高应力硬岩胞性板裂破坏和应变型岩爆机理研究
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摘要
高应力地下洞室开挖后,在洞室周边的围岩中常常会出现与开挖面基本平行的板裂破坏面,当洞室埋深较大或地应力很高时,周边围岩甚至会出现岩爆等剧烈工程灾害现象。为此,本文作者在国家自然科学基金、国家留学基金委“建设高水平大学公派研究生”等项目的资助下,以“高应力硬岩脆性板裂破坏和应变型岩爆机理研究”为题,综合利用室内试验、理论分析、数值模拟和工程应用等手段,对硬岩在高应力条件下的板裂破坏及应变型岩爆问题进行了系统的研究。
首先,设计了硬岩和软岩试样的单轴压缩试验和直接拉伸试验,开展了两种岩石在不同加载模式下的力学性质对比,分析了直接拉压条件下硬岩和软岩的强度、变形、弹性模量、泊松比、声发射等物理参数的变化规律,得到了两种岩石在拉压载荷作用下的应力应变规律和声发射特征,用三维形貌扫描仪从细观方面观察了直接拉伸试样破坏断口的三维形态。
其次,选取挪威南部某采石场的Iddefjord花岗岩,设计了硬岩板裂破坏的室内试验,利用标准圆柱体试样的单轴压缩试验和巴西圆盘劈裂试验得到了硬岩的主要力学性质指标。在此基础上,开展了不同高宽比条件下方形花岗岩试样的单轴压缩试验,率先在实验室条件下再现了深部高应力硬岩的板裂破坏模式,找到了硬岩在单轴压缩下从剪切破坏到板裂破坏过渡的外部条件,发现硬岩的板裂破坏裂纹基本上是一些等间距分布且平行于加载方向的破坏面,其板裂破坏强度约为该岩石标准圆柱体试样单轴抗压强度的60%左右。在室内试验的基础上,对不同高宽比条件下硬岩的单轴压缩试验进行了数值模拟,研究了端部效应对试样内应力、应变分布的影响,利用摩尔-库仑应变软化准则模拟了三组试样的单轴压缩破坏过程。
围绕高应力硬岩的板裂破坏,开展了硬岩板裂破坏的微观断裂力学分析。利用Iddefjord花岗岩显微镜下的微观照片,发现硬岩试样存在明显的微观缺陷和结构的非均质性。利用线弹性断裂力学方法,对单轴压缩下楔形滑移型裂纹的扩展规律进行了理论推导,得到了单裂纹条件下裂纹扩展的临界应力和裂纹初始长度、裂纹面倾角、摩擦角、岩石断裂韧度等之间的关系,并推导了压缩载荷和裂纹扩展长度之间的关系式,同时还分析了双轴压缩载荷作用下滑移型裂纹尖端翼裂纹扩展的应力强度因子和裂纹长度之间的关系。
另外,对深部高应力条件下硬岩屈曲板裂失稳和动力扰动下矿柱的力学响应进行了宏观分析。一方面,对于深部高应力洞室围岩屈曲板裂问题,既考虑了轴心载荷作用,也考虑偏心载荷的作用,得到了偏心荷载作用下岩板最大水平位移、最大压拉应力和岩板的长厚比、载荷大小、载荷偏心距、岩板弹性模量等参数之间的关系,研究发现采场充填体等的围压效应对岩板屈曲板裂破坏有明显的抑制作用,并以贵州开阳磷矿下属的马路坪矿为例,进行了工程实例应用。另一方面,利用数值模拟的方法对高应力硬岩矿柱在动力扰动下的力学响应问题进行了论述,发现承受高应力的岩体,随着所受初始静载应力的增大,外界的动力扰动对其影响就越明显；承受高静载应力的矿柱,较小的动力扰动可能会使其发生塑性破坏而导致深部开采时的“多米诺骨牌”效应。
最后,利用Iddefjord花岗岩加工了含预制孔洞的试样,模拟深埋高应力隧道开挖时应变型岩爆的发生机理。试验发现随着试样内应力的增大,在平行于孔洞竖直方向相继出现劈裂裂纹并逐渐贯通,在孔洞周边岩体中出现块体弹射、片帮等应变型岩爆的物理特征。同时,还对含孔洞花岗岩试样进行了数值模拟,研究发现模型在破坏初期均为拉破坏,即产生平行于孔洞竖向边界的张拉破坏面,这和工程现场的板裂或片帮破坏比较类似。
在此基础上,利用FLAC3D对深埋高地应力圆形隧道进行了三维应力分析,发现隧道的最大主应力在掌子面附近发生应力偏转,利用最大切应力判据可以判别隧道开挖后围岩是否发生岩爆以及岩爆发生的强度等级。并以秦岭终南山深埋隧道为例,调查发现隧道的最大岩爆频率既不发生在爆破施工刚结束的时候,也不发生在隧道的掌子面上,应变型岩爆的滞后效应和隧道开挖后的最大主应力滞后效应存在一定关系。隧道应变型岩爆问题可以通过三维应力分析得到较为理想的结果。
Surface-parallel spalling is a failure mode often observed in highly stressed hard rocks in underground excavation. When the opening is at great depth or the in-situ stresses are very high, violent engineering disasters such as rock burst may occur in the surrounding rock masses. Based on this, the author has done the research titled with "The brittle spalling failure of hard rock and the mechanism of strainburst under high in-situ stress", sponsored by the National Natural Science Fund, the China Scholarship Council and so on. Integrated the use of laboratory testing, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and engineering application, the studies on the spalling failure of hard rock under high in-situ stress and the mechanism of strainburst have been systematically carried out.
First, uniaxial compression tests and direct tensile tests of hard and soft rock specimens have been designed. The mechanical properties of two rocks have been compared under different load conditions. The change of strength, deformation, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, acoustic emission and other physical parameters were carefully analyzed with applied load. The stress-strain curves and acoustic emission characteristics of the two rocks have been obtained under direct tension and compression. The tensile fractures of typical rock specimens were measured by a 3D surface measurement machine. The micro-structure and the roughness profile of the tensile fractures were obtained.
Second, the Iddefjord granite from a quarry in the south Norway was selected to carry out the laboratory tests on spalling failure. The main mechanical properties of the granite were got from the uniaxial compression tests on the standard cylindrical specimens and the splitting tests on the Brazilian disc specimens. Then uniaxial compression tests on the plate specimens with different ratio of height to width were carried out. It is observed that the failure mode will be transformed from shear to slabbing when the height/width ratio is reduced to 0.5 in the plate specimens. Microσ1-parallel fractures initiate when the lateral strain departs from its linearity. Slabbing fractures are approximately parallel to the loading direction. The lab tests show that the slabbing strength (σsl) of hard rock is about 60% of its uniaxial compression strength (UCS). In the numerical modelling part, two kinds of constitutive models, elastic model and Mohr-Coulomb strain-softening model, are adopted to simulate the mechanical behavior of the plate specimens. The end effect and the mesh size were taken into consideration during the numerical simulation.
The analysis on the micro fracture mechanics of hard rock was also carried out for studying the spalling failure of hard rock. It is found that there is obvious defects and micro-heterogeneity in the Iddefjord granite under the microscope photos. By using the linear elastic fracture mechanics method, the crack initiation and propagation along the wedge-shaped sliding fracture under uniaxial compression has been deducted. The relationship between the crack initiation stresses with the initial crack length, crack dip angle, friction angle and fracture toughness of rock has been obtained. The relationship between the compression load and the crack propagation length has also been calculated. The stress intensity factor of the crack tip has been analyzed when the wing crack was propagated under biaxial compression.
In addition, buckling instability of hard rock slabs and the mechanical response of rock pillars under dynamic disturbance in high in-situ stresses at depth have been analyzed from the macro point of view. On the one hand, the buckling failure of highly-stressed rock slabs surrounding underground openings is analyzed by using Euler's formula. The eccentric loading is taking into consideration. It shows that the slenderness, the eccentricity, the elastic modulus of the slabs and the loading stress play important roles on the buckling failure of rock slabs. The confining pressure provided by fill can prove adequate to control buckling failure under certain loading conditions. According to the buckling theory, an example analysis was applied at the Maluping Mine in Guizhou province. On the other hand, the mechanical response of the highly static stressed rock pillars under dynamic disturbance has been discussed by using the numerical simulation method. It is found that the stability of highly stressed rock mass is more distinctly influenced by the outside dynamic disturbance with the original static stress increasing. When the pillar is endured very high static stress, even a small dynamic disturbance may lead to its plastic destroying and result in a domino effect in the deep mine.
Finally, to simulate the mechanism of strainburst in the excavation of tunnels, the Iddefjord granite specimens with prefabricated holes have been used in the uniaxial compression tests. It is found that with the increasing of the stress in the specimen, splitting cracks occurred and gradually link up in the cross section perpendicular to the direction parallel to the hole. The rock block ejections, slabbing failure and some physical phenomena like strainburst occurred near the hole in the specimens. And then, numerical modeling has been constructed to simulate the failure process of the physical specimens. It is found that in the initial damage process the splitting failure surface usually can be observed near the hole. It is very similar to the site investigation like spalling failure or slabbing faiure at depth.
The 3D stress analysis has been done in a deeply located circular tunnel by FLAC3D. The stress distribution and the failure zone of the tunnel versus the advance direction have been obtained. It is seen that the major principal stress contours are curved near the tunnel face. A case study of stress analysis in Qinling Zhongnanshan highway tunnel has been carried out by numerical modeling. The rockburst frequency has been reported not only related to the time interval of blasting rounds but also to the distances to the tunnel face. The delaying effect of strainburst exited in tunnel excavation like the delaying effect of maximum principal stress. From the 3D numerical stress analysis, the mechanism of strainburst can be better understood.
首先,设计了硬岩和软岩试样的单轴压缩试验和直接拉伸试验,开展了两种岩石在不同加载模式下的力学性质对比,分析了直接拉压条件下硬岩和软岩的强度、变形、弹性模量、泊松比、声发射等物理参数的变化规律,得到了两种岩石在拉压载荷作用下的应力应变规律和声发射特征,用三维形貌扫描仪从细观方面观察了直接拉伸试样破坏断口的三维形态。
其次,选取挪威南部某采石场的Iddefjord花岗岩,设计了硬岩板裂破坏的室内试验,利用标准圆柱体试样的单轴压缩试验和巴西圆盘劈裂试验得到了硬岩的主要力学性质指标。在此基础上,开展了不同高宽比条件下方形花岗岩试样的单轴压缩试验,率先在实验室条件下再现了深部高应力硬岩的板裂破坏模式,找到了硬岩在单轴压缩下从剪切破坏到板裂破坏过渡的外部条件,发现硬岩的板裂破坏裂纹基本上是一些等间距分布且平行于加载方向的破坏面,其板裂破坏强度约为该岩石标准圆柱体试样单轴抗压强度的60%左右。在室内试验的基础上,对不同高宽比条件下硬岩的单轴压缩试验进行了数值模拟,研究了端部效应对试样内应力、应变分布的影响,利用摩尔-库仑应变软化准则模拟了三组试样的单轴压缩破坏过程。
围绕高应力硬岩的板裂破坏,开展了硬岩板裂破坏的微观断裂力学分析。利用Iddefjord花岗岩显微镜下的微观照片,发现硬岩试样存在明显的微观缺陷和结构的非均质性。利用线弹性断裂力学方法,对单轴压缩下楔形滑移型裂纹的扩展规律进行了理论推导,得到了单裂纹条件下裂纹扩展的临界应力和裂纹初始长度、裂纹面倾角、摩擦角、岩石断裂韧度等之间的关系,并推导了压缩载荷和裂纹扩展长度之间的关系式,同时还分析了双轴压缩载荷作用下滑移型裂纹尖端翼裂纹扩展的应力强度因子和裂纹长度之间的关系。
另外,对深部高应力条件下硬岩屈曲板裂失稳和动力扰动下矿柱的力学响应进行了宏观分析。一方面,对于深部高应力洞室围岩屈曲板裂问题,既考虑了轴心载荷作用,也考虑偏心载荷的作用,得到了偏心荷载作用下岩板最大水平位移、最大压拉应力和岩板的长厚比、载荷大小、载荷偏心距、岩板弹性模量等参数之间的关系,研究发现采场充填体等的围压效应对岩板屈曲板裂破坏有明显的抑制作用,并以贵州开阳磷矿下属的马路坪矿为例,进行了工程实例应用。另一方面,利用数值模拟的方法对高应力硬岩矿柱在动力扰动下的力学响应问题进行了论述,发现承受高应力的岩体,随着所受初始静载应力的增大,外界的动力扰动对其影响就越明显；承受高静载应力的矿柱,较小的动力扰动可能会使其发生塑性破坏而导致深部开采时的“多米诺骨牌”效应。
最后,利用Iddefjord花岗岩加工了含预制孔洞的试样,模拟深埋高应力隧道开挖时应变型岩爆的发生机理。试验发现随着试样内应力的增大,在平行于孔洞竖直方向相继出现劈裂裂纹并逐渐贯通,在孔洞周边岩体中出现块体弹射、片帮等应变型岩爆的物理特征。同时,还对含孔洞花岗岩试样进行了数值模拟,研究发现模型在破坏初期均为拉破坏,即产生平行于孔洞竖向边界的张拉破坏面,这和工程现场的板裂或片帮破坏比较类似。
在此基础上,利用FLAC3D对深埋高地应力圆形隧道进行了三维应力分析,发现隧道的最大主应力在掌子面附近发生应力偏转,利用最大切应力判据可以判别隧道开挖后围岩是否发生岩爆以及岩爆发生的强度等级。并以秦岭终南山深埋隧道为例,调查发现隧道的最大岩爆频率既不发生在爆破施工刚结束的时候,也不发生在隧道的掌子面上,应变型岩爆的滞后效应和隧道开挖后的最大主应力滞后效应存在一定关系。隧道应变型岩爆问题可以通过三维应力分析得到较为理想的结果。
Surface-parallel spalling is a failure mode often observed in highly stressed hard rocks in underground excavation. When the opening is at great depth or the in-situ stresses are very high, violent engineering disasters such as rock burst may occur in the surrounding rock masses. Based on this, the author has done the research titled with "The brittle spalling failure of hard rock and the mechanism of strainburst under high in-situ stress", sponsored by the National Natural Science Fund, the China Scholarship Council and so on. Integrated the use of laboratory testing, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and engineering application, the studies on the spalling failure of hard rock under high in-situ stress and the mechanism of strainburst have been systematically carried out.
First, uniaxial compression tests and direct tensile tests of hard and soft rock specimens have been designed. The mechanical properties of two rocks have been compared under different load conditions. The change of strength, deformation, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, acoustic emission and other physical parameters were carefully analyzed with applied load. The stress-strain curves and acoustic emission characteristics of the two rocks have been obtained under direct tension and compression. The tensile fractures of typical rock specimens were measured by a 3D surface measurement machine. The micro-structure and the roughness profile of the tensile fractures were obtained.
Second, the Iddefjord granite from a quarry in the south Norway was selected to carry out the laboratory tests on spalling failure. The main mechanical properties of the granite were got from the uniaxial compression tests on the standard cylindrical specimens and the splitting tests on the Brazilian disc specimens. Then uniaxial compression tests on the plate specimens with different ratio of height to width were carried out. It is observed that the failure mode will be transformed from shear to slabbing when the height/width ratio is reduced to 0.5 in the plate specimens. Microσ1-parallel fractures initiate when the lateral strain departs from its linearity. Slabbing fractures are approximately parallel to the loading direction. The lab tests show that the slabbing strength (σsl) of hard rock is about 60% of its uniaxial compression strength (UCS). In the numerical modelling part, two kinds of constitutive models, elastic model and Mohr-Coulomb strain-softening model, are adopted to simulate the mechanical behavior of the plate specimens. The end effect and the mesh size were taken into consideration during the numerical simulation.
The analysis on the micro fracture mechanics of hard rock was also carried out for studying the spalling failure of hard rock. It is found that there is obvious defects and micro-heterogeneity in the Iddefjord granite under the microscope photos. By using the linear elastic fracture mechanics method, the crack initiation and propagation along the wedge-shaped sliding fracture under uniaxial compression has been deducted. The relationship between the crack initiation stresses with the initial crack length, crack dip angle, friction angle and fracture toughness of rock has been obtained. The relationship between the compression load and the crack propagation length has also been calculated. The stress intensity factor of the crack tip has been analyzed when the wing crack was propagated under biaxial compression.
In addition, buckling instability of hard rock slabs and the mechanical response of rock pillars under dynamic disturbance in high in-situ stresses at depth have been analyzed from the macro point of view. On the one hand, the buckling failure of highly-stressed rock slabs surrounding underground openings is analyzed by using Euler's formula. The eccentric loading is taking into consideration. It shows that the slenderness, the eccentricity, the elastic modulus of the slabs and the loading stress play important roles on the buckling failure of rock slabs. The confining pressure provided by fill can prove adequate to control buckling failure under certain loading conditions. According to the buckling theory, an example analysis was applied at the Maluping Mine in Guizhou province. On the other hand, the mechanical response of the highly static stressed rock pillars under dynamic disturbance has been discussed by using the numerical simulation method. It is found that the stability of highly stressed rock mass is more distinctly influenced by the outside dynamic disturbance with the original static stress increasing. When the pillar is endured very high static stress, even a small dynamic disturbance may lead to its plastic destroying and result in a domino effect in the deep mine.
Finally, to simulate the mechanism of strainburst in the excavation of tunnels, the Iddefjord granite specimens with prefabricated holes have been used in the uniaxial compression tests. It is found that with the increasing of the stress in the specimen, splitting cracks occurred and gradually link up in the cross section perpendicular to the direction parallel to the hole. The rock block ejections, slabbing failure and some physical phenomena like strainburst occurred near the hole in the specimens. And then, numerical modeling has been constructed to simulate the failure process of the physical specimens. It is found that in the initial damage process the splitting failure surface usually can be observed near the hole. It is very similar to the site investigation like spalling failure or slabbing faiure at depth.
The 3D stress analysis has been done in a deeply located circular tunnel by FLAC3D. The stress distribution and the failure zone of the tunnel versus the advance direction have been obtained. It is seen that the major principal stress contours are curved near the tunnel face. A case study of stress analysis in Qinling Zhongnanshan highway tunnel has been carried out by numerical modeling. The rockburst frequency has been reported not only related to the time interval of blasting rounds but also to the distances to the tunnel face. The delaying effect of strainburst exited in tunnel excavation like the delaying effect of maximum principal stress. From the 3D numerical stress analysis, the mechanism of strainburst can be better understood.
引文
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