闽东土地利用/覆盖变化的时空分异规律及其区域生态安全综合评价
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摘要
宁德俗称闽东,位于福建省东北部,介于我国最发达的长三角、珠三角和台湾省三大经济区的中心地带,北承浙江省温州市,南连福建省会城市福州市,东望台湾,具有“北承南联、西进东出”的区位优势。近年来,随着温福高速铁路、沈海高速公路等大量基础设施建设建成,给闽东经济带来迅猛发展的同时,也对区域生态环境与生态安全造成深远的影响。
有鉴于此,本文以三期(1990、2001和2007年)TM遥感影像为数据源,结合野外实地调查,并运用“3S”技术,对闽东9个县市(蕉城、福安、福鼎、霞浦、古田、寿宁、屏南、柘荣、周宁)近20年土地景观格局和时空动态变化规律、闽东土地景观分形特征与稳定性、闽东土地景观变化驱动机制等方面进行了深入的研究,在此基础上构建了闽东景观生态安全指标体系,从景观水平上科学评价了闽东景观生态安全状况、动态变化及其空间分异特征。同时,创新地将灰色关联度、径向神经网络(RBF-ANN)、基于人工免疫投影寻踪(AIS-PPE)和支持向量机(SVM)等多种方法引入到区域生态安全评价研究中,并对闽东区域生态安全水平进行了全面系统分析与评价。结果如下:
1、闽东近20年来的土地利用/覆盖格局及其演变规律的研究结果表明:林地作为闽东地区的基质景观,面积占研究区总面积80%以上。1990-2007年,闽东各种土地景观均有所变化,但以林地变化最为明显,其面积在20年间减少27326hm2,耕地、建设用地和水域增加,分别增加38386、12019和3585 hm2,未利用地被大量开发利用。土地景观变化导致景观多样性、均匀度和破碎度呈增大趋势,破碎度变化最为明显由1990年0.597上升到2007年的2.131。土地资源分布和变化区域差异明显,沿海县市土地资源开发利用、变化的程度和幅度均高于内陆县市。
2、闽东不同时期景观类型分形特征研究表明:建设用地在所有景观类型中是人类活动干扰最强的一类,2001-2007年间存在大规模的城镇建设,使其呈现明显的区域化特征;不同时期各地类景观的空间结构分维水平较高,林地和耕地作为闽东的景观基质,由于地形复杂和其他类型交错分割,空间结构复杂;耕地、未利用地和林地空间分布上表现出较为明显的均衡性,但均衡性在减弱,而建设用地和水域表现出集群分布特征,集群性在加强;平均稳定性排序为:建设用地>林地>未利用地>耕地>水域,各土地类型稳定性表现出一定的波动性,但整体上内稳定呈增强趋势。
3、闽东土地利用变化驱动机制研究表明:气候对未利用地变化起决定作用,而其他土地类型变化主要受人口增长、社会发展、技术投入等人为因素的影响。闽东土地景观格局的形成和演变,是自然条件和人文因子综合作用下的历史产物,其中人类活动对区域土地利用变化起着决定性的作用。
4、闽东景观生态安全评价及其时空分异规律研究表明:1990-2007年间,不论是整个区域,还是各个县市,闽东景观生态安全水平较高,景观生态安全值都维持在0.8以上,表明整体上闽东生态环境良好,同时景观生态安全有逐渐改善趋势;闽东景观生态安全整体上呈现正相关,随着时间推移,景观生态安全空间自相似性(依赖性)减弱,同时具有明显空间尺度效应,在0-45km间,具有空间相似性,45km以外表现出强烈的差异性;闽东景观生态安全呈现明显集群现象,主要以景观生态安全高值—高值区(HH)和低值——值区(LL)为主,并且这两种格局分布面积缩小,显著水平下降;对闽东景观生态安全空间分异研究表明,结构性因素对闽东景观生态起着主导作用,非结构因素对景观生态安全起着中等强度影响,并且有增强的趋势,同时由于研究区地形起伏大,空间异质性强,导致步长较小。
5、闽东区域生态安全评价结果表明:闽东区域生态安全处于良好状态,科学技术和资源环境压力阻碍和限制闽东区域生态安全协调发展。只有影响区域生态安全因素之间相互协调、相互促进,才能有效促进区域生态系统安全建设,同时有效推进和加强自然经济社会可持续发展。通过对灰色关联度、RBF-ANN、AIS-PPE和SVM等4种方法评价结果的比较分析,显示灰色关联度、RBF-ANN、和SVM在闽东区域生态安全评价过程中具有较好的适应性,而投影寻踪适应性则相对差一些,这为区域生态安全评价方法的选择提供了有力的参考。
6、闽东生态环境状况变化分析及其生态环境建设存在问题表明:2001年除周宁,2007年除福鼎外,其他县市在2001年和2007年均处于优级别,整个区域处于级别优,表明宁德市植被覆盖度高,生物多样性丰富,生态系统稳定,大气环境、水环境状况优良,比较适合人类生存,从而进一步验证了论文前面的研究结果。最后分析了闽东生态环境建设中存在的问题,并有针对性提出了相应对策和建议。
总而言之,开展闽东区域土地资源动态变化和生态安全评价研究,对闽东土地资源科学管理、合理规划、优化配置以及促进海峡西岸经济区建设等方面均有着重要的理论价值和积极的现实指导意义。
Commonly called as Mindong ,Ningde is located in the northeast of Fujian province and closely related to three-big economic zones of the Yangtze River delta, Pearl River delta and Taiwan as it is on the south of Wenzhou (a developed city in Zhejiang province), Fuzhou (capital city of Fujian province) to the north and to the west of Taiwan. Recently, the large-scale construction of infrastructural facilities including Wen-Fu high-speed rail Shen-Hai expressway have greatly promoted the economic development of Ningde region and have produced far-reaching impacts on regional eco-environment and ecological security at the same time.
Ningde region is composed of 9 counties or municipalities, namely, Jiaocheng, Fu’an, Fuding, Xiapu, Gutian,Shouning, Pingnan, Zherong, Zhouning. In this study, field survey data and TM images (1990,2001 and 2007) were combined to explore in detail the landscape spatial-temporal dynamics for the 9 counties or municipalities and fractal characteristics, landscape stability and driving force mechanism for landscape dynamics of Mindong region by means of 3S technologies. On the basis of the work above, the Mindong eco-security indicator system was then established to assess the eco-security condition, dynamics and spatial variability of Mindong region at landscape scale. At the same time, many means such as gray correlation, RBF-ANN, AIS-PPE and SVM were introduced to regional eco-security assessment in Mindong region. The main results are as following.
1.The analysis of spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of land use/cover in Mindong region show that forest and cultivated land were the dominant landscape types in Mindong region(85% in terms of land area). Landscape change from 1990 to 2007 was mainly related to forest with forest area reducing 27326 hm2. Cultivated land, built-up land and water body increased by 38386, 12019 and 3538 hm2, respectively and the unused land were developed at large-scale. Landscape change for this period was characteristic of the increase in landscape diversity, evenness and fragmentation, especially in landscape fragmentation which increased from 0.597 to 2.131 from 1990 to 2007. The distribution of land resources showed high regional heterogeneity with the extent, scale and variability of land resources exploration being higher in coastal areas than those in inland areas.
2.Fractal analyses of landscape types in Mindong region show that built-up land was the most disturbed landscape type. The urban sprawling from 2001 to 2007 led to high regional variability. The spatial structure fractal dimensions for each landscape type in Mindong region were relatively high in all the studied year. Spatial structures of forest and cultivated land were complex which can be attributed to the interweaving with other landscape types and topographic influences. Cultivated land, non-use land and forest land were evenly spatial distributed with the evenness index declines over time whereas building area and water body showed high and increased aggregation over time. The stability of landscape types followed the order of built-up > forest> non-use land>cultivated land> water body. in addition it is found that the stability of various landscape types showed fluctuation and a rising trend as a whole.
3.The analysis of driving force mechanism for land use change in Mindong region shows that climate change was mainly responsible for the non-use land change whereas the changes in other land use types were mainly related to population increase, social development, technology invest and other factors. The formation and evolution of landscape pattern of Mindong region was the product of physical and artificial factors with the role of human activity being determinant.
4.Mindong landscape eco-security assessment and its spatial-temporal dynamics analysis show that the eco-security index was higher than 0.8 and showed a rising trend, whether at the whole region scale or county scale, suggesting Mindong region had good and improving eco-environmental quality on the whole. The eco-security index showed positive spatial autocorrelation at range of 45 kilometers which declined over time. The eco-security index showed aggregated distribution pattern with the regions of high eco-security index and those of low eco-security index were clustered, but both the regions of high eco-security level and those of low eco-security index declined in terms of area. Structural factors played an determinant role in Mindong landscape eco-security whereas the role of non-structural factors were moderate but on the rise. The big topographic difference in Mindong region help to increase spatial auto-correlation and reduce the range of spatial analysis.
5.Mindong regional eco-security assessments show that Mindong region is at the level of high eco-security. The level of science and technology and pressure from resources and environment impeded and limited the harmonious development of Mindong regional eco-security. The comparison of the behavior of gray correlation , RBF-ANN, AIS-PPE and SVM in the eco-security assessment in Mindong region shows that gray correlation , RBF-ANN and SVM behaved well whereas AIS-PPE behaved relatively bad, which provide important information for tool selection for regional eco-security assessment.
6.Eco-environmental change and driving forces analysis show that most counties of Minding region were at the level of excellence in 2001 and 2007 except Zhouning in 2001 and Fuding in 2007, which is attributable to the facts that Mindong region is rich in biodiversity and ecologically stable and therefore suitable for human living. Eco-environmental change results verify the conclusions above mentioned.In the end, the environmental problems with eco-construction in Mindong region were addressed and the corresponding advice and suggestion are given in this paper.
In sum, land resources dynamics analysis and eco-security assessment of Mindong region is expected to provide important information for management and planning and spatial allocation of land resources of Mindong region and the economical construction in Economic Zone on the Western Coast of the Taiwan Straits.
有鉴于此,本文以三期(1990、2001和2007年)TM遥感影像为数据源,结合野外实地调查,并运用“3S”技术,对闽东9个县市(蕉城、福安、福鼎、霞浦、古田、寿宁、屏南、柘荣、周宁)近20年土地景观格局和时空动态变化规律、闽东土地景观分形特征与稳定性、闽东土地景观变化驱动机制等方面进行了深入的研究,在此基础上构建了闽东景观生态安全指标体系,从景观水平上科学评价了闽东景观生态安全状况、动态变化及其空间分异特征。同时,创新地将灰色关联度、径向神经网络(RBF-ANN)、基于人工免疫投影寻踪(AIS-PPE)和支持向量机(SVM)等多种方法引入到区域生态安全评价研究中,并对闽东区域生态安全水平进行了全面系统分析与评价。结果如下:
1、闽东近20年来的土地利用/覆盖格局及其演变规律的研究结果表明:林地作为闽东地区的基质景观,面积占研究区总面积80%以上。1990-2007年,闽东各种土地景观均有所变化,但以林地变化最为明显,其面积在20年间减少27326hm2,耕地、建设用地和水域增加,分别增加38386、12019和3585 hm2,未利用地被大量开发利用。土地景观变化导致景观多样性、均匀度和破碎度呈增大趋势,破碎度变化最为明显由1990年0.597上升到2007年的2.131。土地资源分布和变化区域差异明显,沿海县市土地资源开发利用、变化的程度和幅度均高于内陆县市。
2、闽东不同时期景观类型分形特征研究表明:建设用地在所有景观类型中是人类活动干扰最强的一类,2001-2007年间存在大规模的城镇建设,使其呈现明显的区域化特征;不同时期各地类景观的空间结构分维水平较高,林地和耕地作为闽东的景观基质,由于地形复杂和其他类型交错分割,空间结构复杂;耕地、未利用地和林地空间分布上表现出较为明显的均衡性,但均衡性在减弱,而建设用地和水域表现出集群分布特征,集群性在加强;平均稳定性排序为:建设用地>林地>未利用地>耕地>水域,各土地类型稳定性表现出一定的波动性,但整体上内稳定呈增强趋势。
3、闽东土地利用变化驱动机制研究表明:气候对未利用地变化起决定作用,而其他土地类型变化主要受人口增长、社会发展、技术投入等人为因素的影响。闽东土地景观格局的形成和演变,是自然条件和人文因子综合作用下的历史产物,其中人类活动对区域土地利用变化起着决定性的作用。
4、闽东景观生态安全评价及其时空分异规律研究表明:1990-2007年间,不论是整个区域,还是各个县市,闽东景观生态安全水平较高,景观生态安全值都维持在0.8以上,表明整体上闽东生态环境良好,同时景观生态安全有逐渐改善趋势;闽东景观生态安全整体上呈现正相关,随着时间推移,景观生态安全空间自相似性(依赖性)减弱,同时具有明显空间尺度效应,在0-45km间,具有空间相似性,45km以外表现出强烈的差异性;闽东景观生态安全呈现明显集群现象,主要以景观生态安全高值—高值区(HH)和低值——值区(LL)为主,并且这两种格局分布面积缩小,显著水平下降;对闽东景观生态安全空间分异研究表明,结构性因素对闽东景观生态起着主导作用,非结构因素对景观生态安全起着中等强度影响,并且有增强的趋势,同时由于研究区地形起伏大,空间异质性强,导致步长较小。
5、闽东区域生态安全评价结果表明:闽东区域生态安全处于良好状态,科学技术和资源环境压力阻碍和限制闽东区域生态安全协调发展。只有影响区域生态安全因素之间相互协调、相互促进,才能有效促进区域生态系统安全建设,同时有效推进和加强自然经济社会可持续发展。通过对灰色关联度、RBF-ANN、AIS-PPE和SVM等4种方法评价结果的比较分析,显示灰色关联度、RBF-ANN、和SVM在闽东区域生态安全评价过程中具有较好的适应性,而投影寻踪适应性则相对差一些,这为区域生态安全评价方法的选择提供了有力的参考。
6、闽东生态环境状况变化分析及其生态环境建设存在问题表明:2001年除周宁,2007年除福鼎外,其他县市在2001年和2007年均处于优级别,整个区域处于级别优,表明宁德市植被覆盖度高,生物多样性丰富,生态系统稳定,大气环境、水环境状况优良,比较适合人类生存,从而进一步验证了论文前面的研究结果。最后分析了闽东生态环境建设中存在的问题,并有针对性提出了相应对策和建议。
总而言之,开展闽东区域土地资源动态变化和生态安全评价研究,对闽东土地资源科学管理、合理规划、优化配置以及促进海峡西岸经济区建设等方面均有着重要的理论价值和积极的现实指导意义。
Commonly called as Mindong ,Ningde is located in the northeast of Fujian province and closely related to three-big economic zones of the Yangtze River delta, Pearl River delta and Taiwan as it is on the south of Wenzhou (a developed city in Zhejiang province), Fuzhou (capital city of Fujian province) to the north and to the west of Taiwan. Recently, the large-scale construction of infrastructural facilities including Wen-Fu high-speed rail Shen-Hai expressway have greatly promoted the economic development of Ningde region and have produced far-reaching impacts on regional eco-environment and ecological security at the same time.
Ningde region is composed of 9 counties or municipalities, namely, Jiaocheng, Fu’an, Fuding, Xiapu, Gutian,Shouning, Pingnan, Zherong, Zhouning. In this study, field survey data and TM images (1990,2001 and 2007) were combined to explore in detail the landscape spatial-temporal dynamics for the 9 counties or municipalities and fractal characteristics, landscape stability and driving force mechanism for landscape dynamics of Mindong region by means of 3S technologies. On the basis of the work above, the Mindong eco-security indicator system was then established to assess the eco-security condition, dynamics and spatial variability of Mindong region at landscape scale. At the same time, many means such as gray correlation, RBF-ANN, AIS-PPE and SVM were introduced to regional eco-security assessment in Mindong region. The main results are as following.
1.The analysis of spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of land use/cover in Mindong region show that forest and cultivated land were the dominant landscape types in Mindong region(85% in terms of land area). Landscape change from 1990 to 2007 was mainly related to forest with forest area reducing 27326 hm2. Cultivated land, built-up land and water body increased by 38386, 12019 and 3538 hm2, respectively and the unused land were developed at large-scale. Landscape change for this period was characteristic of the increase in landscape diversity, evenness and fragmentation, especially in landscape fragmentation which increased from 0.597 to 2.131 from 1990 to 2007. The distribution of land resources showed high regional heterogeneity with the extent, scale and variability of land resources exploration being higher in coastal areas than those in inland areas.
2.Fractal analyses of landscape types in Mindong region show that built-up land was the most disturbed landscape type. The urban sprawling from 2001 to 2007 led to high regional variability. The spatial structure fractal dimensions for each landscape type in Mindong region were relatively high in all the studied year. Spatial structures of forest and cultivated land were complex which can be attributed to the interweaving with other landscape types and topographic influences. Cultivated land, non-use land and forest land were evenly spatial distributed with the evenness index declines over time whereas building area and water body showed high and increased aggregation over time. The stability of landscape types followed the order of built-up > forest> non-use land>cultivated land> water body. in addition it is found that the stability of various landscape types showed fluctuation and a rising trend as a whole.
3.The analysis of driving force mechanism for land use change in Mindong region shows that climate change was mainly responsible for the non-use land change whereas the changes in other land use types were mainly related to population increase, social development, technology invest and other factors. The formation and evolution of landscape pattern of Mindong region was the product of physical and artificial factors with the role of human activity being determinant.
4.Mindong landscape eco-security assessment and its spatial-temporal dynamics analysis show that the eco-security index was higher than 0.8 and showed a rising trend, whether at the whole region scale or county scale, suggesting Mindong region had good and improving eco-environmental quality on the whole. The eco-security index showed positive spatial autocorrelation at range of 45 kilometers which declined over time. The eco-security index showed aggregated distribution pattern with the regions of high eco-security index and those of low eco-security index were clustered, but both the regions of high eco-security level and those of low eco-security index declined in terms of area. Structural factors played an determinant role in Mindong landscape eco-security whereas the role of non-structural factors were moderate but on the rise. The big topographic difference in Mindong region help to increase spatial auto-correlation and reduce the range of spatial analysis.
5.Mindong regional eco-security assessments show that Mindong region is at the level of high eco-security. The level of science and technology and pressure from resources and environment impeded and limited the harmonious development of Mindong regional eco-security. The comparison of the behavior of gray correlation , RBF-ANN, AIS-PPE and SVM in the eco-security assessment in Mindong region shows that gray correlation , RBF-ANN and SVM behaved well whereas AIS-PPE behaved relatively bad, which provide important information for tool selection for regional eco-security assessment.
6.Eco-environmental change and driving forces analysis show that most counties of Minding region were at the level of excellence in 2001 and 2007 except Zhouning in 2001 and Fuding in 2007, which is attributable to the facts that Mindong region is rich in biodiversity and ecologically stable and therefore suitable for human living. Eco-environmental change results verify the conclusions above mentioned.In the end, the environmental problems with eco-construction in Mindong region were addressed and the corresponding advice and suggestion are given in this paper.
In sum, land resources dynamics analysis and eco-security assessment of Mindong region is expected to provide important information for management and planning and spatial allocation of land resources of Mindong region and the economical construction in Economic Zone on the Western Coast of the Taiwan Straits.
引文
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