空间规划专题地图的符号构建与可视化策略
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摘要
规划制图长期游走于空间规划和地图制图领域理论和实践研究的边缘,缺乏系统总结和考察。基于空间规划的背景分析,提出空间规划地图及其制图需要适应空间规划由“静态空间”到“联动区域”的内涵转变、由“计划设定”到“战略沟通”的功能转变,以及由“文案图则”到“概念图景”的视觉转变的新要求。根据国内外的规划制图实践,总结出空间规划地图存在的具体问题,在此基础上提出研究假设和任务,并对“区域空间概念规划”及其地图制图进行重新定义,归纳区域空间概念规划的主要任务和特征,以及规划专题地图的功用和分类等。
首先,聚焦面向展示、交流目的的最终图示,选择中国和瑞士不同区域层面的空间规划地图进行比较,证实两者的视觉表达体系在表达内容、符号形态、符号变量、视觉风格等方面存在明显的区域差异；并分析判断区域背景和发展阶段、规划层级体系、制图专业传统、目标用户和功能考量等可能是产生差异的主要因子；同时指出“空间结构和关系”是空间规划制图及可视化表达的关键,而基于区域差异的优势互补是优化空间规划地图符号化策略的有效途径。
其次,提出由“几何表征”、“空间对象”和“语义概念”组成的空间规划概念地图的符号三重性结构,归纳了由一系列“核心特征语汇”为表达的“语义形态”,即把从空间结构和关系中抽象出来的核心概念浓缩为形态化的语义,联系并嵌入符号的点、线、面、圈等几何形态。在此基础上,提出基于符号语言学的专题符号化层次模式,和基于“语义-图元”的规划专题地图符号构建方法；从更广泛多样的符号样本中归纳构成符号的几何组件及其配置法则,并对其进行分类和共性抽象,最终形成“空间结构概念-语义形态-图元和结构法则-视觉变量控制”的符号化实施流程。在用语义形态来连接空间结构关系和几何形态的同时,对基础视觉变量也进行进一步扩展,补充了阴影、立体、透视、高光等特效变量,并讨论常用变量在表征名义、级序、数量及其不确定性等方面的适应性。此外,在明晰符号标准化的六个矛盾后,提出“分层标准化”的解决策略。
再次,以用户沟通为导向,给出“概念抽象与示意地图表达”、“认知逻辑与动画地图表达”、“遥感影像与专题融合表达”三个“再可视化”策略,以此说明协调规划专题地图符号的三个内部逻辑(空间、专题、时间)和用户认知的外部逻辑之间关系的必要性和重要性。证明采用动态解构的方法来阐释规划地图行之有效；“对地理空间线界的综合”、“对空间结构和关系的抽象”、“对虚概念的示意性结构化”这三种示意性表达手段是规划地图常规形式的有益补充；而影像地图的专题视觉融合设计,着眼色彩、符号和构图的协调处理,利于降低影像背景噪音对专题符号概念传达的干扰。
最后,通过不同区域尺度的地图示例,对上述符号构建方法和可视化优化策略进行展示。总之,承认空间规划制图的区域差异、并将空间结构和关系的表达作为关键、将用户认知沟通作为立足点是至关重要的。本研究最终期望能促进不同规划体制下规划专题制图方法的互融,提升规划视觉表达系统对于经济、社会、政治和自然环境等维度的多样需求的适应性,并引导对规划领域中地图制图问题的关注,以跨文化沟通和跨学科协作来丰富专题地图制图的理论内涵、拓展其应用外延。
According to the fringe position of planning mapping both in the spatial planning and cartography realms, this paper reveals an urgent requirement that the spatial planning maps and mapping activities should adapted to a new situation of regional spatial planning, which can be summarized as:planning connotations shift from a static space to dynamically linked‘places’; planning roles move from'programming' towards'strategic communicating'; and planning visualizations switch from textual drawings to a conceptual vision. So it proposes six hypothesis and main tasks of this study based on certain problems of regional spatial planning cartography. After redefining the'concept regional spatial planning’and its primary characters, we make the functions and categories of thematic planning maps more clear.
First, with a focus on the final communicative or exhibitive schemes, this study is intended to provide some insight into the symbolic discrepancies in the cartographical expression of regional planning maps produced in China and Switzerland. Case maps of various planning tiers are selected from both countries for comparison, for example, the spatial strategies for megalopolis, provincial urban system plans and comprehensive city plans in China as well as the federal spatial concepts and cantonal guiding plans in Switzerland. Planning systems of the two countries are reviewed with respects to their mismatched hierarchies, major plan contents, symbol modalities and visual styles, as well as their respective advantages. Such influential factors as regional context, socioeconomic development phase, planning and cartographic conventions and professions, and target users are identified to explain the dissimilarities. Then a strategy of'mutual reference and reciprocity of superiorities'is proposed to optimize visualization of spatial structures, relations and balances between planning contents and forms, map makers and users, scientific and aesthetic visual styles.
Second, this thesis defines a ternary property of thematic symbols in spatial planning maps, and summarizes'semantic modalities'that are described by a series of 'Key-Catchy-Phrases', which are concentrated as core concepts from various spatial structures and relations and embedded into the geometric expressions of point, line and area symbols. Based on these, we establish a semiology-based hierarchies model of thematic symbolization in spatial planning maps, and a'semantic-primitives'based methodology for thematic symbols construction. Then we find graphic primitives and their arrangement principles as more as we could from a large amount of case maps, in order to show some commonness. Finally we build a symbolization process which consists of steps of'spatial structures and concepts' - 'semantic modalities' 'primitives and arranging principles' - 'visual variables'. While connecting the spatial patterns and spatial forms through these semantic modalities, this paper also extend the primary visual variables with special ones such as shadow or shading, solid or perspective viewpoint, high gloss, and so on. Besides, fitness of these variables are analyzed regarding to nominal, order, quantitive and uncertainty aspects. Then a hierarchical standardization strategy is proposed after a discussion on six conflicts in standardization issues.
Third, in order to achieve better user communications, we give three 're-visualization'approaches of'concept abstract and schematic map representation', 'cognitive logics and animated map representation', and'remote-sensing images and thematic syncretization', which are all aiming at a harmony among inner logics of space, theme and time of planning thematic map symbols with a external logic of user perceptions. Some implementations prove that the dynamic deconstruction is an effective way for cartographic representations. And methods like borderlines generalization, spatial structure abstraction and schematized structure of virtual concepts, are all good supplements to the conventional planning maps. Besides, visual syncretized design for remote-sensing images maps can benefit the elimination of background noisy on the transmission of thematic concepts in spatial planning.
In a word, it is important to admit the regional differences of spatial planning cartography in different countries, to set the spatial structures and relations as key objects of planning mapping, as well as to consider the users cognitive communication as bases. This attempt of cross-culture and cross-domain integration is expected to assist and improve the innovative use of cartographic workflows and visualization in regional spatial planning, so that to enhance the adaptability of planning visual representation system to diverse requirements on multi-dimensions of economy, society, politics and natural environment, and to shape attentions on the topic of regional planning cartography and to enrich the theories of thematic cartography and their application.
首先,聚焦面向展示、交流目的的最终图示,选择中国和瑞士不同区域层面的空间规划地图进行比较,证实两者的视觉表达体系在表达内容、符号形态、符号变量、视觉风格等方面存在明显的区域差异；并分析判断区域背景和发展阶段、规划层级体系、制图专业传统、目标用户和功能考量等可能是产生差异的主要因子；同时指出“空间结构和关系”是空间规划制图及可视化表达的关键,而基于区域差异的优势互补是优化空间规划地图符号化策略的有效途径。
其次,提出由“几何表征”、“空间对象”和“语义概念”组成的空间规划概念地图的符号三重性结构,归纳了由一系列“核心特征语汇”为表达的“语义形态”,即把从空间结构和关系中抽象出来的核心概念浓缩为形态化的语义,联系并嵌入符号的点、线、面、圈等几何形态。在此基础上,提出基于符号语言学的专题符号化层次模式,和基于“语义-图元”的规划专题地图符号构建方法；从更广泛多样的符号样本中归纳构成符号的几何组件及其配置法则,并对其进行分类和共性抽象,最终形成“空间结构概念-语义形态-图元和结构法则-视觉变量控制”的符号化实施流程。在用语义形态来连接空间结构关系和几何形态的同时,对基础视觉变量也进行进一步扩展,补充了阴影、立体、透视、高光等特效变量,并讨论常用变量在表征名义、级序、数量及其不确定性等方面的适应性。此外,在明晰符号标准化的六个矛盾后,提出“分层标准化”的解决策略。
再次,以用户沟通为导向,给出“概念抽象与示意地图表达”、“认知逻辑与动画地图表达”、“遥感影像与专题融合表达”三个“再可视化”策略,以此说明协调规划专题地图符号的三个内部逻辑(空间、专题、时间)和用户认知的外部逻辑之间关系的必要性和重要性。证明采用动态解构的方法来阐释规划地图行之有效；“对地理空间线界的综合”、“对空间结构和关系的抽象”、“对虚概念的示意性结构化”这三种示意性表达手段是规划地图常规形式的有益补充；而影像地图的专题视觉融合设计,着眼色彩、符号和构图的协调处理,利于降低影像背景噪音对专题符号概念传达的干扰。
最后,通过不同区域尺度的地图示例,对上述符号构建方法和可视化优化策略进行展示。总之,承认空间规划制图的区域差异、并将空间结构和关系的表达作为关键、将用户认知沟通作为立足点是至关重要的。本研究最终期望能促进不同规划体制下规划专题制图方法的互融,提升规划视觉表达系统对于经济、社会、政治和自然环境等维度的多样需求的适应性,并引导对规划领域中地图制图问题的关注,以跨文化沟通和跨学科协作来丰富专题地图制图的理论内涵、拓展其应用外延。
According to the fringe position of planning mapping both in the spatial planning and cartography realms, this paper reveals an urgent requirement that the spatial planning maps and mapping activities should adapted to a new situation of regional spatial planning, which can be summarized as:planning connotations shift from a static space to dynamically linked‘places’; planning roles move from'programming' towards'strategic communicating'; and planning visualizations switch from textual drawings to a conceptual vision. So it proposes six hypothesis and main tasks of this study based on certain problems of regional spatial planning cartography. After redefining the'concept regional spatial planning’and its primary characters, we make the functions and categories of thematic planning maps more clear.
First, with a focus on the final communicative or exhibitive schemes, this study is intended to provide some insight into the symbolic discrepancies in the cartographical expression of regional planning maps produced in China and Switzerland. Case maps of various planning tiers are selected from both countries for comparison, for example, the spatial strategies for megalopolis, provincial urban system plans and comprehensive city plans in China as well as the federal spatial concepts and cantonal guiding plans in Switzerland. Planning systems of the two countries are reviewed with respects to their mismatched hierarchies, major plan contents, symbol modalities and visual styles, as well as their respective advantages. Such influential factors as regional context, socioeconomic development phase, planning and cartographic conventions and professions, and target users are identified to explain the dissimilarities. Then a strategy of'mutual reference and reciprocity of superiorities'is proposed to optimize visualization of spatial structures, relations and balances between planning contents and forms, map makers and users, scientific and aesthetic visual styles.
Second, this thesis defines a ternary property of thematic symbols in spatial planning maps, and summarizes'semantic modalities'that are described by a series of 'Key-Catchy-Phrases', which are concentrated as core concepts from various spatial structures and relations and embedded into the geometric expressions of point, line and area symbols. Based on these, we establish a semiology-based hierarchies model of thematic symbolization in spatial planning maps, and a'semantic-primitives'based methodology for thematic symbols construction. Then we find graphic primitives and their arrangement principles as more as we could from a large amount of case maps, in order to show some commonness. Finally we build a symbolization process which consists of steps of'spatial structures and concepts' - 'semantic modalities' 'primitives and arranging principles' - 'visual variables'. While connecting the spatial patterns and spatial forms through these semantic modalities, this paper also extend the primary visual variables with special ones such as shadow or shading, solid or perspective viewpoint, high gloss, and so on. Besides, fitness of these variables are analyzed regarding to nominal, order, quantitive and uncertainty aspects. Then a hierarchical standardization strategy is proposed after a discussion on six conflicts in standardization issues.
Third, in order to achieve better user communications, we give three 're-visualization'approaches of'concept abstract and schematic map representation', 'cognitive logics and animated map representation', and'remote-sensing images and thematic syncretization', which are all aiming at a harmony among inner logics of space, theme and time of planning thematic map symbols with a external logic of user perceptions. Some implementations prove that the dynamic deconstruction is an effective way for cartographic representations. And methods like borderlines generalization, spatial structure abstraction and schematized structure of virtual concepts, are all good supplements to the conventional planning maps. Besides, visual syncretized design for remote-sensing images maps can benefit the elimination of background noisy on the transmission of thematic concepts in spatial planning.
In a word, it is important to admit the regional differences of spatial planning cartography in different countries, to set the spatial structures and relations as key objects of planning mapping, as well as to consider the users cognitive communication as bases. This attempt of cross-culture and cross-domain integration is expected to assist and improve the innovative use of cartographic workflows and visualization in regional spatial planning, so that to enhance the adaptability of planning visual representation system to diverse requirements on multi-dimensions of economy, society, politics and natural environment, and to shape attentions on the topic of regional planning cartography and to enrich the theories of thematic cartography and their application.
引文
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