地下水保护理论及修复技术的研究
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摘要
地下水超采易导致含水层疏干,引起地面沉降,诱发地裂缝活动等一系列的环境地质问题。西安市经过10年多的连续超采,问题尤为严重,开展地下水保护及修复是该区水资源可持续利用和地下水环境保护的一项亟待研究的课题。鉴于地下水脆弱性评价是地下水保护理论研究及修复区确定的基础,及目前水量修复研究较少的现状,本文对地下水保护与修复进行系统的研究。
目前地下水脆弱性多对潜水水质的脆弱性进行评价,承压水及水量的脆弱性研究较少,且评价标准不统一,评价方法有待完善。减少地下水开采量,对脆弱性较高地区及地下水位降落漏斗地区的地下水位具有一定的修复作用,但修复速度较慢,尚需通过地下水回灌对其进行修复。而且,在短期数据系列情况下,地下水水位预测模型的研究亦有待深入。管井回灌为地下水回灌措施的一种,适用于无较大空地的城区地下水位修复。承压含水层的管井回灌研究处于试验阶段,其对地下水位的修复效果及地下水动力场的变化情况,尚需通过试验作进一步探讨,且目前缺乏成熟的回灌标准和计算的理论依据。为了解决地下水保护和修复中存在的上述问题,本文结合西安市地下水资源保护利用和地下水人工回灌研究课题,对地下水脆弱性内涵进行深入探讨,在分析确定地下水脆弱性评价标准体系及评价方法的基础上,进行地下水脆弱性评价,研究减少开采量及管井回灌对水量脆弱性地区及地下水位降落漏斗地区的修复效果等问题。通过理论研究和管井回灌试验验证,得出以下研究成果：
1.通过分析现有的地下水脆弱性概念,提出了涵盖潜水和承压水、水量和水质的较全面的地下水脆弱性评价内涵,及相应的特点和评价原则；通过地下水水质分类实例验证了“W-F拓广定律”确定标准值的合理性,将其用于地下水脆弱性评价中指标标准的确定。
2.提出了地下水脆弱性评价的新方法——基于“W-F拓广定律”的概率神经网络法,并将其应用到西安市地下水脆弱性评价中,与西安市实际情况及以往评价结果对比,该评价方法的优点表现为：避免了现有评价方法的主观性；不受地域性限制；评价范围更广,可进行承压水和潜水的水量、水质脆弱性评价；能够反映地下水系统的非线性关系；能够反映未来开采量和污染物排放负荷相同情况下,地下水的敏感程度和恢复能力；评价结果更符合实际情况。
3.分析了西安市灞河、沣皂河、渭滨水源地及城郊自备井开采区的地下水位动态及其影响因素。选择降雨、蒸发、径流及人工开采量为地下水位预测模型的输入变量,地下水位为输出变量。对比分析Back-Propagation (BP)网络、径向基(RBF)网络及灰色模型的预测效果,得出径向基网络的拟合精度较好。在预测蒸发、降雨、径流及确定需减少的开采量的基础上,利用RBF模型对水源地减少开采量后,2006-2023年的地下水位进行了预测。结果表明：减少开采量对地下水位的短期修复效果不显著,应利用丰水期的地表余水进行人工回灌,加速地下水修复进程。RBF模型具有所需训练样本较少、拟合精度高、运算速度快、所需调整参数少、稳定性优、不会陷入局部极小、结果可靠,特别适合于短期数据系列的地下水位预测等优点。
4.根据水量平衡原理,估算了2023年西安市城郊自备井开采区水位恢复至1984年水位,所需的回灌量约为3.25×108m3.该成果对西安市封停井工作的实施及地下水回灌的开展提供了技术参考依据。
5.开展了地下水管井回灌的试验研究,建立了计算水位上升值的修正泰斯公式。利用自来水管网水,对西安市南郊承压水量高脆弱性区,即严重超采区,100-300m的中、细砂承压含水层进行了定流量加压回灌试验研究。结果表明：回灌井及观测井的水位上升值△h与lnt之间呈线性关系,可将加压回灌看作抽水的逆过程。单井加压回灌时,可用修正泰斯公式计算水位上升值。该公式可在理论上反映回灌井周围的水位上升与回灌量和时间的关系,对适宜回灌量和合理井距的确定提供了技术参考。同时得出回灌渗透系数随时间呈幂函数衰减,并小于抽水时渗透系数的规律,且小流量回灌的渗透系数衰减较慢,比大流量的回灌效果好。研究成果为在西安市范围内开展地下水人工回灌提供了理论基础和技术依据,也可为类似地区城市地下水回灌提供技术参考。
Groundwater overexploitation leaded to series of environmental and geological problems, such as aquifer draining, land subsidence, and inducing ground fissure. The problems are very serious in Xi'an after at least 10 years groundwater overexploitation. The research of groundwater protection and recovery is urgent for the sustainable use of water resources and groundwater environmental protection in Xi'an. As the groundwater vulnerability assessment was the base of groundwater protection theories and selecting the recovery region, furthermore the research of water quantity recovery was few. The groundwater protection and recovery were studied entirely in this paper.
The existing research of groundwater vulnerability was more about assessing the unconfined water quality vulnerability; the vulnerability for confined water and quantity of water were few. The evaluation criterions were non-uniform and the methods needed to be perfect. Reducing the groundwater exploitation in high vulnerability region and groundwater depression cone was useful to the groundwater level recover, but the effect was not obvious. Artificial groundwater recharge was needed to raise the speed of recovery. The study of groundwater level prediction for short time data should be enhanced also. The well reinjection was another recovery technology and was suitable for groundwater level recovery for the regions with little bare area. The research of well reinjection to confined aquifer was also short. The recovery effect of well reinjection and the groundwater hydrodynamic field needed to be further studied. The mature standard and theory were scarce. For resolving the above problems, combining with the subject of groundwater protection and utilization and artificial groundwater recharge, the concept, criterion and method of groundwater vulnerability assessment was studied, the effect of reducing groundwater exploitation and carrying out well reinjection in high vulnerability regions and groundwater depression cone were researched. After theory research and well reinjection test verification, the results are as follows:
1. The exiting concepts of groundwater vulnerability were analyzed. A more comprehensive concept was put forward, including the vulnerability of unconfined water, confined water, water quantity and quality. The character and assessment principle of groundwater vulnerability were presented. The rationality of Weber-Fechner expand law was test by an example for groundwater quality classify. The law was used at defined the groundwater vulnerability evaluation criterion.
2. A new groundwater vulnerability assessment method was put forward, which was called Probabilistic Neural Network with W-F expand law method, the method combined Weber-Fechner expand law and Probabilistic Neural Network. The new method was used in Xi'an for groundwater vulnerability assessment. The assessment results were compared with the actual exploitation, water quality and the former assessment results. The new method results were more according with the actual situation. The PNN & W-F method avoided the subjectivity of present method, the determination of evaluation criterions was not restricted by the region, and the evaluation range was wider, the vulnerability of unconfined water, confined water, water quantity and quality could be evaluated. The new method could reflect the nonlinear relationship of groundwater, and the sensitive degree and recovery ability of groundwater under the same load of future exploitation and pollutant discharge.
3. The dynamic groundwater level and its influence of 4 groundwater source region in Xi'an were deeply analyzed. The rainfall, evaporation, runoff and artificial exploitation were defined as the input of predict model, groundwater level was the output. The forecast results were compared among Back-Propagation Network, Radial Basis Function Neural Network and Gray model. The precision of Radial Basis Function Neural Network(RBF) was the highest. On the base of prediction for rainfall, evaporation and runoff, and determining the reducing exploitation value, the groundwater level was predicted by the optimal model RBF model. The result shows that the recovery effect of reducing exploitation was not obvious for short time. Artificial recharge should be done to improve the recovery speed, using the redundant surface water of wet season. The RBF model needs fewer data than other methods, the simulation precision was high, the computing speed was fast, the parameters needed to be adjusted were fewer, the predict result was reliable, the model was more steady, would not get into part minimum, and was very suitable to forecast the samples which had short-time data.
4. Based on the water quantity balance principle, the needed quantity for artificial groundwater recharge was calculated. There were 3.25×108m3 water should be recharged to confined water for the groundwater level recovering to the level of 1984. The result supplies reference to carry out the project of artificial recharge, sealing well and stop overexploitation in Xi'an.
5. The single well reinjection with pressure test was done. The formula for calculating the rise of water level was deduced and was called revised Theis formula. The water in tap-water supply was recharged to the medium sand, fine sand confined water for the cover depth of 100-300m at the south suburbs of Xi'an, where was the high water quantity vulnerability and serious overexploitation region. The result shows that the rise of water level of the reinjection well and observation well are linear with the lnt. The well reinjection could be regarded as the opposite process of water pumping. The rise of water level could be calculated by the revised Theis formula. This formula can inflect the relationship among the rise of water level, the quantity of water recharge and time. The suitable quantity of water recharge per unit time and influence radial could be calculated using the formula. The hydraulic conductivity for artificial groundwater recharge attenuated with time power function and the coefficient was smaller than the hydraulic conductivity for water pumping. When the quantity of water recharge per unit time was smaller, the attenuation of hydraulic conductivity was slower. The effect of small quantity of water recharge per unit time was better than the large. The results supplied theoretical and technological foundation for carrying out artificial groundwater recharge in Xi'an city, and also supplied technological reference for the similar region.
目前地下水脆弱性多对潜水水质的脆弱性进行评价,承压水及水量的脆弱性研究较少,且评价标准不统一,评价方法有待完善。减少地下水开采量,对脆弱性较高地区及地下水位降落漏斗地区的地下水位具有一定的修复作用,但修复速度较慢,尚需通过地下水回灌对其进行修复。而且,在短期数据系列情况下,地下水水位预测模型的研究亦有待深入。管井回灌为地下水回灌措施的一种,适用于无较大空地的城区地下水位修复。承压含水层的管井回灌研究处于试验阶段,其对地下水位的修复效果及地下水动力场的变化情况,尚需通过试验作进一步探讨,且目前缺乏成熟的回灌标准和计算的理论依据。为了解决地下水保护和修复中存在的上述问题,本文结合西安市地下水资源保护利用和地下水人工回灌研究课题,对地下水脆弱性内涵进行深入探讨,在分析确定地下水脆弱性评价标准体系及评价方法的基础上,进行地下水脆弱性评价,研究减少开采量及管井回灌对水量脆弱性地区及地下水位降落漏斗地区的修复效果等问题。通过理论研究和管井回灌试验验证,得出以下研究成果：
1.通过分析现有的地下水脆弱性概念,提出了涵盖潜水和承压水、水量和水质的较全面的地下水脆弱性评价内涵,及相应的特点和评价原则；通过地下水水质分类实例验证了“W-F拓广定律”确定标准值的合理性,将其用于地下水脆弱性评价中指标标准的确定。
2.提出了地下水脆弱性评价的新方法——基于“W-F拓广定律”的概率神经网络法,并将其应用到西安市地下水脆弱性评价中,与西安市实际情况及以往评价结果对比,该评价方法的优点表现为：避免了现有评价方法的主观性；不受地域性限制；评价范围更广,可进行承压水和潜水的水量、水质脆弱性评价；能够反映地下水系统的非线性关系；能够反映未来开采量和污染物排放负荷相同情况下,地下水的敏感程度和恢复能力；评价结果更符合实际情况。
3.分析了西安市灞河、沣皂河、渭滨水源地及城郊自备井开采区的地下水位动态及其影响因素。选择降雨、蒸发、径流及人工开采量为地下水位预测模型的输入变量,地下水位为输出变量。对比分析Back-Propagation (BP)网络、径向基(RBF)网络及灰色模型的预测效果,得出径向基网络的拟合精度较好。在预测蒸发、降雨、径流及确定需减少的开采量的基础上,利用RBF模型对水源地减少开采量后,2006-2023年的地下水位进行了预测。结果表明：减少开采量对地下水位的短期修复效果不显著,应利用丰水期的地表余水进行人工回灌,加速地下水修复进程。RBF模型具有所需训练样本较少、拟合精度高、运算速度快、所需调整参数少、稳定性优、不会陷入局部极小、结果可靠,特别适合于短期数据系列的地下水位预测等优点。
4.根据水量平衡原理,估算了2023年西安市城郊自备井开采区水位恢复至1984年水位,所需的回灌量约为3.25×108m3.该成果对西安市封停井工作的实施及地下水回灌的开展提供了技术参考依据。
5.开展了地下水管井回灌的试验研究,建立了计算水位上升值的修正泰斯公式。利用自来水管网水,对西安市南郊承压水量高脆弱性区,即严重超采区,100-300m的中、细砂承压含水层进行了定流量加压回灌试验研究。结果表明：回灌井及观测井的水位上升值△h与lnt之间呈线性关系,可将加压回灌看作抽水的逆过程。单井加压回灌时,可用修正泰斯公式计算水位上升值。该公式可在理论上反映回灌井周围的水位上升与回灌量和时间的关系,对适宜回灌量和合理井距的确定提供了技术参考。同时得出回灌渗透系数随时间呈幂函数衰减,并小于抽水时渗透系数的规律,且小流量回灌的渗透系数衰减较慢,比大流量的回灌效果好。研究成果为在西安市范围内开展地下水人工回灌提供了理论基础和技术依据,也可为类似地区城市地下水回灌提供技术参考。
Groundwater overexploitation leaded to series of environmental and geological problems, such as aquifer draining, land subsidence, and inducing ground fissure. The problems are very serious in Xi'an after at least 10 years groundwater overexploitation. The research of groundwater protection and recovery is urgent for the sustainable use of water resources and groundwater environmental protection in Xi'an. As the groundwater vulnerability assessment was the base of groundwater protection theories and selecting the recovery region, furthermore the research of water quantity recovery was few. The groundwater protection and recovery were studied entirely in this paper.
The existing research of groundwater vulnerability was more about assessing the unconfined water quality vulnerability; the vulnerability for confined water and quantity of water were few. The evaluation criterions were non-uniform and the methods needed to be perfect. Reducing the groundwater exploitation in high vulnerability region and groundwater depression cone was useful to the groundwater level recover, but the effect was not obvious. Artificial groundwater recharge was needed to raise the speed of recovery. The study of groundwater level prediction for short time data should be enhanced also. The well reinjection was another recovery technology and was suitable for groundwater level recovery for the regions with little bare area. The research of well reinjection to confined aquifer was also short. The recovery effect of well reinjection and the groundwater hydrodynamic field needed to be further studied. The mature standard and theory were scarce. For resolving the above problems, combining with the subject of groundwater protection and utilization and artificial groundwater recharge, the concept, criterion and method of groundwater vulnerability assessment was studied, the effect of reducing groundwater exploitation and carrying out well reinjection in high vulnerability regions and groundwater depression cone were researched. After theory research and well reinjection test verification, the results are as follows:
1. The exiting concepts of groundwater vulnerability were analyzed. A more comprehensive concept was put forward, including the vulnerability of unconfined water, confined water, water quantity and quality. The character and assessment principle of groundwater vulnerability were presented. The rationality of Weber-Fechner expand law was test by an example for groundwater quality classify. The law was used at defined the groundwater vulnerability evaluation criterion.
2. A new groundwater vulnerability assessment method was put forward, which was called Probabilistic Neural Network with W-F expand law method, the method combined Weber-Fechner expand law and Probabilistic Neural Network. The new method was used in Xi'an for groundwater vulnerability assessment. The assessment results were compared with the actual exploitation, water quality and the former assessment results. The new method results were more according with the actual situation. The PNN & W-F method avoided the subjectivity of present method, the determination of evaluation criterions was not restricted by the region, and the evaluation range was wider, the vulnerability of unconfined water, confined water, water quantity and quality could be evaluated. The new method could reflect the nonlinear relationship of groundwater, and the sensitive degree and recovery ability of groundwater under the same load of future exploitation and pollutant discharge.
3. The dynamic groundwater level and its influence of 4 groundwater source region in Xi'an were deeply analyzed. The rainfall, evaporation, runoff and artificial exploitation were defined as the input of predict model, groundwater level was the output. The forecast results were compared among Back-Propagation Network, Radial Basis Function Neural Network and Gray model. The precision of Radial Basis Function Neural Network(RBF) was the highest. On the base of prediction for rainfall, evaporation and runoff, and determining the reducing exploitation value, the groundwater level was predicted by the optimal model RBF model. The result shows that the recovery effect of reducing exploitation was not obvious for short time. Artificial recharge should be done to improve the recovery speed, using the redundant surface water of wet season. The RBF model needs fewer data than other methods, the simulation precision was high, the computing speed was fast, the parameters needed to be adjusted were fewer, the predict result was reliable, the model was more steady, would not get into part minimum, and was very suitable to forecast the samples which had short-time data.
4. Based on the water quantity balance principle, the needed quantity for artificial groundwater recharge was calculated. There were 3.25×108m3 water should be recharged to confined water for the groundwater level recovering to the level of 1984. The result supplies reference to carry out the project of artificial recharge, sealing well and stop overexploitation in Xi'an.
5. The single well reinjection with pressure test was done. The formula for calculating the rise of water level was deduced and was called revised Theis formula. The water in tap-water supply was recharged to the medium sand, fine sand confined water for the cover depth of 100-300m at the south suburbs of Xi'an, where was the high water quantity vulnerability and serious overexploitation region. The result shows that the rise of water level of the reinjection well and observation well are linear with the lnt. The well reinjection could be regarded as the opposite process of water pumping. The rise of water level could be calculated by the revised Theis formula. This formula can inflect the relationship among the rise of water level, the quantity of water recharge and time. The suitable quantity of water recharge per unit time and influence radial could be calculated using the formula. The hydraulic conductivity for artificial groundwater recharge attenuated with time power function and the coefficient was smaller than the hydraulic conductivity for water pumping. When the quantity of water recharge per unit time was smaller, the attenuation of hydraulic conductivity was slower. The effect of small quantity of water recharge per unit time was better than the large. The results supplied theoretical and technological foundation for carrying out artificial groundwater recharge in Xi'an city, and also supplied technological reference for the similar region.
引文
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