地下水平衡与生态演替耦合模型研究
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摘要
水资源缺乏作为一个世纪性课题,已经引起了各个国家的重视和关注。由于水资源的短缺导致的一系列问题,如生态环境恶化、植被退化、土地过度干旱、地下水资源的滥采滥用、农业生产受到影响等不利因素在困扰很多地区的发展。植被作为生态系统的重要因子,其变迁演替对生态环境的改善具有重要作用,植被生态系统作为生态循环演替大循环的子系统,是区域水资源分布格局,水质状态、土壤墒情、区域气候和水文等特征的直观表征,表达了水文地质的特点和状态,植被生态系统的演替发展,特别是在干旱区,其空间格局受到无机环境和社会经济等自然因素和人为因素的双重影响。在干旱区,由于天气干燥,区域干旱少雨,植被演替受到水资源时空分布格局、特别是地下水资源的控制,其演替过程和地下水动态及各项属性特征之间具有一定的耦合关系。对生态演替及地下水动态主导因素的分析,对掌握干旱区生态景观根据的特征和生态恢复具有重要意义,为疏勒河流域的生态保护提供帮助和指导。
疏勒河流域作为西北重要的商品粮基地,具有极其重要的地位。疏勒河流域的生态环境治理研究对西北地区的发展和我国的生态环境问题的解决都起着举足轻重的作用。由于干旱少雨、日照强烈,生态系统极其脆弱,植被生态的演替长期受到环境的胁迫作用,地下水资源成了植被演替的关键因子,无机环境的水分胁迫和区域经济发展、人类活动对区域生态演替的干扰,成为了区域生态景观格局的关键性因素。
本文以疏勒河流域2000年-2009年的地下水长观井监测数据为基础,利用克里格插值方法、对疏勒河流域的地下水埋深进行数值模拟,生成了地下水空间分布曲面,对疏勒河流域水文特征和植被生态要素进行分析；利用2006年疏勒河全景TM影像数据和土地利用数据在ERDAS 8.4系统中做了监督分类,提取了植被景观格局特征指数,结合相应植被生理周期内的地下水分布格局,利用分形理论分析了植被景观格局的分布状况,研究了植被景观格局的的分形维数和地下水分布之间的耦合关系,建立植被演替与水分胁迫的空间关系模型,利用1：100万的大尺度归一化植被指数(NDVI)影像数据对耦合模型做了验证；结合疏勒河流域的实际现状,以景观生态学理论为基础,研究了项目区景观格局特征及成因,对疏勒河流域的景观格局演替特征进行了分析,以希望对疏勒河流域的生态演替和恢复提供理论支持。
疏勒河流域生态景观的研究,对改善西北干旱区的生态环境和区域经济发展、社会稳定具有重要意义。干燥导致流域的农业生产完全依靠人工灌溉,对于水资源的开发利用,一直是以工农业生产为第一需要、将地表径流可开采量的结余作为生态用水,将最重要的生态用水需求放到了次要位置。工农业生产对自然资源的开发利用短期效益是为了满足人民生活需要和经济发展,长期效益是为了改善人居环境和生活水平,水资源的过度开发利用对生态的演替造成了干扰、对人居环境造成了破坏,只顾及眼前利益而忽略了长远目标,本末倒置。本文通过景观格局动态过程的分析,希望改变流域用水观念、建立以水资源的开发利用为生态恢复服务、一切经济行为和社会活动以生态保护为出发点,改造干旱贫瘠、肆虐蔓延的荒漠,建立人与自然和谐、统一的新河西走廊。
As a cross-century topic, the shortage of water resources has come to the fore in many countries. The development of many areas is bothered by a series of problems related to shortage of water resources, such as ecological deterioration, vegetation degradation, excessive dry of farmland, abusive exploitation and usage of underground water and the bad effect on agricultural industry, etc. As the important factor of ecological system, the change and succession of vegetation are of importance to the improvement of ecological environment. As the subsystem in the main system of ecological cycle succession, the vegetation ecological system is the direct token of such characteristics as regional water resources distribution pattern, water quality, soil moisture, regional climate and hydrology. It indicates the characteristics and state of hydrogeology. The spatial pattern of the succession and development of vegetarian ecological system, especially in dry area is influenced by both the natural elements of inorganic environment and the manmade elements of social economy. Due to the dry weather and scarceness of rain, the succession of vegetation in dry areas is intimidated and controlled by the time and spatial distribution patterns of water resources, especially underground water. It succession process has certain coupling relationships with the dynamic state and each feature of underground water. The analysis of ecological succession and the major dominating factor of underground water dynamic state is of great significance to the grasp of the characteristics of ecological landscape and ecological recovery. It can also provide help and guide to the ecological protection of Shule River basin.
As an important commodity grain base in northwest area, Shule River basin enjoys a very important place. The research of the ecological environment governance in Shule River basin is of importance to the development of northwest area and the resolution to the problems of China's ecological environment. Due to the draught and scarce rain and strong sunlight the ecological system is extremely vulnerable and the succession of vegetation ecology is long intimidated by environment. In this condition, underground water resources become the key factor of vegetation succession. Both the moisture intimidation of inorganic environment and the interference of regional economical development and human activities become the key factors of regional ecological landscape pattern.
Based on the monitoring data from the underground water long observing wells in Shule River basin from 2000-2009 and using Kriging interpolation method, this paper performs numerical simulation to the burial depth of the underground water in Shule River basin and generates the curved surface of underground water spatial distribution and analyzes the characteristics of Shule River basin hydrology and vegetation distribution elements. This paper does monitoring classification in ERDAS 8.4 system by using 2006 Shule River panoramic view video data and land usage data. It analyses the distribution situation of vegetation landscape pattern by extracting the index of vegetation landscape pattern characteristics, combining the corresponding underground water distribution pattern in vegetation physical period and using the Fractal Theory. It also studies the coupled relation between the fractal dimension of vegetation landscape pattern and the distribution of underground water and sets up the spatial relation model of vegetation succession and moisture intimidation. In addition, it inspects and verifies the coupled model by using 1:1000000 large scale normalization vegetation index (NDVI) video data.In combination with the current situation of Shule River basin and on the basis of landscape ecology theory, this paper studies the cause of formation and characteristics of landscape pattern in Project area. It also analyses the characteristics of the landscape pattern succession of Shule River in the hope of providing theoretical support of the ecological succession and recovery of Shule River.
The research of Shule River basin ecological landscape is of great significance to the improvement of ecological environment and regional economy development in northwest dry areas and social stability. The agricultural production in the river basin is totally dependent on artificial irrigation because of draught. The first priority of water resources development and exploitation is long put on agricultural industry and the available yield of surface runoff is used as ecological water whereas the most important ecological need of water is put on the second place. The short-term benefits of the natural resources exploitation by agricultural and industrial production are to satisfy the need of people's daily life and economical development; the long-term benefits are to improve the living environment and living quality of people. But the excessive exploitation of water resources interferes with the ecological succession, destroys the living environment. They focus only on the short-term benefits but neglect the long-term goal. Through the analysis of landscape dynamic pattern process, this paper hopes to change the concept of river basin water usage and build a harmonious and unified Hosi Corridor where the exploitation of water resources serves the ecological protection, all economical behavior and social activities start with the ecological protection so that to change the dry, barren and poor desert.
疏勒河流域作为西北重要的商品粮基地,具有极其重要的地位。疏勒河流域的生态环境治理研究对西北地区的发展和我国的生态环境问题的解决都起着举足轻重的作用。由于干旱少雨、日照强烈,生态系统极其脆弱,植被生态的演替长期受到环境的胁迫作用,地下水资源成了植被演替的关键因子,无机环境的水分胁迫和区域经济发展、人类活动对区域生态演替的干扰,成为了区域生态景观格局的关键性因素。
本文以疏勒河流域2000年-2009年的地下水长观井监测数据为基础,利用克里格插值方法、对疏勒河流域的地下水埋深进行数值模拟,生成了地下水空间分布曲面,对疏勒河流域水文特征和植被生态要素进行分析；利用2006年疏勒河全景TM影像数据和土地利用数据在ERDAS 8.4系统中做了监督分类,提取了植被景观格局特征指数,结合相应植被生理周期内的地下水分布格局,利用分形理论分析了植被景观格局的分布状况,研究了植被景观格局的的分形维数和地下水分布之间的耦合关系,建立植被演替与水分胁迫的空间关系模型,利用1：100万的大尺度归一化植被指数(NDVI)影像数据对耦合模型做了验证；结合疏勒河流域的实际现状,以景观生态学理论为基础,研究了项目区景观格局特征及成因,对疏勒河流域的景观格局演替特征进行了分析,以希望对疏勒河流域的生态演替和恢复提供理论支持。
疏勒河流域生态景观的研究,对改善西北干旱区的生态环境和区域经济发展、社会稳定具有重要意义。干燥导致流域的农业生产完全依靠人工灌溉,对于水资源的开发利用,一直是以工农业生产为第一需要、将地表径流可开采量的结余作为生态用水,将最重要的生态用水需求放到了次要位置。工农业生产对自然资源的开发利用短期效益是为了满足人民生活需要和经济发展,长期效益是为了改善人居环境和生活水平,水资源的过度开发利用对生态的演替造成了干扰、对人居环境造成了破坏,只顾及眼前利益而忽略了长远目标,本末倒置。本文通过景观格局动态过程的分析,希望改变流域用水观念、建立以水资源的开发利用为生态恢复服务、一切经济行为和社会活动以生态保护为出发点,改造干旱贫瘠、肆虐蔓延的荒漠,建立人与自然和谐、统一的新河西走廊。
As a cross-century topic, the shortage of water resources has come to the fore in many countries. The development of many areas is bothered by a series of problems related to shortage of water resources, such as ecological deterioration, vegetation degradation, excessive dry of farmland, abusive exploitation and usage of underground water and the bad effect on agricultural industry, etc. As the important factor of ecological system, the change and succession of vegetation are of importance to the improvement of ecological environment. As the subsystem in the main system of ecological cycle succession, the vegetation ecological system is the direct token of such characteristics as regional water resources distribution pattern, water quality, soil moisture, regional climate and hydrology. It indicates the characteristics and state of hydrogeology. The spatial pattern of the succession and development of vegetarian ecological system, especially in dry area is influenced by both the natural elements of inorganic environment and the manmade elements of social economy. Due to the dry weather and scarceness of rain, the succession of vegetation in dry areas is intimidated and controlled by the time and spatial distribution patterns of water resources, especially underground water. It succession process has certain coupling relationships with the dynamic state and each feature of underground water. The analysis of ecological succession and the major dominating factor of underground water dynamic state is of great significance to the grasp of the characteristics of ecological landscape and ecological recovery. It can also provide help and guide to the ecological protection of Shule River basin.
As an important commodity grain base in northwest area, Shule River basin enjoys a very important place. The research of the ecological environment governance in Shule River basin is of importance to the development of northwest area and the resolution to the problems of China's ecological environment. Due to the draught and scarce rain and strong sunlight the ecological system is extremely vulnerable and the succession of vegetation ecology is long intimidated by environment. In this condition, underground water resources become the key factor of vegetation succession. Both the moisture intimidation of inorganic environment and the interference of regional economical development and human activities become the key factors of regional ecological landscape pattern.
Based on the monitoring data from the underground water long observing wells in Shule River basin from 2000-2009 and using Kriging interpolation method, this paper performs numerical simulation to the burial depth of the underground water in Shule River basin and generates the curved surface of underground water spatial distribution and analyzes the characteristics of Shule River basin hydrology and vegetation distribution elements. This paper does monitoring classification in ERDAS 8.4 system by using 2006 Shule River panoramic view video data and land usage data. It analyses the distribution situation of vegetation landscape pattern by extracting the index of vegetation landscape pattern characteristics, combining the corresponding underground water distribution pattern in vegetation physical period and using the Fractal Theory. It also studies the coupled relation between the fractal dimension of vegetation landscape pattern and the distribution of underground water and sets up the spatial relation model of vegetation succession and moisture intimidation. In addition, it inspects and verifies the coupled model by using 1:1000000 large scale normalization vegetation index (NDVI) video data.In combination with the current situation of Shule River basin and on the basis of landscape ecology theory, this paper studies the cause of formation and characteristics of landscape pattern in Project area. It also analyses the characteristics of the landscape pattern succession of Shule River in the hope of providing theoretical support of the ecological succession and recovery of Shule River.
The research of Shule River basin ecological landscape is of great significance to the improvement of ecological environment and regional economy development in northwest dry areas and social stability. The agricultural production in the river basin is totally dependent on artificial irrigation because of draught. The first priority of water resources development and exploitation is long put on agricultural industry and the available yield of surface runoff is used as ecological water whereas the most important ecological need of water is put on the second place. The short-term benefits of the natural resources exploitation by agricultural and industrial production are to satisfy the need of people's daily life and economical development; the long-term benefits are to improve the living environment and living quality of people. But the excessive exploitation of water resources interferes with the ecological succession, destroys the living environment. They focus only on the short-term benefits but neglect the long-term goal. Through the analysis of landscape dynamic pattern process, this paper hopes to change the concept of river basin water usage and build a harmonious and unified Hosi Corridor where the exploitation of water resources serves the ecological protection, all economical behavior and social activities start with the ecological protection so that to change the dry, barren and poor desert.
引文
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