城市黑臭河道生境改善与生态重建实验研究：技术耦合效应及机制
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摘要
城市河道的黑臭现象不仅阻碍着经济社会的可持续发展,还严重影响了沿岸居民的健康和生活。利用生态技术来治理黑臭河道,具有稳定有效、安全持久、耗能少、管理方便等优点。本论文以国家科技重大专项(2009ZX07317-006)《城市黑臭河道外源阻断、工程修复与原位多级生态净化关键技术研究与示范》为依托,以上海市中心城区严重污染的河道水体为对象,开展利用生态技术处理黑臭河水的实验及工程示范研究,分析了多种生态技术组合对黑臭河道生境改善和生态重建的耦合效应、机制以及工程示范效益,旨在为我国中心城区水环境的治理与修复提供科学依据。
本论文通过静态吸附和解吸实验研究了新型填料蜂巢石对氨氮的吸附行为,结果发现：(1)蜂巢石对氨氮的吸附体现出“快速吸附、动态平衡、难以解吸”的特点,吸附动力学符合准二级反应模型。(2)NH4+-N初始浓度增加,蜂巢石平衡吸附量也随之上升,Langmuir方程拟合结果表明,过高的初始浓度(>535 mg/L)也会抑制吸附的发生；(3)温度影响蜂巢石对氨氮的吸附表现出两重性：平衡吸附量随温度(<313K)的增加而增加,温度过高(>313K)时反而下降,这与蜂巢石的化学吸附作用有关；(4)吸附等温线可用Langmuir和Fredulich等温式拟合,其RL值和1/n值表现为优先吸附。
本论文以黑臭河道现场水培生长的克隆植物为研究对象,测试了四种植物在生长期间形态学指标(株高、茎径、叶面积、分株数、间隔子长度)以及叶片中叶绿素(chla、chlb)的动态变化,利用相关性分析克隆植物在环境高营养盐水平且氮磷比例不断变化下的响应水平和策略,结果发现：(1)比较外源氮、磷营养盐对4种克隆植物的表形可塑性的影响,氮的影响显著,而磷的影响不显著；(2)外源不同形态氮对4种克隆植物表形可塑性的影响具有明显差异性：就形态学特征而言,4种植物均与氨氮浓度成显著负相关性,而与硝态氮浓度成显著正相关性；对于叶绿素含量而言,睡莲和轮叶狐尾藻与硝氮浓度成显著负相关性,梭鱼草与氨氮成显著正相关性,香菇草则变化不明显；(3)外源不同形态氮对4种克隆植物全株营养物质的分配的影响不明显,但在不同器官有显著差异：梭鱼草根氮磷比与亚硝氮浓度显著正相关,睡莲块茎氮磷比与氨氮显著正相关,轮叶狐尾藻根氮磷比与总氮浓度成显著正相关,而香菇草则与总氮浓度成显著负相关性；
本论文在上述预研究的基础上,以蜂巢石和软性填料为基质,通过构建生物栅-复合垂直流人工湿地系统来强化处理黑臭河水,设计水力负荷0.80 m3/(m2·d),装置稳定运行6个月,结果发现：(1)对主要污染物去除效果较好。CODCr去除率57.20-75.00%,TN去除率平均58.14%,TP去除率为58.13-83.25%；(2)比较软性填料和蜂巢石生物膜功能酶活特征,发现前者磷酸酶和脲酶活性更高,对含氮有机物的降解能力优于蜂巢石填料,但后者除磷效果更好；(3)利用基因文库技术解析填料生物膜菌群结构,表明生物膜中的优势菌群为Acinetobactersp(不动杆菌属)、Flavobacteriaceae bacterium(黄杆菌属)、Pseudomonas putida(假单胞菌属)和Uncultured Alphaproteobacteria(变形菌属)。
本论文通过模拟水生植物在天然水体中的生态位分布,设计了一套逐级下沉式梯级浮床系统来现场处理黑臭河水,设计水力停留时间8h,实验运行6个月,结果表明：(1)梯级生态浮床系统在传统浮床技术的基础上,通过选择不同生态位植物种类,采用逐级下沉的运行方式,水体DO浓度沿水流方向逐渐提高,出水浓度提升了0.38-3.38 mg/L,平均值1.51 mg/L。系统的好氧环境能促进黑臭水体中Fe2+、S2-的氧化固定,同时,Fe2+的氧化能促进磷的沉淀,提高系统的除磷效果；(2)对氨氮去除率为40.06%-95.90%,平均71.90%,系统对总无机氮平均去除率为45%,且主要发生在挺水植物单元。利用基因文库技术进行分子解析,发现挺水植物单元生物膜菌群物种多样性指数高于其它净化单元,生物膜中存在厌氧氨氧化菌,总无机氮的去除途径包括厌氧氨氧化；(3)相邻的净化单元菌群结构差异明显,沿水流方向依次由兼性厌氧菌为主过渡到以好氧菌和兼性厌氧菌为主；(4)系统通过水质改善、植物遮蔽作用等途径,对水体中浮游藻类物种多样性指数有显著影响。
在上述研究的基础上,利用梯级生态浮床系统在上海市虹桥交通枢纽新角浦300m长的河段进行工程示范,以枢纽水系四类河道断面为参照,构建40个生态浮床单元的立体生态系统,设计水面覆盖率22%。定期跟踪监测结果表明,与对照区相比,示范区内DO浓度上升,为2.16-11.08 mg/L,透明度增加22.22%,对PO43--P的去除效率高,峰值为92.50%。示范区浮游藻类生物密度和物种丰富度指数明显低于对照段(p<0.05)
本论文利用新型填料蜂巢石,组合优化两种新工艺：生物栅-复合垂直流人工湿地系统和梯级生态浮床系统来处理黑臭河水,并对多种技术的耦合效应机制进行了探讨,为其可靠的应用提供了理论基础和技术支撑。
The malodorous urban rivers not only hamper the exploitation and sustainable development of city economy, but also have a serious impact on the coastal residents. It has many advantages of using eco-technology to treat the malodorous river, more stability, higher efficiency, lower energy cost and easier management. This thesis was based on the major National Water Pollution Control Project (2009ZX07317-006) " Research and Demonstration on Sewage Interception, Engineering Remediation and Ecological Restoration of the Malodorous Urban Rivers". By using ecological techniques to treat the seriously-polluted urban rivers of Shanghai as a demonstration project, the research investigated the coupling effect, mechanism and demonstrative effect in water quality purification and habitat improvement malodorous urban rivers. The study could provide scientific basis for technical design and engineering application to improve the water quality of polluted urban river.
Static adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out to study a new type of substrate's adsorption of pumice, The results suggested that:(1)the adsorption reaction of ammonia nitrogen by pumice was rapid, but dynamic adsorption equilibrium, difficult to desorption. The adsorption kinetics analysis fitted it well with the pseudo-second order kinetic reaction model; (2)the adsorbing amount of pumice increased with the rise of initial concentration of ammonia nitrogen, but high initial concentration (> 535 mg/L) could inhibit the adsorption by the fitting result of Langmuir formula; (3)because of the chemical absorption of pumice, the influence of temperature expressed the duality, the balanced adsorbing increased with the temperature rising when it was lower than 313 K, but decrease as it was higher than 313 K; (4)the adsorption isotherm conformed to the Langmuir and Fredulich isothermal equation very well. It's a kind of favorable absorption from both RL value and 1/n value.
This study focused on the clonal plant cultured by the malodorous river water, detected morphological indexes of four plants(plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, tiller number, spacer length) and dynamic drift of chlorophyll content in the leaves(chla, chlb). Though regression analysis of clonal plant's responses and strategies under high nutrient levels and the drift ratio of N/P, the results showed that: (1)Exogenous nitrogen had obvious effects on phenotypic plasticity of clonal plant, however, exogenous phosphorus had no significant effects on it; (2) different types of exogenous nitrogen had a significant different influence on four kinds of clonal plants phenotypic plasticity: in terms of the morphological characteristics, there was a significant negative correlation between four hydrophytes and ammonia nitrogen concentration, and a significant positive correlation with nitrate nitrogen. For the chlorophyll content, there was a significant negative correlation between Nymphaea tetragona and Myriophyllum verticillatum and nitrate nitrogen, and a significant positive correlation in the case of Pontederia cordata. However, Hydrocotyle vulgaris is not obvious. (3)the distribution of nutrients in complete stool of four hydrophytes was not influenced by exogenous nitrogen,but it had significant variance in different organs: there was a significant positive correlation between Pontederia cordata root's N/P and nitrite concentration, Nymphaea tetragona tuber's N/P and ammonia nitrogen, Myriophyllum verticillatum root's N/P and total nitrogen .however, there was a significant negative correlation between Hydrocotyle vulgaris and total nitrogen.
Based on the pre-research, this paper performed the enhanced treatment of malodorous river water using the combined process of Biofilm Grid -Integrated Vertical flow Constructed Wetland with pumice and fiber filler as packing material, the hydraulic loading was designed as 0.80 m3/(m2.d).After 6 months study, the results were summarized as follows:(1)It had a better efficiency on the removal of major pollutants. The removal rate of COD was 57.20-75.00%, average removal rate of TN was 58.14% and TP was 58.13-83.25%; (2)Compared with pumice and fiber filter, the phosphatase and urease activities were higher in fiber filter, and had a better degradation ability of organic nitrogen, while the phosphorus removal rate was better by using pumice. (3)Using gene library technology to analysis the dominant microorganisms on packing material, there are Acinetobacter sp, Flavobacteriaceae bacterium, Pseudomonas putida and Uncultured Alphaproteobacteria.
A set of sequential cascade sunken floating bed was designed for the treatment of malodorous river by simulating ecological niche distribution of hydrophyte in natural water, when HRT is 8h and it was studied for about 6 months. The results were summarized as follows:(1)Based on the traditional floating bed, by choosing a set of hydrophyte in different ecological niche and running by cascade sinking mode. Concentration of DO increased gradually along the water flow, while effluent concentrate increased for about 0.38-3.38 mg/L,with its average 1.51 mg/L. The phosphorus removal ratewas promoted by the aerobic environment which could help the oxidation and fixation of Fe2+and S2-,also Fe2+in the malodorous water could help the sedimentation of phosphorus; (2)The removal rate of NH4+-N was 40.60%-95.90%, with the average is 71.9%.The effluent concentrate of NO3--N and NO2--N were higher than the influent. The average removal rate of total inorganic nitrogen was 45%, mainly in the units of emergent macrophyte, where the ANAMMOX mechanism existed on the packing material according to the analysis of gene library technique. Also, the removal of total inorganic nitrogen pathway involved anaerobic ammonium oxidation reaction.(3)The bacterial community differed significantly from its adjacent purified unit, which present dominated bacterial community from facultative anaerobes to aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobe along the water flow; (4)The system had a significant effect on the species diversity index of phytoplankton by shielding effect of plants and water quality improvement.
On the basis of preliminary studies, by using Staged Floating Treatment Wetlands as a Demonstration Project in Xin Jiao Pu river, lies in Shanghai HongQiao Transport Bub area, and set four types of river cross section as a reference object, design 40 three-dimensional Floating Treatment Wetlands were designed and applied, which could make surface coverage to 22%. Compared with the control areas (CK), results from regular monitoring showed that the concentration of dissolved oxygen rised to 2.16-11.08 mg/L in the demonstrate region, transparency increases 22.22%, the removal rate of phosphorus can reach to 92.50%, but planktonic algae density and species Margalef diversity index lower than CK.
This study used pumice as new packing material and two optimized new technics: Biofilm Grid & Integrated Vertical-flow Constructed Wetlands (BFG-IVCWs) and Staged Floating Treatment Wetlands (SFTWs) to treat malodorous river, discussed the mechanism of coupling effect of multiple technologies, which could supply a theoretical basis and technical support for its application.
本论文通过静态吸附和解吸实验研究了新型填料蜂巢石对氨氮的吸附行为,结果发现：(1)蜂巢石对氨氮的吸附体现出“快速吸附、动态平衡、难以解吸”的特点,吸附动力学符合准二级反应模型。(2)NH4+-N初始浓度增加,蜂巢石平衡吸附量也随之上升,Langmuir方程拟合结果表明,过高的初始浓度(>535 mg/L)也会抑制吸附的发生；(3)温度影响蜂巢石对氨氮的吸附表现出两重性：平衡吸附量随温度(<313K)的增加而增加,温度过高(>313K)时反而下降,这与蜂巢石的化学吸附作用有关；(4)吸附等温线可用Langmuir和Fredulich等温式拟合,其RL值和1/n值表现为优先吸附。
本论文以黑臭河道现场水培生长的克隆植物为研究对象,测试了四种植物在生长期间形态学指标(株高、茎径、叶面积、分株数、间隔子长度)以及叶片中叶绿素(chla、chlb)的动态变化,利用相关性分析克隆植物在环境高营养盐水平且氮磷比例不断变化下的响应水平和策略,结果发现：(1)比较外源氮、磷营养盐对4种克隆植物的表形可塑性的影响,氮的影响显著,而磷的影响不显著；(2)外源不同形态氮对4种克隆植物表形可塑性的影响具有明显差异性：就形态学特征而言,4种植物均与氨氮浓度成显著负相关性,而与硝态氮浓度成显著正相关性；对于叶绿素含量而言,睡莲和轮叶狐尾藻与硝氮浓度成显著负相关性,梭鱼草与氨氮成显著正相关性,香菇草则变化不明显；(3)外源不同形态氮对4种克隆植物全株营养物质的分配的影响不明显,但在不同器官有显著差异：梭鱼草根氮磷比与亚硝氮浓度显著正相关,睡莲块茎氮磷比与氨氮显著正相关,轮叶狐尾藻根氮磷比与总氮浓度成显著正相关,而香菇草则与总氮浓度成显著负相关性；
本论文在上述预研究的基础上,以蜂巢石和软性填料为基质,通过构建生物栅-复合垂直流人工湿地系统来强化处理黑臭河水,设计水力负荷0.80 m3/(m2·d),装置稳定运行6个月,结果发现：(1)对主要污染物去除效果较好。CODCr去除率57.20-75.00%,TN去除率平均58.14%,TP去除率为58.13-83.25%；(2)比较软性填料和蜂巢石生物膜功能酶活特征,发现前者磷酸酶和脲酶活性更高,对含氮有机物的降解能力优于蜂巢石填料,但后者除磷效果更好；(3)利用基因文库技术解析填料生物膜菌群结构,表明生物膜中的优势菌群为Acinetobactersp(不动杆菌属)、Flavobacteriaceae bacterium(黄杆菌属)、Pseudomonas putida(假单胞菌属)和Uncultured Alphaproteobacteria(变形菌属)。
本论文通过模拟水生植物在天然水体中的生态位分布,设计了一套逐级下沉式梯级浮床系统来现场处理黑臭河水,设计水力停留时间8h,实验运行6个月,结果表明：(1)梯级生态浮床系统在传统浮床技术的基础上,通过选择不同生态位植物种类,采用逐级下沉的运行方式,水体DO浓度沿水流方向逐渐提高,出水浓度提升了0.38-3.38 mg/L,平均值1.51 mg/L。系统的好氧环境能促进黑臭水体中Fe2+、S2-的氧化固定,同时,Fe2+的氧化能促进磷的沉淀,提高系统的除磷效果；(2)对氨氮去除率为40.06%-95.90%,平均71.90%,系统对总无机氮平均去除率为45%,且主要发生在挺水植物单元。利用基因文库技术进行分子解析,发现挺水植物单元生物膜菌群物种多样性指数高于其它净化单元,生物膜中存在厌氧氨氧化菌,总无机氮的去除途径包括厌氧氨氧化；(3)相邻的净化单元菌群结构差异明显,沿水流方向依次由兼性厌氧菌为主过渡到以好氧菌和兼性厌氧菌为主；(4)系统通过水质改善、植物遮蔽作用等途径,对水体中浮游藻类物种多样性指数有显著影响。
在上述研究的基础上,利用梯级生态浮床系统在上海市虹桥交通枢纽新角浦300m长的河段进行工程示范,以枢纽水系四类河道断面为参照,构建40个生态浮床单元的立体生态系统,设计水面覆盖率22%。定期跟踪监测结果表明,与对照区相比,示范区内DO浓度上升,为2.16-11.08 mg/L,透明度增加22.22%,对PO43--P的去除效率高,峰值为92.50%。示范区浮游藻类生物密度和物种丰富度指数明显低于对照段(p<0.05)
本论文利用新型填料蜂巢石,组合优化两种新工艺：生物栅-复合垂直流人工湿地系统和梯级生态浮床系统来处理黑臭河水,并对多种技术的耦合效应机制进行了探讨,为其可靠的应用提供了理论基础和技术支撑。
The malodorous urban rivers not only hamper the exploitation and sustainable development of city economy, but also have a serious impact on the coastal residents. It has many advantages of using eco-technology to treat the malodorous river, more stability, higher efficiency, lower energy cost and easier management. This thesis was based on the major National Water Pollution Control Project (2009ZX07317-006) " Research and Demonstration on Sewage Interception, Engineering Remediation and Ecological Restoration of the Malodorous Urban Rivers". By using ecological techniques to treat the seriously-polluted urban rivers of Shanghai as a demonstration project, the research investigated the coupling effect, mechanism and demonstrative effect in water quality purification and habitat improvement malodorous urban rivers. The study could provide scientific basis for technical design and engineering application to improve the water quality of polluted urban river.
Static adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out to study a new type of substrate's adsorption of pumice, The results suggested that:(1)the adsorption reaction of ammonia nitrogen by pumice was rapid, but dynamic adsorption equilibrium, difficult to desorption. The adsorption kinetics analysis fitted it well with the pseudo-second order kinetic reaction model; (2)the adsorbing amount of pumice increased with the rise of initial concentration of ammonia nitrogen, but high initial concentration (> 535 mg/L) could inhibit the adsorption by the fitting result of Langmuir formula; (3)because of the chemical absorption of pumice, the influence of temperature expressed the duality, the balanced adsorbing increased with the temperature rising when it was lower than 313 K, but decrease as it was higher than 313 K; (4)the adsorption isotherm conformed to the Langmuir and Fredulich isothermal equation very well. It's a kind of favorable absorption from both RL value and 1/n value.
This study focused on the clonal plant cultured by the malodorous river water, detected morphological indexes of four plants(plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, tiller number, spacer length) and dynamic drift of chlorophyll content in the leaves(chla, chlb). Though regression analysis of clonal plant's responses and strategies under high nutrient levels and the drift ratio of N/P, the results showed that: (1)Exogenous nitrogen had obvious effects on phenotypic plasticity of clonal plant, however, exogenous phosphorus had no significant effects on it; (2) different types of exogenous nitrogen had a significant different influence on four kinds of clonal plants phenotypic plasticity: in terms of the morphological characteristics, there was a significant negative correlation between four hydrophytes and ammonia nitrogen concentration, and a significant positive correlation with nitrate nitrogen. For the chlorophyll content, there was a significant negative correlation between Nymphaea tetragona and Myriophyllum verticillatum and nitrate nitrogen, and a significant positive correlation in the case of Pontederia cordata. However, Hydrocotyle vulgaris is not obvious. (3)the distribution of nutrients in complete stool of four hydrophytes was not influenced by exogenous nitrogen,but it had significant variance in different organs: there was a significant positive correlation between Pontederia cordata root's N/P and nitrite concentration, Nymphaea tetragona tuber's N/P and ammonia nitrogen, Myriophyllum verticillatum root's N/P and total nitrogen .however, there was a significant negative correlation between Hydrocotyle vulgaris and total nitrogen.
Based on the pre-research, this paper performed the enhanced treatment of malodorous river water using the combined process of Biofilm Grid -Integrated Vertical flow Constructed Wetland with pumice and fiber filler as packing material, the hydraulic loading was designed as 0.80 m3/(m2.d).After 6 months study, the results were summarized as follows:(1)It had a better efficiency on the removal of major pollutants. The removal rate of COD was 57.20-75.00%, average removal rate of TN was 58.14% and TP was 58.13-83.25%; (2)Compared with pumice and fiber filter, the phosphatase and urease activities were higher in fiber filter, and had a better degradation ability of organic nitrogen, while the phosphorus removal rate was better by using pumice. (3)Using gene library technology to analysis the dominant microorganisms on packing material, there are Acinetobacter sp, Flavobacteriaceae bacterium, Pseudomonas putida and Uncultured Alphaproteobacteria.
A set of sequential cascade sunken floating bed was designed for the treatment of malodorous river by simulating ecological niche distribution of hydrophyte in natural water, when HRT is 8h and it was studied for about 6 months. The results were summarized as follows:(1)Based on the traditional floating bed, by choosing a set of hydrophyte in different ecological niche and running by cascade sinking mode. Concentration of DO increased gradually along the water flow, while effluent concentrate increased for about 0.38-3.38 mg/L,with its average 1.51 mg/L. The phosphorus removal ratewas promoted by the aerobic environment which could help the oxidation and fixation of Fe2+and S2-,also Fe2+in the malodorous water could help the sedimentation of phosphorus; (2)The removal rate of NH4+-N was 40.60%-95.90%, with the average is 71.9%.The effluent concentrate of NO3--N and NO2--N were higher than the influent. The average removal rate of total inorganic nitrogen was 45%, mainly in the units of emergent macrophyte, where the ANAMMOX mechanism existed on the packing material according to the analysis of gene library technique. Also, the removal of total inorganic nitrogen pathway involved anaerobic ammonium oxidation reaction.(3)The bacterial community differed significantly from its adjacent purified unit, which present dominated bacterial community from facultative anaerobes to aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobe along the water flow; (4)The system had a significant effect on the species diversity index of phytoplankton by shielding effect of plants and water quality improvement.
On the basis of preliminary studies, by using Staged Floating Treatment Wetlands as a Demonstration Project in Xin Jiao Pu river, lies in Shanghai HongQiao Transport Bub area, and set four types of river cross section as a reference object, design 40 three-dimensional Floating Treatment Wetlands were designed and applied, which could make surface coverage to 22%. Compared with the control areas (CK), results from regular monitoring showed that the concentration of dissolved oxygen rised to 2.16-11.08 mg/L in the demonstrate region, transparency increases 22.22%, the removal rate of phosphorus can reach to 92.50%, but planktonic algae density and species Margalef diversity index lower than CK.
This study used pumice as new packing material and two optimized new technics: Biofilm Grid & Integrated Vertical-flow Constructed Wetlands (BFG-IVCWs) and Staged Floating Treatment Wetlands (SFTWs) to treat malodorous river, discussed the mechanism of coupling effect of multiple technologies, which could supply a theoretical basis and technical support for its application.
引文
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