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无线Mesh网络容量优化模型及算法研究
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摘要
无线Mesh网络作为一种新型的无线网络架构,由于其自组织、多跳和支持异构等特性,受到了学术界和工业界的广泛关注。网络容量作为无线Mesh网络中的基础研究课题,是决定网络性能最重要的指标之一,它涉及到网络的拓扑结构、信道分配、路由算法和负载均衡等方面。本文的研究目标是构造有效的网络拓扑结构,并利用相应的信道分配、路由算法等策略,以提高网络性能,使得实际网络性能尽可能接近理论最优。针对网络容量问题,本文主要从以下几个方面展开研究:
     (1)对无线Mesh网络容量分析进行了研究,探讨了无线Mesh网络中拓扑结构、网络节点数、网关数、信道数、接口数以及可并发传输数与网络容量之间存在的关系。通过分析表明:不同的拓扑结构会对网络容量产生影响,规则部署效果优于随机部署效果;同时网络中的网关数和AP数之间,每个节点的接口数和可用信道数之间须保持一定的协调关系,才可能取得最优的网络容量。
     (2)对无线Mesh网络中网络覆盖和AP部署问题进行了研究,研究了随机覆盖方案和规则网络覆盖方案,并利用Monte Carlo的统计方法对这些覆盖方案效果进行了模拟,实验验证规则部署效果优于随机部署效果;同时介绍了基于簇和基于环的AP部署方案。
     (3)针对无线Mesh网络网关部署及AP分组问题,本文提出了一种基于贪婪思想和聚类思想相结合的启发式方法。首先设计了一种最小跳数权重指标,该指标大小反映网关数以及最小跳数的辩证关系,通过这个指标,利用贪婪算法可以获得一个较好的初始解;然后利用聚类中KMEANS方法来对此初始解进行调整优化,使网络分组尽可能均匀。实验表明通过有限次数调整,网络可以取得最小网关数、最小AP到网关平均跳数和最小负载均衡指数三个优化目标之间很好的平衡。
     (4)信道分配和路由算法是无线Mesh网络中两个非常重要的问题,信道分配和路由问题相互影响,对网络的性能起着非常重要的作用,将信道分配和路由联合研究可以提升网络性能。首先本文提出了一种基于最大流最小割的网络拓扑结构优化算法,用来简化拓扑结构,提高信道分配和路由的效率。然后就无线Mesh网络信道分配和路由问题,本文提出基于拓扑优化和干扰避免的信道分配和路由联合算法。基于优化拓扑结构,利用路由算法获得每条链路最优的分配的初始流量,然后根据链路负载,将链路根据接口限制以及利用率对链路进行分组,最后通过计算最小最大干扰域来对每一个组进行信道的分配。本算法在保证吞吐量的同时可以避免局部信道调整引起整体抖动问题,提高系统效率。
     (5)无线Mesh网络数据流负载均衡问题研究。针对统一链路容量的无线Mesh网络的数据流负载均衡问题,本文提出了基于最大剩余流生成树算法。该算法首先利用近似最大流算法求解每条链路上的碎片流量,然后利用最大剩余流生成树将多径路由转化为单径路由,最后将原始流量在每条单独路径上进行缩放。本文所提算法可以保持每个用户公平性前提下尽可能提高网络吞吐量。
     通过上面的优化方法,可以大大提高网络容量,而且本研究对于具体的网络工程实践也具有一定参考作用。
As a new type of wireless network infrastructure, because of its self-organization, Wireless Mesh Networks have been paid extensive attention both in international academia and industry. As a basis issue for the wireless Mesh network, network capacity is the most important indicator to determine the network performance, which relates to the network topology, routing algorithm and channel allocation, load balancing and other aspects. The research goal of this paper is to achieve actual optimization network performance as much as possible theoretical optimum network capacity by a variety of strategies and methods such as optimizing the network topology, using the optimum channel allocation ways and routing algorithm and load balancing so on. The study of this paper includes several topics as the follow:
     (1) The relationship between network topology、network nodes、gateway number、channel number、interface number and network capacity are independent, and the relationship has been revealed by proof and derivation. Theoretical analysis shows that the performance of Grid networks is more effective than random networks, and only when the number of AP and Gateway、interface number and the number of available channels maintain a certain reasonable relationship, the networks can achieve theoretical optimum network capacity.
     (2) Deployment program of AP in wireless Mesh networks has a great impact on network performance, and the question has been studied in this paper. Random coverage ways and grid deployment ways have been proposed, and the performance compared by a statistical method based on Monte Carlo method, also two common AP deployment programs cluster-based and ring-based have been introduced.
     (3) The deployment program of gateway has been studied in this paper. In the paper three optimization objectives as minimizing the number of gateways, minimizing the average number of hops from AP to gateway, and minimizing load-balancing index were proposed, and to achieve the three objectives, a heuristic solution based on greedy algorithm and clustering algorithm has been presented. In the solution, an indicator parameter reflecting the number of gateways and hops was designed, and a good initial approximate solution can be obtained by a greedy algorithm based on the indicator parameter, then initial approximate solution was adjusted and optimized to minimize the load balance index and the network can be distributed symmetrically. Experiment results have shown that the three optimization objectives can get a good balance status by the proposed solution.
     (4) Channel allocation and routing algorithm are two important topics in Wireless Mesh networks, the two topics are interdependent and affect each other and play a very important role on the network performance. Channel allocation and routing algorithms has been studied jointly in this paper. To improve the efficiency of channel assignment and routing, a network topology optimization algorithm based on maximum flow minimum cut was proposed in first. And a joint channel allocation and routing solution was proposed based on avoiding interference and topology optimization. In the solution, based on topology optimized, the distribution of traffic of each link can be calculated by a routing algorithm, then each link was grouped under the constraints of link utilization and node interface, at last each group was assigned a channel by the principle of minimizing interference. Experiments show that the proposed solution can avoid channel allocation chain reaction and can achieve fairly good performance and throughput.
     (5) Load balancing of data flow has been studied in this paper and a data flow load-balancing method was proposed based on maximum surplus flow spanning tree algorithm. For each network unit, first flow of each link was calculated by maximum flow algorithm, and then a maximum surplus flow spanning tree was built by cutting based on flow information. So the multi-path routing was transformed into a single-path routing by the spanning tree, and the original flow was scaled on each path. The proposed algorithm can maintain the balance between the fairness of each user and maximizing network throughput.
     The network capacity and performance can be enhanced by the research above, and the research has certain significance to network engineering practice.
引文
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