催化剂对废生物质高压液化制取生物油产品产量和性质的影响研究
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摘要
在能源短缺的当今社会,资源的合理有效利用一直是人类面临的重大问题。随着化石能源可开采量的减少及其使用给环境带来的问题,尽快寻找与开发一种环境污染小的可再生能源是科研工作者一项重要任务。生物质液化制取生物油和高附加值化学品技术可以有效的将能量密度较低的生物质转化成能量密度高、品位高的液体燃料是合理利用生物质能的有效途径。针对生物质高压液化制取生物油和高附加值化学品技术的难点问题——生物油产品产率低、品质不高、生物质中木质素组分转化率低等问题,本研究将四种碱性催化剂(碳酸钠、碳酸钾、氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾)和石油化工领域常用的工业催化剂分子筛、氧化铝催化剂以及以它们为载体的自制负载型催化剂应用于生物质高压液化制取生物油和高附加值化学品的研究。研究目的是通过高效催化剂的添加改善高压液化相对苛刻的反应条件,提高生物质中木质素成分的转化率,提高生物油产品产率,更重要的是通过选择性催化剂的添加使生物油产品性质得到改善。
在高压液化过程中反应条件的研究作为后续研究的基础必不可少。本实验选取生物质(稻草、锯末)为反应原料,在间歇式高温高压反应釜中进行生物质液化实验,在七个不同温度(260、280、300、320、340、360、380℃)和六个不同反应停留时间(0、5、10、20、30和40min)下对生物质高温高压液化受反应温度和反应停留时间的影响进行了研究,确定了本实验体系中液化反应的最佳反应条件,稻草高压液化总油产率最高为50.25%(280℃),锯末液化总油产率最高为35.96%(320℃)。由此可以看出作为生物质的主要组成成分,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的含量对生物质液化产物的分布有很大的影响。
为了进一步了解生物质液化过程,揭示生物质液化中间产物的结构,本实验采用中间取样法对稻草高压液化过程进行分析。在稻草液化反应200-310℃的升温过程中进行中间取样,将取出的产物分为水溶相、四氢呋喃可溶相(生物油)和残渣相。对反应原料和残渣进行扫描电镜分析、红外光谱分析和元素分析,对生物油进行气-质联用分析,并对水溶相进行了总有机碳的测定。扫描电镜结果显示,在液化过程中稻草的形态结构发生了巨大的改变,根据对比分析扫描电镜和红外光谱的结果发现稻草中纤维素和半纤维素于200℃开始分解,木质素于250℃开始分解。反应过程中生物油的主要成分为丁基羟基甲苯和二丁基邻二甲酸酯,随着反应温度的升高,小分子物质再聚合的现象明显,生物油中高分子物质有所增加。
为提高生物质中木质素成分的转化率,选取碱性催化剂对生物质高压催化液化反应进行研究。锯末催化液化实验结果显示4种碱性催化剂(碳酸钠、碳酸钾、氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾)的添加均可提高3相生物油(乙醚相、乙酸乙酯相和丙酮相)产率,同时也使反应残渣得率大大降低,添加氢氧化钠催化剂时残渣得率仅有1.26%,而未添加催化剂时残渣得率为20.87%；油1相产率也由3.40%提高至11.87%。稻草液化实验结果显示添加催化剂碳酸钠时油1相产率最高,为9.895%；添加催化剂氢氧化钾时油2相产率最高,为6.693%；添加催化剂氢氧化钠时残渣得率最小,为6.415%。
然而改善生物油品质也是生物质高压液化亟待解决的问题,实验选取氧化铝、分子筛以及以它们为载体的负载型催化剂进行生物质催化液化研究,针对催化剂添加对各相生物油产率的影响以及对生物油组成的改变进行分析,探讨了几种催化剂对生物质液化影响的差异,并对比稻草和锯末这两种作为纤维素和木质素代表物质的生物质在催化液化过程中受到的不同影响进行分析。实验结果显示,氧化铝催化剂对生物油产率影响不大,其催化作用主要体现在使烷烃类物质(heneicosane)的含量达到79.50%,有效地降低了生物油的含氧量,提高了生物油的热值。分子筛及其负载型催化剂的主要作用均体现在生物油中有机水溶相(OD)相产率大幅提高,并使生物油主要成分中烷烃类物质的比例提高。
对比所有的催化液化实验结果,催化剂对锯末液化的促进效果均比稻草明显,最后为了研究更适合稻草催化液化的方法,将催化剂应用于稻草共溶剂液化过程。以乙醇-水混合溶液作为反应溶剂,添加碳酸钠、碳酸钾、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾和铁负载型分子筛为液化催化剂,在高温高压反应釜中进行催化液化的实验研究。实验重点考察催化剂对共溶剂液化实验的影响、催化剂在共溶剂和纯水溶剂液化的催化效果对比以及催化剂对共溶剂液化产物性质的影响。反应在300℃下进行,催化剂的添加量均为1g,实验结果表明催化剂能有效促进稻草在共溶剂中的液化反应,氢氧化钠催化效果最好,使产物中油1相产率由38.64%提高到53.27%,转化率由85.31%提高到90.54%。通过对产物GC-MS结果对比表明,催化剂氢氧化纳可以促进烷烃类产物的生成,铁负载型分子筛可以促进芳香族化合物的生成。
总之,反应温度对生物质高温高压液化的影响最大,稻草高压液化总油产率最高为50.25%(280℃),锯末液化总油产率最高为35.96%(320℃)；在生物质高温高压液化的反应过程中纤维素和半纤维素于200℃开始分解,木质素于250℃开始分解。催化剂的添加能有效的促进稻草和锯末的高压液化反应。添加氢氧化钠催化剂时残渣得率仅有1.26%,未添加催化剂时残渣得率为20.87%；油1相产率也由3.40%提高至11.87%。,氧化铝催化剂对生物油产率影响不大,其催化作用主要体现在使烷烃类物质(heneicosane)的含量达到79.50%,有效地降低了生物油的含氧量,而分子筛及其负载型催化剂的主要作用均体现在生物油中有机水溶相(OD)相产率大幅提高,并使生物油主要成分中烷烃类物质的比例提高。另外它们作为工业催化剂,催化性能稳定、热稳定性高并且加工成型后可以回收利用,非常适合在液化反应的高温高压环境使用。
Recently, with lack of energy, there is an important issue which human has been facing is that how to utilize the resource reasonable. Along with the environmental problem brought by reduction of extraction of fossil energy and utilizing, the exploitation and development of renewable energy is an important tast for the researchers. Liquefaction of biomass to produce biology oil and high value-added chemicals technics are able to convert the lower energy density of biology substance to high energy density and grade liquid fuel. It is an efficiency way to utilize biology substances reasonable. However, there are several difficulties in the liquefaction conversion of biomass under high pressure to bio-oil and high value-added chemicals, such as low production of bio-oil, lower grade, and low conversion rate of lignin of bio-substances. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of several kinds of catalysts were investigated, including four kinds of alkaline catalysts (sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide), the industrial molecular sieve catalysts, alumina catalysts in petrochemials field, and ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts applied to liquiefaction by high pressure to produce bio-oil and high value-added chemicals. The objective of this study is to improve relatively reaction conditions of high pressure liquefaction with high efficient catalyst, and then increase the conversion rate of bio-substance's lignin in order toincrease yield of bio-oil product. The most important is that how to improve the characteristics of bio-oil products with the selective catalysts.
During the high pressure liquefaction process, the study of reaction conditions as the basis of further research is very necessary. The effects of reaction conditions on bio-oil yield, such as reaction temperature and holding time, were investigated. The highest total oil yield of straw and sawdust liqufection is 50.25%(280℃) and 35.96% (320℃), respectively. It was shown by the results that the yield and composition of bio-oil are determined by materials and reaction conditions.
In addition, the structure of bio-oil and residues obtained from the thermochemical liquefaction of straw in hot compressed water was investigated. Those products were obtained by sampling during the experimental process at the temperature of 200,220,250,300 and 310℃, respectively. The products of liquefaction were separated into water-solution fraction, Tetrahydrofuran solubles (bio-oil) and insolubles (residues). The raw straw and residues were analyzed by SEM, FTIR, and elemental analysis, while the bio-oil and water-soluble products were analyzed by GC-MS and TOC, respectively. It was indicated by the results that the main component including cellulose and hemicellulose of straw began to decompose at 200℃, while the lignin decomposed at 250℃. The main compounds of bio-oil were butylated hydroxytoluene and dibutyl phthalate, while higher molecular compounds were produced by further repolymerization with the temperature increasing. The results might be helpful to investigate the product characteristics at different temperatures during the process of liquefaction and establish a pathway of the straw liquefaction, which can be utilized to improve the yield of goal products (bio-oil, phenols and other useful chemicals).
The catalysts, which are used for the research of alkaline catalyst, were NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3 and K2CO3, respectively. The yields of three kinds of bio-oil (ether phase, ethyl acetate phase and acetone phase) of sawdust liquefaction were enhanced, while the yields of residue were reduced markedly. In the run with NaOH, the yield of residue (Oil) was 1.26%(11.87%), while the yield of residue (Oil) was 20.87% (3.40%) without catalyst. In the run of straw, the highest yield of Oill, Oil2 and lowest yield of residue were 9.895%(with Na2CO3),6.693%(with KOH) and 6.415% (with NaOH), respectively.
Meanwhile, another objective of this study is to improve the quality of the bio-oil. The effect of the catalyst on yield and composition of bio-oil, and the catalytic effects differences between liquefaction of straw (cellulose) and sawdust (lignin) were investigated. The maximum bio-oil yield was obtained as 20.83%with Al2O3 catalyst (0.4g), while the minimum residue yield of 12.50%was obtained at 280℃with 0.3g Al2O3. It was shown by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis that the main difference between bio-oil obtained from with or without catalyst runs were the amount of heneicosane and other oxygenous compounds. In the rus of HZSM-5 and Ni, Fe ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts, the total bio-oil yields were increased obviously with Ni, Fe ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite. In addition, the catalytic effects of ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite were differernt with the temperature. The yield of OD was increased with ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst at 280℃, while the yield of HO was enhanced at 300℃.
Furthermore, liquefaction of straw to produce bio-oil with mixed solvent (ethanol-water mixture) was carried out in a 1 OOOmL autoclave at 300℃. The alkalic additives selected in this research were NaOH and KOH, while catalysts in this research were Na2CO3, K2CO3 and Fe ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts, respectively. It was shown by the results that the bio-oil yield was increased significantly by the addition of NaOH. In NaOH run, the bio-oil yield was enhanced from 38.64%to 53.27%, while the conversion rate of the liquefaction was increased from 85.31%to 90.54%. The hydrothermal liquefaction of straw was studied with the same alkalic additives and catalysts as the mixed solvent liquefaction. Comparing the results of the two different reaction systems (mixed solvent system and hydrothermal liquefaction system), it was indicated that alkalic additives and catalysts were more effective in the mixed solvent system. The bio-oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS. It was indicated by the results that the component characterization of bio-oil was mainly depended on catalyst. The content of hydrocarbon was enhanced in the NaOH run, while the content of aromatic compounds was increased by FeHZSM-5.
In conclusion, reaction temperature is the biggest effect for the process of biomass liquefaction with high temperature and high pressure. The hightest yield of total oil yield of staw in the high pressure liquefaction is 50.25%(280℃), while the total oil yield of sawdust liquefaction is 35.96%(320℃). In the process of biomass liquefaction with high temperature and high pressure, cellulose and hemicellulose were decomposed at 200℃, lignin was decomposed at 250℃. The addition of catalyst could improve the conversion of high pressure liquefaction of staw and sawdust. The addition of NaOH resulted in residue yield was only 1.26%, while the residues yield was 20.87%without catalyst. Oill yield was increased from 3.4%to 11.87%, Al2O3 catalyst has little effect on bio-oil yield, the major effectiveness is to increase the heneicosane to 79.50%, and efficiently reduce the oxygen content of bio-oil, but the effects of molecure sieve and ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts are to increase OD phase yield, and also increase ratio heneicosane as main content in bio-oil. The decomposition of biomass was improved with catalysts. The strict conditions of biomass liquefaction was reduced, while the conversion rate of lignin and the yields of bio-oil and valuable chemicals were enhanced with HZSM-5 zeolite, Al2O3, and Ni, Fe ion-exchanging catalysts.
在高压液化过程中反应条件的研究作为后续研究的基础必不可少。本实验选取生物质(稻草、锯末)为反应原料,在间歇式高温高压反应釜中进行生物质液化实验,在七个不同温度(260、280、300、320、340、360、380℃)和六个不同反应停留时间(0、5、10、20、30和40min)下对生物质高温高压液化受反应温度和反应停留时间的影响进行了研究,确定了本实验体系中液化反应的最佳反应条件,稻草高压液化总油产率最高为50.25%(280℃),锯末液化总油产率最高为35.96%(320℃)。由此可以看出作为生物质的主要组成成分,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的含量对生物质液化产物的分布有很大的影响。
为了进一步了解生物质液化过程,揭示生物质液化中间产物的结构,本实验采用中间取样法对稻草高压液化过程进行分析。在稻草液化反应200-310℃的升温过程中进行中间取样,将取出的产物分为水溶相、四氢呋喃可溶相(生物油)和残渣相。对反应原料和残渣进行扫描电镜分析、红外光谱分析和元素分析,对生物油进行气-质联用分析,并对水溶相进行了总有机碳的测定。扫描电镜结果显示,在液化过程中稻草的形态结构发生了巨大的改变,根据对比分析扫描电镜和红外光谱的结果发现稻草中纤维素和半纤维素于200℃开始分解,木质素于250℃开始分解。反应过程中生物油的主要成分为丁基羟基甲苯和二丁基邻二甲酸酯,随着反应温度的升高,小分子物质再聚合的现象明显,生物油中高分子物质有所增加。
为提高生物质中木质素成分的转化率,选取碱性催化剂对生物质高压催化液化反应进行研究。锯末催化液化实验结果显示4种碱性催化剂(碳酸钠、碳酸钾、氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾)的添加均可提高3相生物油(乙醚相、乙酸乙酯相和丙酮相)产率,同时也使反应残渣得率大大降低,添加氢氧化钠催化剂时残渣得率仅有1.26%,而未添加催化剂时残渣得率为20.87%；油1相产率也由3.40%提高至11.87%。稻草液化实验结果显示添加催化剂碳酸钠时油1相产率最高,为9.895%；添加催化剂氢氧化钾时油2相产率最高,为6.693%；添加催化剂氢氧化钠时残渣得率最小,为6.415%。
然而改善生物油品质也是生物质高压液化亟待解决的问题,实验选取氧化铝、分子筛以及以它们为载体的负载型催化剂进行生物质催化液化研究,针对催化剂添加对各相生物油产率的影响以及对生物油组成的改变进行分析,探讨了几种催化剂对生物质液化影响的差异,并对比稻草和锯末这两种作为纤维素和木质素代表物质的生物质在催化液化过程中受到的不同影响进行分析。实验结果显示,氧化铝催化剂对生物油产率影响不大,其催化作用主要体现在使烷烃类物质(heneicosane)的含量达到79.50%,有效地降低了生物油的含氧量,提高了生物油的热值。分子筛及其负载型催化剂的主要作用均体现在生物油中有机水溶相(OD)相产率大幅提高,并使生物油主要成分中烷烃类物质的比例提高。
对比所有的催化液化实验结果,催化剂对锯末液化的促进效果均比稻草明显,最后为了研究更适合稻草催化液化的方法,将催化剂应用于稻草共溶剂液化过程。以乙醇-水混合溶液作为反应溶剂,添加碳酸钠、碳酸钾、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾和铁负载型分子筛为液化催化剂,在高温高压反应釜中进行催化液化的实验研究。实验重点考察催化剂对共溶剂液化实验的影响、催化剂在共溶剂和纯水溶剂液化的催化效果对比以及催化剂对共溶剂液化产物性质的影响。反应在300℃下进行,催化剂的添加量均为1g,实验结果表明催化剂能有效促进稻草在共溶剂中的液化反应,氢氧化钠催化效果最好,使产物中油1相产率由38.64%提高到53.27%,转化率由85.31%提高到90.54%。通过对产物GC-MS结果对比表明,催化剂氢氧化纳可以促进烷烃类产物的生成,铁负载型分子筛可以促进芳香族化合物的生成。
总之,反应温度对生物质高温高压液化的影响最大,稻草高压液化总油产率最高为50.25%(280℃),锯末液化总油产率最高为35.96%(320℃)；在生物质高温高压液化的反应过程中纤维素和半纤维素于200℃开始分解,木质素于250℃开始分解。催化剂的添加能有效的促进稻草和锯末的高压液化反应。添加氢氧化钠催化剂时残渣得率仅有1.26%,未添加催化剂时残渣得率为20.87%；油1相产率也由3.40%提高至11.87%。,氧化铝催化剂对生物油产率影响不大,其催化作用主要体现在使烷烃类物质(heneicosane)的含量达到79.50%,有效地降低了生物油的含氧量,而分子筛及其负载型催化剂的主要作用均体现在生物油中有机水溶相(OD)相产率大幅提高,并使生物油主要成分中烷烃类物质的比例提高。另外它们作为工业催化剂,催化性能稳定、热稳定性高并且加工成型后可以回收利用,非常适合在液化反应的高温高压环境使用。
Recently, with lack of energy, there is an important issue which human has been facing is that how to utilize the resource reasonable. Along with the environmental problem brought by reduction of extraction of fossil energy and utilizing, the exploitation and development of renewable energy is an important tast for the researchers. Liquefaction of biomass to produce biology oil and high value-added chemicals technics are able to convert the lower energy density of biology substance to high energy density and grade liquid fuel. It is an efficiency way to utilize biology substances reasonable. However, there are several difficulties in the liquefaction conversion of biomass under high pressure to bio-oil and high value-added chemicals, such as low production of bio-oil, lower grade, and low conversion rate of lignin of bio-substances. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of several kinds of catalysts were investigated, including four kinds of alkaline catalysts (sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide), the industrial molecular sieve catalysts, alumina catalysts in petrochemials field, and ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts applied to liquiefaction by high pressure to produce bio-oil and high value-added chemicals. The objective of this study is to improve relatively reaction conditions of high pressure liquefaction with high efficient catalyst, and then increase the conversion rate of bio-substance's lignin in order toincrease yield of bio-oil product. The most important is that how to improve the characteristics of bio-oil products with the selective catalysts.
During the high pressure liquefaction process, the study of reaction conditions as the basis of further research is very necessary. The effects of reaction conditions on bio-oil yield, such as reaction temperature and holding time, were investigated. The highest total oil yield of straw and sawdust liqufection is 50.25%(280℃) and 35.96% (320℃), respectively. It was shown by the results that the yield and composition of bio-oil are determined by materials and reaction conditions.
In addition, the structure of bio-oil and residues obtained from the thermochemical liquefaction of straw in hot compressed water was investigated. Those products were obtained by sampling during the experimental process at the temperature of 200,220,250,300 and 310℃, respectively. The products of liquefaction were separated into water-solution fraction, Tetrahydrofuran solubles (bio-oil) and insolubles (residues). The raw straw and residues were analyzed by SEM, FTIR, and elemental analysis, while the bio-oil and water-soluble products were analyzed by GC-MS and TOC, respectively. It was indicated by the results that the main component including cellulose and hemicellulose of straw began to decompose at 200℃, while the lignin decomposed at 250℃. The main compounds of bio-oil were butylated hydroxytoluene and dibutyl phthalate, while higher molecular compounds were produced by further repolymerization with the temperature increasing. The results might be helpful to investigate the product characteristics at different temperatures during the process of liquefaction and establish a pathway of the straw liquefaction, which can be utilized to improve the yield of goal products (bio-oil, phenols and other useful chemicals).
The catalysts, which are used for the research of alkaline catalyst, were NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3 and K2CO3, respectively. The yields of three kinds of bio-oil (ether phase, ethyl acetate phase and acetone phase) of sawdust liquefaction were enhanced, while the yields of residue were reduced markedly. In the run with NaOH, the yield of residue (Oil) was 1.26%(11.87%), while the yield of residue (Oil) was 20.87% (3.40%) without catalyst. In the run of straw, the highest yield of Oill, Oil2 and lowest yield of residue were 9.895%(with Na2CO3),6.693%(with KOH) and 6.415% (with NaOH), respectively.
Meanwhile, another objective of this study is to improve the quality of the bio-oil. The effect of the catalyst on yield and composition of bio-oil, and the catalytic effects differences between liquefaction of straw (cellulose) and sawdust (lignin) were investigated. The maximum bio-oil yield was obtained as 20.83%with Al2O3 catalyst (0.4g), while the minimum residue yield of 12.50%was obtained at 280℃with 0.3g Al2O3. It was shown by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis that the main difference between bio-oil obtained from with or without catalyst runs were the amount of heneicosane and other oxygenous compounds. In the rus of HZSM-5 and Ni, Fe ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts, the total bio-oil yields were increased obviously with Ni, Fe ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite. In addition, the catalytic effects of ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite were differernt with the temperature. The yield of OD was increased with ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst at 280℃, while the yield of HO was enhanced at 300℃.
Furthermore, liquefaction of straw to produce bio-oil with mixed solvent (ethanol-water mixture) was carried out in a 1 OOOmL autoclave at 300℃. The alkalic additives selected in this research were NaOH and KOH, while catalysts in this research were Na2CO3, K2CO3 and Fe ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts, respectively. It was shown by the results that the bio-oil yield was increased significantly by the addition of NaOH. In NaOH run, the bio-oil yield was enhanced from 38.64%to 53.27%, while the conversion rate of the liquefaction was increased from 85.31%to 90.54%. The hydrothermal liquefaction of straw was studied with the same alkalic additives and catalysts as the mixed solvent liquefaction. Comparing the results of the two different reaction systems (mixed solvent system and hydrothermal liquefaction system), it was indicated that alkalic additives and catalysts were more effective in the mixed solvent system. The bio-oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS. It was indicated by the results that the component characterization of bio-oil was mainly depended on catalyst. The content of hydrocarbon was enhanced in the NaOH run, while the content of aromatic compounds was increased by FeHZSM-5.
In conclusion, reaction temperature is the biggest effect for the process of biomass liquefaction with high temperature and high pressure. The hightest yield of total oil yield of staw in the high pressure liquefaction is 50.25%(280℃), while the total oil yield of sawdust liquefaction is 35.96%(320℃). In the process of biomass liquefaction with high temperature and high pressure, cellulose and hemicellulose were decomposed at 200℃, lignin was decomposed at 250℃. The addition of catalyst could improve the conversion of high pressure liquefaction of staw and sawdust. The addition of NaOH resulted in residue yield was only 1.26%, while the residues yield was 20.87%without catalyst. Oill yield was increased from 3.4%to 11.87%, Al2O3 catalyst has little effect on bio-oil yield, the major effectiveness is to increase the heneicosane to 79.50%, and efficiently reduce the oxygen content of bio-oil, but the effects of molecure sieve and ion-exchanging HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts are to increase OD phase yield, and also increase ratio heneicosane as main content in bio-oil. The decomposition of biomass was improved with catalysts. The strict conditions of biomass liquefaction was reduced, while the conversion rate of lignin and the yields of bio-oil and valuable chemicals were enhanced with HZSM-5 zeolite, Al2O3, and Ni, Fe ion-exchanging catalysts.
引文
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