高于对高技术工人工资的影响,从而证明了我国“以市场换技术”策略的局限性,但另一方面这种影响有利于缩小高低技术工人间的工资差距,FDI的技术溢出效应整体上有利于提高东道国工人的平均工资。
产品市场竞争渠道的分析是本文区别于现有研究的最新视角。通过在区域层面和产业层面将FDI的内销和外销引入,我们很好的诠释了在内外两个市场上FDI通过产品市场竞争效应对我国工资变动产生的影响。从产业层面看,由于FDI加工贸易低产品质量的特征,其通过产品市场竞争对内资企业工资总体影响为负,即降低了内资企业工人工资,但是对高技术工人影响不显著,对低技术工人工资影响显著为负。区域层面FDI通过国内和国际两个产品市场对高低技术工人工资差距的影响结果也很好的支持了我们的结论,即FDI通过产品市场竞争整体上扩大高低技术工人的工资差距。
经济开放的劳动力转移渠道也是现有研究的弱点,区别于现有研究中研究指标选取太过牵强的不足,我们通过在区域和产业层面选取与劳动力就业市场直接相关的变量,准确诠释了经济开放的劳动力转移效应。从产业层面看,由于FDI对高技术工人的需求相对较高,因此FDI通过劳动力市场转移提高了高低技术工人工资差距。从区域层面看,省内劳动力转移使得本省的劳动力供给相对增加,从而对工资的影响显著为负,其他省份因素(如其他省份FDI、其他省份FDI出口)通过迁往省外,使得对本省的劳动力需求增加,从而对工资水平的影响显著为正。
我们在做FDI渠道分析的同时也考察了进出口贸易的影响,总体看来我国不同层面的进出口贸易均有利于提高我国的工资水平,整体降低了我国高低技术工人之间的工资差距。但由于产业趋同的存在,其他省份内资出口对省内平均工资的影响有显著的负效应。
Based on the data analysis of typical cases in many countries, a negative correlation between the wage inequality and economic growth is found. China's "Report On The Work of Goverment of 2010" has also pointed out that a reasonable income distribution system is an important manifestation of social equality and justice, and definitely put forward the development thought on improving people's livelihood,and fully reflected our state and government's deep concerns about lifting the people's income levels and narrowing the incomes gaps.At the same time, the economic openness with the characteristics of international trade and FDI has shown a strong correlation with the wage movements at all levels in China.
Taking this into consideration, we regard Scientific Outlook on Development as the guiding ideology, and consider narrowing the income gap as the goal, and regard the influence of FDI and trade under open condition on income gap in China as the basic starting point, so we choose the panel data of 12,180 enterprises, including the regional level data of China's 30 provinces and cities from 1997 to 2008, and industrial level data of 37 sub-sectors in China from 2003 to 2008. In the view of globalizaiton, we make an intensive study of the depth and manner of the influence which economy openness makes on changing in wages at different levels in China through three channels including technology spillover, product market competition and the transfer of labor forces. We would mainly answer the following questions.By which channels and methods can economic openness influence the wage changes in theory?Whether there is an obvious wage gap at different levels in China? Did the open economic whose characteristics is of FDI and international trade have an obvious influence on the gap?what impact has been made on wage changes at different levels by economic opening through technology spillover? what impact has been made on wage changes by economic openness through labour market channel? How to reduce the negative impact of the economic liberalization on the wage inequality?
In order to find the method of how the economic opening affecting wage changes, through collecting and rearranging some relative theories, and combining our own research review, we have deduced three channels of how the economic opening affecting wage changes,which are as follows:technology spillover, product market competition and transfer of labour forces. For developing countries,in view of technology spillover channel,under the condition that intellectual property rights are fully protected, economic opening is inclined to reduce the income gaps between skilled workers and unskilled workers. However if intellectual rights are not effectively protected,economic openning will raise the wage gaps between them through price effect. As for labour transfer channel, as exports from developing countries are often of low quality overall, in this case, enterprises have more demands on works of low skill than that of high skill,which lead to the increasing of unskilled worker's wages,and the wage inequality between the skilled workers and unskilled skill are narrowed. Seeing from the product market channel, the product market competition caused by economic opening is inclined to lower the wage level on the whole,but it has a greater influence on workers of low skill,so the wage gap between worker of high skill and low skill becomes wider meanwhile.
Empirically,by analysing the wage gap among different levels in China, we find that there are obvious wage gaps at regional level, industrial level and enterprise level. The open economic with characteristics of FDI and international trade have strong effects on the emerging of the wage gap. In order to find the effect of open economy on wage changes in a more detailed level, We introduce three channels including technology spillovers channel, product market competition channels and labor transfer channels, through which the economic openness would affect the wage changes in China.
Technology spillover channel is a channel about the impact of open economy on wage changes, which has been discussed the most frequently. And we will analyze it from the aspect of region and industry. Comparing with the existing conclusion that advocating FDI has a strong technology spillover on the host country, we have a disagreement. Since FDI enterprise has a high confidentiality in its core technology (similar to intellectual property protection) in order to maintain its high market competitive position, FDI's impact on un-skilled workers is stronger than that of skilled workers, which verifies the limitations of China's strategy of sacrificing the market to get technology. But on the other hand, this impact has the advantage of reducing the wage gap between workers, and FDI technology spillover as a whole can raise the average wage of the workers in the host country.
The analysis of the channels of product market competition is the latest perspective in this paper of this field. We well interpret the impact of FDI on wage inequality through the product market competition both in and outside the market by introducing FDI's import and export in the regional level and industrial level. From the perspective of industry, for FDI processing trade's low product quality, it has negative impacts on the overall wage through product market and market-founded enterprises, which reduce the wages of domestic enterprises but do not affect skilled workers'wage and have negative effect on low-skilled workers. In the regional level, the empirical result of FDI's impact on different workers through the domestic and international market also well support our conclusion, which is, FDI expands the wage gap between skilled workers and unskilled workers through product market competition on the whole.
Labor transfer channel of economic openness is a weak point of the existing studies. We interpret accurately the labor effects of economic openness through selecting variables related directly to labor market in regional and industry level, which is different from the existing studies whose target selection is too far-fetched. From the perspective of industry, since FDI has a higher relative demand for skilled workers, FDI increases wage inequality through transfer of labor forces. In the regional level, the supply of labor inside a province increases relatively according to the province's labor transfer, thus the impact on wages is significantly negative. Other provinces'factors,such as other provinces'FDI, exports of other provinces'FDI, by moving outside the province, increase,the demand for the province's labor forces, so the impact on wages is significantly positive.
When we are analysing the FDI channels, we also examine the impact of import and export trade. In general, different levels of imports and exports of China are all conducive to improving China's wage level and lower the overall level of China's wage inequality between skilled workers and unskilled workers. But since there exists the industry convergence among different provinces in China, exports of other provinces has significantly negative effects on the average wage of the province.
有鉴于此,我们以科学发展观为指导思想,以缩小居民收入差距为目标,以开放条件下FDI和国际贸易对我国收入差距的影响为基本切入点,通过选取包含12,180家微观企业的面板数据,包含我国三十个省市1997-2008年的区域层面数据,包含我国37个细分行业2003-2008年的产业层面数据,在全球化视角下,从技术外溢、产品市场竞争、劳动力转移三个渠道就经济开放对我国不同层面工资变动的影响深度和方式进行了深入研究,主要回答了以下几个问题：理论上经济开放影响工资变动的渠道和方式包括那些?我国不同层面是否存在明显的工资差距,以FDI和国际贸易为特征的经济开放是否对这一差距的产生有明显的作用?经济开放通过技术外溢渠道对我国不同层面工资变动造成了何种影响?经济开放通过产品市场竞争渠道对我国工资变动造成了何种影响?经济开放通过劳动力市场渠道对我国工资变动造成了何种影响?如何缩小经济开放对工资差距拉大带来的负面影响?
为在理论层面上找到经济开放影响我国工资变动的支点,通过对现有有关理论进行梳理,结合我们自己的研究视角,从而归纳出了经济开放影响工资变动的三个渠道：技术外溢渠道、产品市场竞争渠道和劳动力转移渠道。对发展中国家而言,从技术外溢的渠道看,在知识产权完全受保护的情况下,经济开放倾向于缩小高低技术工人的收入差距,而在知识产权得不到有效保护的情况下,经济开放则会通过价格效应提高高低技术工人的工资差距。从劳动力转移渠道看,整体上由于发展中国家出口产品质量较低,因此经济开放会使得企业对低技术工人需求上升,从而使得低技术工人工资水平上升,高低技术工人工资差距降低。从产品市场竞争渠道看,由经济开放所导致的产品市场竞争整体上倾向于降低工资水平,但这种产品市场竞争效应对低技术工人的影响相对更加强烈,因此同时表现为高低技术工人的工资差距升高。
通过对我国不同层面的工资水平变动情况进行估计,我们发现我国区域层面、产业层面和企业层面均存在明显的工资差距,而以FDI和进出口贸易为特征的经济开放对这一差距的产生也有较强的效应。为在更细的层面上找到经济开放对我国工资变动的影响,我们分别引入了经济开放影响我国工资变动的技术外溢渠道、产品市场竞争渠道和劳动力转移渠道。
技术外溢渠道是现有有关经济开放影响工资变动讨论最多的渠道。我们分别从区域层面、产业层面就经济开放通过技术外溢渠道对我国工资的影响进行了分析。与现有主张FDI对东道国技术外溢较强的结论相比,我们得到了与现有研究相左的结论,由于FDI为了维持其较高的市场竞争地位,使其核心技术具有较高的保密性(该效应类似于知识产权保护),FDI对低技术工人工资的影响明显高于对高技术工人工资的影响,从而证明了我国“以市场换技术”策略的局限性,但另一方面这种影响有利于缩小高低技术工人间的工资差距,FDI的技术溢出效应整体上有利于提高东道国工人的平均工资。
产品市场竞争渠道的分析是本文区别于现有研究的最新视角。通过在区域层面和产业层面将FDI的内销和外销引入,我们很好的诠释了在内外两个市场上FDI通过产品市场竞争效应对我国工资变动产生的影响。从产业层面看,由于FDI加工贸易低产品质量的特征,其通过产品市场竞争对内资企业工资总体影响为负,即降低了内资企业工人工资,但是对高技术工人影响不显著,对低技术工人工资影响显著为负。区域层面FDI通过国内和国际两个产品市场对高低技术工人工资差距的影响结果也很好的支持了我们的结论,即FDI通过产品市场竞争整体上扩大高低技术工人的工资差距。
经济开放的劳动力转移渠道也是现有研究的弱点,区别于现有研究中研究指标选取太过牵强的不足,我们通过在区域和产业层面选取与劳动力就业市场直接相关的变量,准确诠释了经济开放的劳动力转移效应。从产业层面看,由于FDI对高技术工人的需求相对较高,因此FDI通过劳动力市场转移提高了高低技术工人工资差距。从区域层面看,省内劳动力转移使得本省的劳动力供给相对增加,从而对工资的影响显著为负,其他省份因素(如其他省份FDI、其他省份FDI出口)通过迁往省外,使得对本省的劳动力需求增加,从而对工资水平的影响显著为正。
我们在做FDI渠道分析的同时也考察了进出口贸易的影响,总体看来我国不同层面的进出口贸易均有利于提高我国的工资水平,整体降低了我国高低技术工人之间的工资差距。但由于产业趋同的存在,其他省份内资出口对省内平均工资的影响有显著的负效应。
Based on the data analysis of typical cases in many countries, a negative correlation between the wage inequality and economic growth is found. China's "Report On The Work of Goverment of 2010" has also pointed out that a reasonable income distribution system is an important manifestation of social equality and justice, and definitely put forward the development thought on improving people's livelihood,and fully reflected our state and government's deep concerns about lifting the people's income levels and narrowing the incomes gaps.At the same time, the economic openness with the characteristics of international trade and FDI has shown a strong correlation with the wage movements at all levels in China.
Taking this into consideration, we regard Scientific Outlook on Development as the guiding ideology, and consider narrowing the income gap as the goal, and regard the influence of FDI and trade under open condition on income gap in China as the basic starting point, so we choose the panel data of 12,180 enterprises, including the regional level data of China's 30 provinces and cities from 1997 to 2008, and industrial level data of 37 sub-sectors in China from 2003 to 2008. In the view of globalizaiton, we make an intensive study of the depth and manner of the influence which economy openness makes on changing in wages at different levels in China through three channels including technology spillover, product market competition and the transfer of labor forces. We would mainly answer the following questions.By which channels and methods can economic openness influence the wage changes in theory?Whether there is an obvious wage gap at different levels in China? Did the open economic whose characteristics is of FDI and international trade have an obvious influence on the gap?what impact has been made on wage changes at different levels by economic opening through technology spillover? what impact has been made on wage changes by economic openness through labour market channel? How to reduce the negative impact of the economic liberalization on the wage inequality?
In order to find the method of how the economic opening affecting wage changes, through collecting and rearranging some relative theories, and combining our own research review, we have deduced three channels of how the economic opening affecting wage changes,which are as follows:technology spillover, product market competition and transfer of labour forces. For developing countries,in view of technology spillover channel,under the condition that intellectual property rights are fully protected, economic opening is inclined to reduce the income gaps between skilled workers and unskilled workers. However if intellectual rights are not effectively protected,economic openning will raise the wage gaps between them through price effect. As for labour transfer channel, as exports from developing countries are often of low quality overall, in this case, enterprises have more demands on works of low skill than that of high skill,which lead to the increasing of unskilled worker's wages,and the wage inequality between the skilled workers and unskilled skill are narrowed. Seeing from the product market channel, the product market competition caused by economic opening is inclined to lower the wage level on the whole,but it has a greater influence on workers of low skill,so the wage gap between worker of high skill and low skill becomes wider meanwhile.
Empirically,by analysing the wage gap among different levels in China, we find that there are obvious wage gaps at regional level, industrial level and enterprise level. The open economic with characteristics of FDI and international trade have strong effects on the emerging of the wage gap. In order to find the effect of open economy on wage changes in a more detailed level, We introduce three channels including technology spillovers channel, product market competition channels and labor transfer channels, through which the economic openness would affect the wage changes in China.
Technology spillover channel is a channel about the impact of open economy on wage changes, which has been discussed the most frequently. And we will analyze it from the aspect of region and industry. Comparing with the existing conclusion that advocating FDI has a strong technology spillover on the host country, we have a disagreement. Since FDI enterprise has a high confidentiality in its core technology (similar to intellectual property protection) in order to maintain its high market competitive position, FDI's impact on un-skilled workers is stronger than that of skilled workers, which verifies the limitations of China's strategy of sacrificing the market to get technology. But on the other hand, this impact has the advantage of reducing the wage gap between workers, and FDI technology spillover as a whole can raise the average wage of the workers in the host country.
The analysis of the channels of product market competition is the latest perspective in this paper of this field. We well interpret the impact of FDI on wage inequality through the product market competition both in and outside the market by introducing FDI's import and export in the regional level and industrial level. From the perspective of industry, for FDI processing trade's low product quality, it has negative impacts on the overall wage through product market and market-founded enterprises, which reduce the wages of domestic enterprises but do not affect skilled workers'wage and have negative effect on low-skilled workers. In the regional level, the empirical result of FDI's impact on different workers through the domestic and international market also well support our conclusion, which is, FDI expands the wage gap between skilled workers and unskilled workers through product market competition on the whole.
Labor transfer channel of economic openness is a weak point of the existing studies. We interpret accurately the labor effects of economic openness through selecting variables related directly to labor market in regional and industry level, which is different from the existing studies whose target selection is too far-fetched. From the perspective of industry, since FDI has a higher relative demand for skilled workers, FDI increases wage inequality through transfer of labor forces. In the regional level, the supply of labor inside a province increases relatively according to the province's labor transfer, thus the impact on wages is significantly negative. Other provinces'factors,such as other provinces'FDI, exports of other provinces'FDI, by moving outside the province, increase,the demand for the province's labor forces, so the impact on wages is significantly positive.
When we are analysing the FDI channels, we also examine the impact of import and export trade. In general, different levels of imports and exports of China are all conducive to improving China's wage level and lower the overall level of China's wage inequality between skilled workers and unskilled workers. But since there exists the industry convergence among different provinces in China, exports of other provinces has significantly negative effects on the average wage of the province.
引文
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