钢筋混凝土框架结构抗倒塌性能试验研究
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摘要
建筑结构的整体安全性一直是建筑结构设计的首要问题,并已成为结构工程界关注的热点。建筑结构在承受爆炸、撞击、火灾等突发事件引发的偶然极端荷载作用时,结构可能发生局部甚至大面积的不成比例的倒塌,由此引发大量的人员伤亡以及巨大的经济损失,并会对社会造成恶劣的政治影响,因此,除了按照常规设计方法保证结构遭受常规设计荷载时在强度、刚度以及稳定性方面的安全可靠外,还应当确保结构能抵抗遭受上述偶然极端荷载引起的倒塌,然而,对于结构工程师来说,如何确保做到这一点还缺乏可操作性的依据。
1.本文采用拟静力试验方法完成了3层4跨平面钢筋混凝土框架结构的抗倒塌性能试验,框架在卸载位移达456mm时因梁内钢筋断裂而倒塌,基于试验结果研究了框架结构在倒塌过程中的静力特性、破坏过程和受力特性,探讨了框架结构在倒塌过程中的受力机制与力的转换机理。为考虑倒塌过程动力效应问题,结合拟静力试验获取的抗力曲线,采用动力时程分析方法研究了框架结构倒塌过程中的动力反应,并采用Ls-Dyna考虑柱的失效速率问题展开了数值模拟分析。通过将抗力曲线按照能量等效转换为能力曲线来研究结构倒塌过程中的动力效应问题,并基于能量原理得到的抗倒塌能量方程推导出结果不发生倒塌的必要条件,结合抗倒塌设计与评估,提出能量需求曲线以评估结构的抗倒塌性能。
2.悬索作用效应的估算与利用是抗倒塌设计中至关重要的一环,为了研究悬索作用机理,本文通过变化配筋率、钢筋等级、锚固方式以及加载速率,完成了6根约束梁构件的连续加载破坏性试验,除试件B1由于支座变形过大导致加载行程内没有发生破坏外,其余试件均发生由于钢筋断裂而导致承载能力大幅降低,且由于悬索效应的发挥,倒塌极限状态构件承载能力约为塑性时的2倍,而构件变形约为20倍。基于试验数据,本文提出了简化方法来预估最大变形与悬索力两个设计参数。
3.为研究空间框架在快速移除框架柱情况下的抗倒塌性能,框架均布6kN/m2荷载,利用炸药内爆方式分别快速移除边中柱与角柱的倒塌试验,框架在柱失效后仅发生弹性变形,其最大竖向位移分别为8.5mm,4.3mm。并利用液压千斤顶连续加载方式对移除柱后的框架进行了静力倒塌破坏性试验,试验结果表明,框架由于板的薄膜作用、梁的空间效应,结构发生倒塌破坏过程呈现塑性,对减缓与抑制结构的倒塌发挥较大的作用。横向或纵向的空间空腹梁作用是结构在柱失效后的荷载重分布的主要受力机理。
4.基于试验与分析结果,本文提出综合防灾设计思想,结构体系在进行常规设计后,还要进行抗倒塌设计,通过改善结构体系,加强设计(如支撑构件、框架梁、现浇板、节点的加强设计),保证连续性、赘余度的构造措施以及充分利用悬索作用效应以增加结构的抗倒塌性能。
The integrity security of the building structures has always been a main problem in the structural design and already a highlight in the engineering fields. When it suffers from the casual extreme load caused all of a sudden by the events such as explosion,impact and fire,the structure will take on a disproportional collapse locally or on the large area,which results in massive casualty and economic loss and bad social influence,therefore,in addition to ensuring the security and reliability of the structure in strength,rigidness and stability when it bears the normally design load according to the normal design methods,the structure should be ensured to be able to resist the above collapse caused by the casual extreme load, However, there is no operational references to ensure it for structural engineers.
1. A pseudo-static test was adopted here to test the collapse-resistant behavior of 3-story and 4-bay one-third scale model plane RC frame structure where the frame collapsed owing to the steel bars'rupture at a vertical unloading displacement of 456mm, Based on the test results,the mechanical behavior,failing process and load behavior of the frame structure during the collapse were studied and the forced mechanism and the conversion mechanism of the load during the collapse were explored. A dynamic time-history analysis was used to study the dynamic response during the collapse with the help of the load-resistant curve obtained in the pseudo-static test and numerical simulation analysis was performed in considering the column failure rate with the software of Ls-Dyna. The dynamic effect during the collapse was studied by converting the load-resistant curve into the capacity curve according to energy equivalence,The necessary conditions that the final collapse didn't occur were inferred with the collapse-resistance energy equation obtained on the basis of energy principle. The capacity-demand curve was put down here to evaluate the collapse-resistance behavior of the structure during the collapse-resistant design and assessment.
2. The estimation of the catenary action effect was an essential step in the collapse-resistant design. In order to study the catenary action mechanism, destructive tests of 6 axially restrained beams were done in considering of change of the reinforcing bar ratio,strength grade of steel bar, anchoring mode and loading rate where the tested specimen's bar ruptured which results in a rapidly declined load-carrying capacity except that the tested specimen B1 didn't rupture during the loading because of excessive deformation of the specimen. The load-carrying capacity of the restrained beams in the limit collapse state was about twice as much as that at plastic phase and its deformation about twenty times on amount of the catemary action phase. A simplified calculation was presented here to estimate the two design parameters,maximum deformation and catenary load,on the basis of test data.
3. A collapse test was carried out that the side-and-mid column and corner column were rapidly removed respectively with the charge explosion so as to study the collapse-resistant behavior of the spatial frame with the distribution load 6kN/m2, where the frame only took on elastic deformation after the failure of the columns with maximum vertical displacements 8.5mm and 4.3mm respectively. A static collapse destructive test was done to the frame after the bottom columns' failure by continuously loading with a hydraulic jack, The test showed that the frame structure took on plasticity during collapse owing to the membrane action of the slab and the spatial effects of the beam which played a big role in relieving and constraining the collapse of the structure, The action of longitudinal and horizontal vierendeel action was the main forced mechanism of the structure during the load redistribution after the column failure.
4.The idea of comprehensive disaster resistance design is presented here, and the collapse-resistant design should be performed for the structural system after the normal design. The collapse-resistant behavior of the structure will be increased by improving the structural system, strengthen design of the support element,frame beam,cast-in-place slab and connection,ensuring the continuity and redundant structural measures and sufficiently ultimazing the catenary action.
1.本文采用拟静力试验方法完成了3层4跨平面钢筋混凝土框架结构的抗倒塌性能试验,框架在卸载位移达456mm时因梁内钢筋断裂而倒塌,基于试验结果研究了框架结构在倒塌过程中的静力特性、破坏过程和受力特性,探讨了框架结构在倒塌过程中的受力机制与力的转换机理。为考虑倒塌过程动力效应问题,结合拟静力试验获取的抗力曲线,采用动力时程分析方法研究了框架结构倒塌过程中的动力反应,并采用Ls-Dyna考虑柱的失效速率问题展开了数值模拟分析。通过将抗力曲线按照能量等效转换为能力曲线来研究结构倒塌过程中的动力效应问题,并基于能量原理得到的抗倒塌能量方程推导出结果不发生倒塌的必要条件,结合抗倒塌设计与评估,提出能量需求曲线以评估结构的抗倒塌性能。
2.悬索作用效应的估算与利用是抗倒塌设计中至关重要的一环,为了研究悬索作用机理,本文通过变化配筋率、钢筋等级、锚固方式以及加载速率,完成了6根约束梁构件的连续加载破坏性试验,除试件B1由于支座变形过大导致加载行程内没有发生破坏外,其余试件均发生由于钢筋断裂而导致承载能力大幅降低,且由于悬索效应的发挥,倒塌极限状态构件承载能力约为塑性时的2倍,而构件变形约为20倍。基于试验数据,本文提出了简化方法来预估最大变形与悬索力两个设计参数。
3.为研究空间框架在快速移除框架柱情况下的抗倒塌性能,框架均布6kN/m2荷载,利用炸药内爆方式分别快速移除边中柱与角柱的倒塌试验,框架在柱失效后仅发生弹性变形,其最大竖向位移分别为8.5mm,4.3mm。并利用液压千斤顶连续加载方式对移除柱后的框架进行了静力倒塌破坏性试验,试验结果表明,框架由于板的薄膜作用、梁的空间效应,结构发生倒塌破坏过程呈现塑性,对减缓与抑制结构的倒塌发挥较大的作用。横向或纵向的空间空腹梁作用是结构在柱失效后的荷载重分布的主要受力机理。
4.基于试验与分析结果,本文提出综合防灾设计思想,结构体系在进行常规设计后,还要进行抗倒塌设计,通过改善结构体系,加强设计(如支撑构件、框架梁、现浇板、节点的加强设计),保证连续性、赘余度的构造措施以及充分利用悬索作用效应以增加结构的抗倒塌性能。
The integrity security of the building structures has always been a main problem in the structural design and already a highlight in the engineering fields. When it suffers from the casual extreme load caused all of a sudden by the events such as explosion,impact and fire,the structure will take on a disproportional collapse locally or on the large area,which results in massive casualty and economic loss and bad social influence,therefore,in addition to ensuring the security and reliability of the structure in strength,rigidness and stability when it bears the normally design load according to the normal design methods,the structure should be ensured to be able to resist the above collapse caused by the casual extreme load, However, there is no operational references to ensure it for structural engineers.
1. A pseudo-static test was adopted here to test the collapse-resistant behavior of 3-story and 4-bay one-third scale model plane RC frame structure where the frame collapsed owing to the steel bars'rupture at a vertical unloading displacement of 456mm, Based on the test results,the mechanical behavior,failing process and load behavior of the frame structure during the collapse were studied and the forced mechanism and the conversion mechanism of the load during the collapse were explored. A dynamic time-history analysis was used to study the dynamic response during the collapse with the help of the load-resistant curve obtained in the pseudo-static test and numerical simulation analysis was performed in considering the column failure rate with the software of Ls-Dyna. The dynamic effect during the collapse was studied by converting the load-resistant curve into the capacity curve according to energy equivalence,The necessary conditions that the final collapse didn't occur were inferred with the collapse-resistance energy equation obtained on the basis of energy principle. The capacity-demand curve was put down here to evaluate the collapse-resistance behavior of the structure during the collapse-resistant design and assessment.
2. The estimation of the catenary action effect was an essential step in the collapse-resistant design. In order to study the catenary action mechanism, destructive tests of 6 axially restrained beams were done in considering of change of the reinforcing bar ratio,strength grade of steel bar, anchoring mode and loading rate where the tested specimen's bar ruptured which results in a rapidly declined load-carrying capacity except that the tested specimen B1 didn't rupture during the loading because of excessive deformation of the specimen. The load-carrying capacity of the restrained beams in the limit collapse state was about twice as much as that at plastic phase and its deformation about twenty times on amount of the catemary action phase. A simplified calculation was presented here to estimate the two design parameters,maximum deformation and catenary load,on the basis of test data.
3. A collapse test was carried out that the side-and-mid column and corner column were rapidly removed respectively with the charge explosion so as to study the collapse-resistant behavior of the spatial frame with the distribution load 6kN/m2, where the frame only took on elastic deformation after the failure of the columns with maximum vertical displacements 8.5mm and 4.3mm respectively. A static collapse destructive test was done to the frame after the bottom columns' failure by continuously loading with a hydraulic jack, The test showed that the frame structure took on plasticity during collapse owing to the membrane action of the slab and the spatial effects of the beam which played a big role in relieving and constraining the collapse of the structure, The action of longitudinal and horizontal vierendeel action was the main forced mechanism of the structure during the load redistribution after the column failure.
4.The idea of comprehensive disaster resistance design is presented here, and the collapse-resistant design should be performed for the structural system after the normal design. The collapse-resistant behavior of the structure will be increased by improving the structural system, strengthen design of the support element,frame beam,cast-in-place slab and connection,ensuring the continuity and redundant structural measures and sufficiently ultimazing the catenary action.
引文
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