茶花的安全性评价及茶黄素和茶籽黄酮苷对呼吸链酶作用机理的研究
|
摘要
茶花和茶籽包含许多功能成分,在食品、饮料、化妆品等领域具有广阔的应用前景。茶花具有多种生物功能,在中国民间用于除臭、护肤、化痰止咳。为了茶树花相关产品的市场化,本研究对茶树花安全性进行了评价。急性毒性试验表明茶树花提取物对试验动物无影响,LD50>12. 0g/kgBW,属实际无毒级。Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验结果都表明供试样品无致突变作用。90天喂养试验证明茶树花提取物对大鼠体重、食物利用率、血液学、血生化、脏体比和病理组织均无显著影响,表明茶树花提取物在测试剂量范围内是安全的。这为茶树花相关产品的研发和市场化奠定了基础。
茶黄素是红茶中重要的多酚类物质,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤等生物活性。本研究发现茶黄素四种常见单体(TF1, TF2A, TF2B,TF3)和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)对大肠杆菌呼吸链复合体I、NDH-2和ATP合成酶具有抑制作用。所有供试样品能够抑制复合体I和NDH-2的NADH氧化酶活性。TF3活性最强,是复合体I的竞争性抑制剂,NDH-2的反竞争性抑制剂。此外,TF3能够抑制复合体I NADH-HAR还原酶活性,且为其反竞争性抑制剂。这表明TF3在复合体I上不止有一个结合位点。TF3能够显著抑制复合体I、NDH-2和活体细胞的超氧化物产生,但这与其对酶的抑制作用无关。
四种茶黄素单体和EGCG能够不同程度的抑制大肠杆菌ATP的水解,这在细胞膜和纯化的F,中都得到证实。相对于EGCG而言,茶黄素抑制质子跨膜传递的能力更强。
利用分子对接技术对茶黄素四单体和EGCG进行在线虚拟筛选,发现了许多新的潜在靶标蛋白,这对指导未来的茶叶功能成分研究具有重要意义。
本研究采用超临界提取和LC-MS技术成功提取并鉴定了茶籽饼中两种山奈酚黄酮苷,并对二者与对大肠杆菌复合体I和ATP合酶的互作进行了初步探讨。研究表明萃取时间、压力、温度和夹带剂乙醇浓度都能够显著影响目标产物的得率。最佳超临界提取工艺为萃取时间150 min,压力20 MPa,温度80℃,夹带剂乙醇浓度60%。该条件下实际得率为1.4±0.4 mg／g,与预测值11.9 mg／g无显著差异。两种化合物经LC-MS鉴定为山奈酚-3-0-[2-0-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-6-0-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和山奈酚-3-0-[2-0-β-D-吡喃木糖基-6-0-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。然而,两种化合物在较高浓度时(100gM)对大肠杆菌复合体I和ATP合酶的活性均无影响,是否具有其它生物功能有待进一步研究。
Tea seeds and tea flowers contain a variety of bioactive ingredients, and can be used in the production of food, drink and cosmetic. Tea flowers possess many physiological functions and have been used in traditional medicines for deodorization, skin care, cough suppressant and expectorant in China. However, the lack of information about Tea flowers'possible toxicity restricts its application. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of tea flower extract by acute and genetic and subchronic toxicity studies. In the acute toxicity study, all animals gained weight and appeared active and normal, so the LD50 value must be>12.0 g/kg body weight. In the Ames test, micronucleus formation test and sperm abnormalities test, tea flower extract didn't have genotoxic potential. In the subchronic toxicity study, no dose-related effects on survival, growth, hematology, blood chemistry, organ weights, or pathologic lesions were observed.
Theaflavins are a major group of polyphenol compounds in black tea and have strong antioxidant, anticancer and other bioactive properties. The inhibition effects of tea theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF2A), theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF2B), theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3) and epigallocatechin gal late (EGCG) on complex I, NDH-2, and ATP synthase from Escherichia coll were investigated. All the chemicals suppressed NADH-oxidase reactions catalyzed by complex I or NDH-2 on membrane vesicles. TF3 was the most potent inhibitor, and acted as a competitive inhibitor of complex I and a uncompetitive inhibitor of NDH-2 with respect to NADH. TF3 inhibited NADH-artificial acceptor(HAR) reductase activity, and was an uncompetitive inhibitor of complex I with respect to HAR. These results indicated that TF3 combined with more than one site on complex I. TF3 significantly decreased superoxide production by complex I, NDH-2 and cells, which was not contribute to the inhibition of the enzymes.
Four theaflavin monomers and EGCG all inhibited ATP hydrolysis in both F1Fo membrane preparations as well as in isolated purified F,, but to different degrees. Compared with EGCG, theaflavin monomers had more effect on the inhibition of proton pumping by the membrane vesicle.
Targets of Four theaflavin monomers and EGCG were searched on protein database by virtual screening based on molecular docking. Many new potent targets were found. These results were of big interest for further researches on the bioactivities of tea.
A fast and efficient procedure was developed for the purification of two kaempferol glycosides from tea seed cake using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Conditions to obtain the highest total yield were determined to be an extraction time of 150 min, pressure of 20 MPa, temperature of 80℃, and 60% aqueous ethanol solution. Using the optimal conditions, the experimental yield was 11.4±0.4 mg/g, which was similar to the value predicted by the model. The glycosides of these two kaempferols identified by LC-MS were 3-0-[2-0-β-D-galactopyranosyl-6-0-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside and 3-0-[2-0-β-D-xylopyranosyl-6-0-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside. Moreover, compared with the conventional extraction method, SFE consumed less organic solvent and shorter time.
However, the two kaempferol glycosides had no effects on the activities of complex I and ATP synthase from Escherichia coli in high concentration. More works on their bioactivities are needed.
茶黄素是红茶中重要的多酚类物质,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤等生物活性。本研究发现茶黄素四种常见单体(TF1, TF2A, TF2B,TF3)和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)对大肠杆菌呼吸链复合体I、NDH-2和ATP合成酶具有抑制作用。所有供试样品能够抑制复合体I和NDH-2的NADH氧化酶活性。TF3活性最强,是复合体I的竞争性抑制剂,NDH-2的反竞争性抑制剂。此外,TF3能够抑制复合体I NADH-HAR还原酶活性,且为其反竞争性抑制剂。这表明TF3在复合体I上不止有一个结合位点。TF3能够显著抑制复合体I、NDH-2和活体细胞的超氧化物产生,但这与其对酶的抑制作用无关。
四种茶黄素单体和EGCG能够不同程度的抑制大肠杆菌ATP的水解,这在细胞膜和纯化的F,中都得到证实。相对于EGCG而言,茶黄素抑制质子跨膜传递的能力更强。
利用分子对接技术对茶黄素四单体和EGCG进行在线虚拟筛选,发现了许多新的潜在靶标蛋白,这对指导未来的茶叶功能成分研究具有重要意义。
本研究采用超临界提取和LC-MS技术成功提取并鉴定了茶籽饼中两种山奈酚黄酮苷,并对二者与对大肠杆菌复合体I和ATP合酶的互作进行了初步探讨。研究表明萃取时间、压力、温度和夹带剂乙醇浓度都能够显著影响目标产物的得率。最佳超临界提取工艺为萃取时间150 min,压力20 MPa,温度80℃,夹带剂乙醇浓度60%。该条件下实际得率为1.4±0.4 mg／g,与预测值11.9 mg／g无显著差异。两种化合物经LC-MS鉴定为山奈酚-3-0-[2-0-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-6-0-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和山奈酚-3-0-[2-0-β-D-吡喃木糖基-6-0-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。然而,两种化合物在较高浓度时(100gM)对大肠杆菌复合体I和ATP合酶的活性均无影响,是否具有其它生物功能有待进一步研究。
Tea seeds and tea flowers contain a variety of bioactive ingredients, and can be used in the production of food, drink and cosmetic. Tea flowers possess many physiological functions and have been used in traditional medicines for deodorization, skin care, cough suppressant and expectorant in China. However, the lack of information about Tea flowers'possible toxicity restricts its application. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of tea flower extract by acute and genetic and subchronic toxicity studies. In the acute toxicity study, all animals gained weight and appeared active and normal, so the LD50 value must be>12.0 g/kg body weight. In the Ames test, micronucleus formation test and sperm abnormalities test, tea flower extract didn't have genotoxic potential. In the subchronic toxicity study, no dose-related effects on survival, growth, hematology, blood chemistry, organ weights, or pathologic lesions were observed.
Theaflavins are a major group of polyphenol compounds in black tea and have strong antioxidant, anticancer and other bioactive properties. The inhibition effects of tea theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF2A), theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF2B), theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3) and epigallocatechin gal late (EGCG) on complex I, NDH-2, and ATP synthase from Escherichia coll were investigated. All the chemicals suppressed NADH-oxidase reactions catalyzed by complex I or NDH-2 on membrane vesicles. TF3 was the most potent inhibitor, and acted as a competitive inhibitor of complex I and a uncompetitive inhibitor of NDH-2 with respect to NADH. TF3 inhibited NADH-artificial acceptor(HAR) reductase activity, and was an uncompetitive inhibitor of complex I with respect to HAR. These results indicated that TF3 combined with more than one site on complex I. TF3 significantly decreased superoxide production by complex I, NDH-2 and cells, which was not contribute to the inhibition of the enzymes.
Four theaflavin monomers and EGCG all inhibited ATP hydrolysis in both F1Fo membrane preparations as well as in isolated purified F,, but to different degrees. Compared with EGCG, theaflavin monomers had more effect on the inhibition of proton pumping by the membrane vesicle.
Targets of Four theaflavin monomers and EGCG were searched on protein database by virtual screening based on molecular docking. Many new potent targets were found. These results were of big interest for further researches on the bioactivities of tea.
A fast and efficient procedure was developed for the purification of two kaempferol glycosides from tea seed cake using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Conditions to obtain the highest total yield were determined to be an extraction time of 150 min, pressure of 20 MPa, temperature of 80℃, and 60% aqueous ethanol solution. Using the optimal conditions, the experimental yield was 11.4±0.4 mg/g, which was similar to the value predicted by the model. The glycosides of these two kaempferols identified by LC-MS were 3-0-[2-0-β-D-galactopyranosyl-6-0-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside and 3-0-[2-0-β-D-xylopyranosyl-6-0-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside. Moreover, compared with the conventional extraction method, SFE consumed less organic solvent and shorter time.
However, the two kaempferol glycosides had no effects on the activities of complex I and ATP synthase from Escherichia coli in high concentration. More works on their bioactivities are needed.
引文
毕彩虹,杨坚,王立波.茶多糖的保健作用研究进展[J].蚕桑茶叶讯,2007,128：18-20.
陈华,张惠静.超临界CO2萃取技术及其在中药分离提取中的应用[J].解放军药学学报,2006,22(2)：133-135.
陈利燕,屠幼英.茶多糖的药理作用研究进展[J].中国茶叶,2001,5：8-9.
陈晓敏,屠幼英,徐懿,胡丹竹.饮用干花中微量元素黄酮类含量的分析[J].食品工业科技,2006,27(10)：175-177.
段爱霞,陈晶,刘宏德,刘秀辉,卢小泉.分子对接方法的应用与发展[J].分析科学学报,2009,25(4)：473-477.
顾亚萍,钱和.茶树花香气成分研究及其香精的制备[J].食品研究与开发,2008,29(1)：187-190.
黄阿根,董瑞建,韦红.茶树花活性成分的分析与鉴定[J].食品科学,2007,28(7)：400-403.
黄意欢.茶学实验技术[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1997.
李大祥,宛晓春,杨昌军,王华.茶儿茶素氧化机理[J].天然产物研究与开发.2006,18：171-181.
李纯莲.药物设计中分子对接优化设计的算法和软件研究[博士学位论文].大连,大连理工大学,2004.
李洪林,沈建华,罗小民,沈旭,朱维良,王希诚,陈凯先,蒋华良.虚拟筛选与新药发现[J].生命科学,2005,17(2)：125-131.
李晋玲.茶花氨基酸和蛋白质含量测定及研究[J].茶业通报,2003,25(2)：61.
吕文英,吕品.葵花粉和茶花粉中8种无机元素含量[J].微量元素与健康研究,2003,20(2)：35-36.
梅鑫,屠幼英,吴锡金,马圣洲,汤一.景宁白茶春茶品质和抗氧化酶活性分析[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2009,35(5)：549-556.
上原万里子.类黄酮的抗氧化作用[J].日本医学介绍,2005,26(4)：155-157.
苏松坤,陈盛禄,林雪珍,等.茶(Camellia si nensis)花粉营养成分的测定 [J].中国养蜂,2000,51(2)：3-5.
田洪舟,裘爱泳,史小华.茶籽多糖提取工艺的研究[J].中国油脂,2004,29(6)：27-29.
宛晓春,李大祥,夏涛.茶色素及其药理学功能[J].天然产物研究与开发,2001,13(4)：65-70.
宛晓春.茶叶生物化学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2003.
杨子银.茶(红茶)与茶(Camellia sinensis)树花多酚类物质的分离鉴定及其抗氧化机理研究[博士学位论文].杭州,浙江大学,2007.
杨坤国.茶籽综合利用的研究、生产及应用[J].湖北化工,1996,(4)：30-32.
张红城,李慧岩,董捷,李春阳,文镜..茶花花粉蛋白酶解物抗氧化性的研究[J].食品科学,2007,28(8)：58-61.
赵晓宇.药物分子对接的优化模型与算法[硕士学位论文].大连,大连理工大学,2007.
钟蓉.谈谈茶树花粉的多种应用[J].茶叶,1991,17(3)：46-47.
Adhikary, A., Mohanty, S., Lahiry, L., Hossain, D. M., Chakraborty, S., and Das, T. Theaflavins retard human breast cancer cell migration by inhibiting NF-kappaB via p53-ROS cross-talk [J]. Febs lett, 2010,584(1):7-14.
Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (A. Q. S.),2002. Tea-Determination of moisture content. National Standard of China, GB/T8304-2002.
Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (A. Q. S.),2002. Tea-Determination of total ash content. National Standard of China, GB/T8306-2002.
Apostolides, Z., Balentine, D. A., Harbowy, M. E., Hara, Y., and Weisburger, J. H. Inhibition of PhIP mutagenicity by catechins, and by theaflavins and gallate esters [J]. Mutat Res,1997,389(2-3):167-172.
Anderson, R. A., and Polansky, M. M. Tea enhances insulin activity[J].J Agric Food Chem,2002,50(24):7182-7186.
Aneja, R., Odoms, K., Denenberg, A. G., and Wong, H. R. Theaf lavin, a black tea extract, is a novel anti-inflammatory compound [J]. Crit Care Med, 2004,32(10):2097-2103.
Babich, H., Pinsky, S. M., Muskin, E. T., and Zuckerbraun, H. L. In vitro cytotoxicity of a theaflavin mixture from black tea to malignant, immortalized, and normal cells from the human oral cavity[J]. Toxicol in Vitro,2006,20(5):677-688.
Banerjee, S., Manna, S., Mukherjee, S., Pal, D., Panda, C. K., and Das, S. Black tea polyphenols restrict benzopyrene-induced mouse lung cancer progression through inhibition of Cox-2 and induction of caspase-3 expression[J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,2006,7(4): 661-666.
Basu, S., Chaudhuri, T., Chauhan, S. P., Das Gupta, A. K., Chaudhury, L., and Vedasiromoni, J. R. The theaflavin fraction is responsible for the facilitatory effect of black tea at the skeletal myoneural junction [J]. Life Sci,2005,76 (26):3081-3088.
Batmaz, I., Tunali, S. Small response surface designs for metamodel estimation. Eur J Oper Res,2003,145:455-470.
Bhattacharya, U., Halder, B., Mukhopadhyay, S., and Giri, A.K. Role of oxidation-triggered activation of JNK and p38 MAPK in black tea polyphenols induced apoptotic death of A375 cells [J]. Cancer Sci, 2009,100(10):1971-1978.
Brooi jmans, N., and Kuntz,I. D. Molecular recognition and docking algoristhms [J]. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct,2003,32:335-373.
Buchert, F., and Forreiter, C. Singlet oxygen inhibits ATPase and proton translocation activity of the thylakoid ATP synthase CF1CFo [J]. Febs Let,2010,584:147-152.
Cai, F., Li, C. R., Wu, J. L., Min, Q., Ouyang, C., Zheng, M., Ma, S., Yu, W., and Lin, F. Modulation of the oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappaB activation by theaflavin 3,3'-gallate in the rats exposed to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion[J]. Foli aBiologica,2007,53(5):164-172.
Cai, F., Li, C. R., Wu, J. L., Chen, J. G., Liu, C., Min, Q., Yu, W., Ouyang, C. H., and Chen, J. H. Theaflavin ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats through its anti-inflammatory effect and modulation of STAT-1 [J]. Mediators Inflamm,2006 (5):30490.
Cameron, A. R., Anton, S., Melville, L., Houston, N. P., Dayal, S., McDougall, G.J., Stewart, D.,and Rena,G. Black tea polyphenols mimic insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signalling to the longevity factor FOXOla [J]. Aging Cell,2008,7(1):69-77.
Cash, T. P., Pan, Y., and Celeste Simon, M. Reactive oxygen species and cellular oxygen sensing[J]. Free Radical Bio Med,2007,43:1219-1225.
Chattopadhyay, S., Bhattacharyya, S., Saha, B., Chakraborty, J., Mohanty, S., Sakib Hossain, D. M., Banerjee, S., Das,. K., Sa, G., and Das, T. Tumor-shed PGE(2) impairs IL2Rgammac-signaling to inhibit CD4 T cell survival:regulation by theaflavins[J]. Plos One,2009,4(10):e7382.
Chen, C. N., Lin, C. P., Huang, K. K., Chen, W. C., Hsieh, H. P., Liang, P. H. and Hsu, J.T.Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3C-like Protease Activity by Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3) [J]. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2005,2 (2):209-215.
Chen, Y. C., Liang, Y. C., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., Ho, C. T., Lin, J. K. Inhibition of TPA-induced protein kinase C and transcription activator protein-1 binding activities by theaflavin-3,3'-digallate from black tea in NIH3T3 cells [J]. J Agric Food Chem,1999,47 (4):1416-1421.
Clark, K. J., Grant, P. G., Sarr, A. B., Belakere, J. R., Swaggerty, C. L. Phillips, T.D., and Woode, G. N. An in vitro study of theaflavins extracted from black tea to neutralize bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus infections [J]. Vet Microbiol,1998,63(2-4):147-157.
Cornish-Bowden, A. A simple graphical method for determining the inhibition constants of mixed, uncompetitive and non-competitive inhibitors [J]. Biochem J,1974,137:143-144.
Dadi,P. K., Ahmad, M., and Ahmad, Z. Inhibition of ATPase activity of Escherichia coli ATP synthase by polyphenols [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2009,45:72-79.
Das, M., Chaudhuri, T., Goswami, S. K., Murmu, N., Gomes, A., Mitra, S. Besra, S. E., Sur, P., and Vedasiromoni, J. R. Studies with black tea and its constituents on leukemic cells and cell lines [J]. J Exp Clin Canc Res,2002,21 (4):563-568.
Dew, T. P., Day, A. J., and Morgan, M. R. Xanthine oxidase activity in vitro: effects of food extracts and components[J]. J Agr Food Chem,2005, 53(16):6510-6515.
Dhawan, A., Anderson, D., de Pascual-Teresa, S., Santos-Buelga, C., Clifford, M. N., and Ioannides, C. Evaluation of the antigenotoxic potential of monomeric and dimeric f lavanols, and black tea polyphenols against heterocyclic amine-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes using the Comet assay [J]. Mutat Res,2002,515 (1-2):39-56.
Dimroth, P. Operation of the F0 motor of the ATP synthase [J].BBA,2000, 1458,374-386.
Dini, I., Tenore, G.C., Dini, A. Saponins in Ipomoea batatas tubers: Isolation, characterization, quantification and antioxidant properties [J]. Food Chem,2009,113:411-419.
Draper, N. R., Lin, D. K. J. Small response surface designs [J]. Technome trics,1990,32:187-194.
Dreger, H., Lorenz, M., Kehrer, A., Baumann, G., Stangl, K., and Stangl, V.Characteristics of catechin-and theaflavin-mediated cardioprotection [J]. Exp Biol Med (Maywood),2008,233 (4):427-433.
Duarte, S., Gregoire, S., Singh, A. P., Vorsa, N., Schaich, K., Bowen, W. H. and Koo, H. Effects of cranberry polyphenols on formation and virulence of Streptococcus mutans biofilms [J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett,2006,257, 50-56.
Esterh a zy,D., King,M.S., Yakovlev,G., and Hirst,J. Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Complex I (NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase) from Escherichia coli and Comparison to the Enzyme from Mitochondria [J]. Biochemistry,2008,47:3964-3971.
Estornell, E. Mitochondrial complex I:new insights from inhibitor assays [J]. Protoplasma,2000,213:11-17.
Feng, Q., Torii,Y., Uchida, K., Nakamura, Y., Hara, Y., and Osawa, T. Black tea polyphenols, theaf lavins, prevent cellular DNA damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and suppressing cytochrome P450 1A1 in cell cultures [J]. J Agr Food Chem,2002,50(1):213-220.
Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., Levin, C. E., Mandrell, R. E.,. and Kozukue, N. Antimicrobial activities of tea catechins and theaflavins and tea extracts against Bacillus cereus [J]. J Food Prot,2006,69 (2):354-361.
Galkin,M.A., Ishmukhametov, R. R., and Vik,S.S. A functionally inactive, cold-stabilized form of the Escherichia coli F1Fo ATP synthase [J]. BBA, 2006,1757:206-214.
Gupta, S., Chaudhuri, T., Ganguly, D. K., Giri, A. K. Anticlastogenic effects of black tea (World blend) and its two active polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in vivo in Swiss albino mice [J]. Life Sci, 2001,69(23):2735-2744.
Gupta, S., Chaudhuri, T., Seth, P., Ganguly, D. K., and Giri, A. K. Antimutagenic effects of black tea (World Blend) and its two active polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in Salmonella assays [J]. Phytother Res,2002,16 (7):655-661.
Halder, B., Pramanick, S., Mukhopadhyay, S., and Giri, A.K. Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene induced mutagenicity and genotoxicity by black tea polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in multiple test systems [J]. Food Chem Toxicol,2005,43 (4):591-597.
Halder, B.,Pramanick, S., Mukhopadhyay, S.,and Giri, A. K. Anticlastogenic effects of black tea polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in human lymphocytes in vitro [J]. Toxicol In Vitro,2006,20(5):608-613.
Han, X., Cheng, L., Zhang, R., Bi, J. Extraction of saff lower seed oil by supercritical CO2 [J].J Food Eng,2009,92:370-376.
Henning, S. M., Aronson, W., Niu, Y., Conde, F., Lee, NH., Seeram, N. P. Lee, R. P., Lu, J., Harris, D. M., Moro, A., Hong, J., Pak-Shan, L., Barnard, R. J., Ziaee, H. G., Csathy, G., Go, V. L., Wang, H., and Heber, D. Tea polyphenols and theaflavins are present in prostate tissue of humans and mice after green and black tea consumption [J]. Nutrition, 2006,136(7):1839-1843.
Hong, J., Smith, T. J., Ho, C. T., August, D. A., Yang, and C. S. Effects of purified green and black tea polyphenols on cyclooxygenase-and lipoxygenase-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid in human colon mucosa and colon tumor tissues[J]. Biochem Pharmacol,2001,62 (9):1175-1183.
Hong, J. T., Yen, J. H., Wang, L., Lo, Y. H., Chen, Z. T., Wu, M. J. Regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression and MAPK pathways in response to kaempferol and rhamnocitrin in PC12 cells [J]. Toxicol Appl Pharm, 2009,237:59-68.
Hong,S., and Pedersen, P. L. ATP synthase and the actions of inhibitors utilized to study its roles in human health, disease, and other scientific areas [J]. Microbiol Mol Biol R,2008,590-641.
Huang, M. T., Liu, Y., Ramji, D., Lo, C. Y., Ghai, G., Dushenkov, S., and Ho, C. T. Inhibitory effects of black tea theaf lavin derivatives on 12-0- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse ears[J]. Mol Nutr Food Res,2006,50(2): 115-122.
Imlay, J. A. Cellular defenses against superoxide and hydrogen peroxide [J] The Annual Review of Biochemistry,2008,77:755-776.
Jovanovic, S. V., Hara, Y., Steen Steenken, S., and Simic.M. G. Antioxidant potential of theaflavins. A pulse radiolysis study [J]. J Am Chem Soc, 1997,119(23):5337-5343.
Kalra, N., Seth, K., Prasad, S., Singh, M., Pant, A. B., and Shukla, Y. Theaflavins induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells is mediated through induction of p53, down-regulation of NF-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways [J]. Life Sci,2007,80(23):2137-46.
Kaur, S., Greaves, P., Cook, D. N., Edwards, R., Steward, W. P., Gescher, A. J., and Marczylo, T. H. Breast cancer prevention by green tea catechins and black tea theaflavins in the C3 (1) SV40 T, t antigen transgenic mouse model is accompanied by increased apoptosis and a decrease in oxidative DNA adducts[J]. J Agr Food Chem,2007,55 (9):3378-3385.
Kim, N. H., Choi, S. K., Kim, S. J., Moon, P. D., Lim, H. S., Choi, I. Y., Na, H. J., An, H. J., Myung, N. Y., Jeong, H. J., Um, J. Y., Hong, S. H., and Kim, H.M. Green tea seed oil reduces weight gain in C57BL/6J mice and influences adipocyte differentiation by suppressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma[J]. Pflugers Arch,2008, 457 (2):293-302.
Kobayashi, M., Ichitani, M., Suzuki, Y., Unno, T., Sugawara, T., Yamahira, T., Kato, M., Takihara, T., Sagesaka, Y., Kakuda, T., and Ikeda, I.Black-tea polyphenols suppress postprandial hypertriacylgly-cerolemia by suppressing lymphatic transport of dietary fat in rats [J]. J Agric Food Chem,2009,57 (15):7131-7136.
Kowaltowski,A. J., de Souza-Pinto, N. C., Roger F. Castilho, R. F., and Vercesi,A. E. Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species [J]. Free Radical Bio Med,2009,47:333-343.
Lahiry, L., Saha, B., Chakraborty, J., Adhikary, A., Mohanty, S. Hossain, D. M., Banerjee, S., Das, K., Sa, G., and Das, T. Theaflavins target Fas/caspase-8 and Akt/pBad pathways to induce apoptosis in p53-mutated human breast cancer cells [J]. Carcinogenesis,2010,31(2): 259-268.
Lang, Q., Wai, C.M. Supercritical fluid extraction in herbal and natural product studies—A practical review [J]. Talanta,2001,53:771-782.
Lee, H. H., Ho, C. T., and Lin, J. K. Theaf lavin-3,3'-digallate and penta-0-galloyl-beta-D-glucose inhibit rat liver microsomal 5alpha-reductase activity and the expression of androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells [J]. Carcinogenesis,2004,25 (7):1109-1118.
Lenaz, G. Role of mitochondria in oxidative stress and ageing [J].BBA, 1998,1366:53-67.
Lenaz, G., Fato,R., Genova,M. L., Bergamini, C., Bianchi,C., Biondi, A. Mitochondrial Complex I:Structural and functional aspects[J]. BBA, 2006,175:1406-1420.
Leung, L. K., Su, Y., Chen, R., Zhang, Z., Huang, Y., and Chen, Z. Y. Theaflavins in black tea and catechins in green tea are equally effective antioxidants [J]. J Nutr,2001,131 (9):2248-2251.
Liang, Y. C., Tsai, D. C., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., Chen, C. F., Ho, C. T., and Lin, J. K. Inhibition of 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammatory skin edema and ornithine decarboxylase activity by theaf lavin-3,3'-digal late in mouse [J]. Nutr Cancer,2002,42(2): 217-223.
Lin, C. L., Huang, H. C., and Lin, J. K. Theaflavins attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation through activating AMPK in human HepG2 cells [J]. J Lipid Res,2007,48(11):2334-2343.
Lin, J. K. Cancer chemoprevention by tea polyphenols through modulating signal transduction pathways [J]. Arch Pharm Res,2002,25(5):561-571.
Lin, J.K., Chen, P. C., Ho, C. T., and Lin-Shiau, S. Y. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase and suppression of intracellular reactive oxygen species in HL-60 cells by theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and propyl gal late [J]. J Agr Food Chem,2000,48 (7):2736-2743.
Lin, Y. L., Tsai, S. H., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., Ho, C. T., and Lin, J. K. Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate from black tea blocks the nitric oxide synthase by down-regulating the activation of NF-kappaB in macrophages[J]. Bur J Pharmacol, 1999,367 (2-3):379-388.
Lin, Y. S., Wu, S. S., and Lin, J. K. Determination of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea flowers (tea sinensis) and their hydroxyl radical scavenging and nitric oxide suppressing effects [J]. JAgric Food Chem, 2003,51:975-978.
Liu, W., Fu, Y. J., Zu, Y. G., Tong, M. H., Wu, N., Liu, X. L., and Zhang, S. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of seed oil from Opuntia dillenii Haw. and its antioxidant activity [J]. Food Chem,2009,114, 334-339.
Lorenz, M., Urban, J., Engelhardt, U., Baumann, G., Stangl, K., and Stangl, V. Green and black tea are equally potent stimuli of NO production and vasodilation:new insights into tea ingredients involved [J]. Basic Res Cardiol,2009,104 (1):100-110.
Lu, J. B., Ho, C. T., Ghai, G., and Chen, K. Y.,2000. Differential effects of theaflavin monogallates on cell growth, apoptosis and Cox-2 gene expression in cancerous versus normal cells [J]. Cancer Res,60: 6465-6471.
Lu, J., Ho, C. T., Gha, G., Chen,K. Y. Differential effects of theaflavin monogallates on cell growth, apoptosis, and Cox-2 gene expression in cancerous versus normal cells [J]. Cancer Res,2000,60(22):6465-6471.
Lu, J., Gosslau, A., Liu, A. Y., and Chen,K. Y. PCR differential display-based identification of regulator of G protein signaling 10 as the target gene in human colon cancer cells induced by black tea polyphenol theaf lavin monogallate[J]. Eur J Pharmacol,2008,601(1-3): 66-72.
Lung, H. L., Ip, W. K., Chen, Z. Y., Mak, N. K., and Leung, K. N. Comparative study of the growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities of black tea theaf lavins and green tea catechin on murine myeloid leukemia cells [J]. Int J Mo J MolMed,2004,13(3):465-471.
Miller, N.J., Castelluccio, C., Tijburg, L., and Rice-Evans, C. The antioxidant properties of theaflavins and their gallate esters--radical scavengers or metal chelators [J]? Febs Lett,1996, 392(1):40-44.
Mr a cek, T., Pecina, P., Vojtiskova, A., Kalous, M., Sebesta,O., and Houst ek, J. Two components in pathogenic mechanism of mitochondrial ATPase deficiency:Energy deprivation and ROS production [J]. Micbiolo Mol Biol R,2006,41:683-687.
Muller, F. L., Liu, Y., and Van Remmen, H. Complex Ⅲ releases superoxide to both sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane [J].J. Biol. Chem, 2004,279:49064-49073.
Nakayama,'M., Suzuki, K., Toda, M., Okubo, S., Hara, Y., and Shimamura, T. Inhibition of the infectivity of influenza virus by tea polyphenols[J]. Antiviral Res,1993,21 (4):289-299.
Nomura, M., Ma, W. Y., Huang, C., Yang, C. S, Bowden, G. T, Miyamoto, K., and Dong, Z.Inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced AP-1 activation by theaflavins from black tea [J]. Mol Carcinog,2000,28 (3):148-55.
Ohnishi, S. T., Muranaka, S., Fujita, H., Kimura, H., Uemura, K., Yoshida,K., and Utsumi, K. A Possible Site of Superoxide Generation in the Complex I Segment of Rat Heart Mitochondria[J]. J Bioenerg Biomembr,2005, 37(1):1-15.
Park, A. M., and Dong, Z. Signal transdction pathways:targets for green and black tea polyphenols [J]. J Biochem Mol Biol,2003,36(1):66-77.
Park, J. S., Rho, H. S., Kim, D. E., Chang, I. S. Enzymatic preparation of kaempferol from green tea seed and its antioxidant activity [J]. J Agr Food Chem,2006,54:2951-2956.
Prasad, S., Kaur, J., Roy, P., Kalra, N., and Shukla, Y. Theaflavins induce G2/M arrest by modulating expression of p21waf1/cip1, cdc25C and cyclin B in human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells [J]. Life Sci,2007,81(17-18): 1323-31.
Pourmortazavi, S. M., and Hajimirsadeghi,S.S. Supercritical fluid extraction in plant essential and volatile oil analysis [J].J Chromatogr A,2007,1163:2-24.
Rajaei.A., Barzegar, M., and Yamini, Y. Supercritical fluid extraction of tea seed oil and its comparison with solvent extraction[J]. Eur Food Res Technol,2005,220(3-4):401-405.
Rostagno, M. A., Ara u jo, J. M. A., and Sandi, D. Supercritical fluid extraction of isoflavones from soybean flour [J]. Food Chem,2002,78: 111-117.
Saha, P., and Das, S. Regulation of hazardous exposure by protective exposure:modulation of phase II detoxification and lipid peroxidation by Camellia sinensis and Swertia chirata[J]. Teratogen Carcin Mut,2003, Suppl 1:313-22.
Sarkar,A. and Bhaduri.A. Black tea is a powerful chemopreventor of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species:comparison with its individual catechin constituents and green Tea [J]. Biochem Bioph Res Co,2001,284: 173-178.
Scalia,S., Giuffreda, L., Pallado, P. Analytical and preparative supercritical fluid extraction of Chamomile flowers and its comparison with conventional methods [J]. J Pharmaceut Biomed,1999,21:549-558.
Schuck, A. G., Ausubel, M. B., Zuckerbraun, H. L., and Babich, H. Theaflavin-3,3' -digallate, a component of black tea:an inducer of oxidative stress and apoptosis[J]. Toxicol in Vitro,2008,22 (3):598-609.
Seaver, L. C., and Imlay, J. A. Alkyl Hydroperoxide Reductase Is the Primary Scavenger of. Endogenous Hydrogen Peroxide in Escherichia coli[J]. J Bacteriol,2001,183(24):7173-7181.
Seaver, L.C., and Imlay, J. A. Are Respiratory Enzymes the Primary Sources of Intracellular Hydrogen Peroxide [J]?J Biol Chem,2004,279(47): 48742-48750.
Sekine, T., Arai, Y., Ikegami, F., Fujii, Y., Shindo, S., Yanagisawa, T. Ishida, Y., Okonogi, S., Murakoshi, I. Isolation of camelliaside C from "tea seed cake" and inhibitory effects of its derivatives on arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase [J]. Chem Pharm Bull,1993,41:1185-1187.
Sekine, T., Arita, J., Yamaguchi, A., Saito, K., Okonogi, S., Morisaki, N., Iwasaki, S., Murakoshi, I. Two flavonol glycosides from seeds of Camellia sinensis [J]. Phytochemistry,1991,30:991-995.
Sengupta, A., Ghosh, S., Das, R. K., Bhattacharjee, S., and Bhattacharya, S. Chemopreventive potential of diallylsulfide, lycopene and theaf lavin during chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rat colon through modulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase pathways [J]. Bur J Can Prev,2006,15(4):301-5.
Sitheeque, M. A., Panagoda, G. J., Yau, J., Amarakoon, A.M., Udagama, U. R., and Samaranayake, L.P. Antifungal activity of black tea polyphenols (catechins and theaflavins) against Candida species [J]. Chemotherapy, 2009,55 (3):189-196.
Sousa, S. F., Fernandes, P. A., and Ramos, M. J. Protein-ligand docking: current status and future challenges [J]. PROTEINS:Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics,2006,65:15-26.
St-Pierre, J., Buckingham, J. A., Roebuck, S. J., and Brand, M. D. Topology of superoxide production from different sites in the mitochondrial electron transport chain [J]. J.Biol. Chem,2002,277:44784-44790.
Sugatani, J., Fukazawa, N., Ujihara, K., Yoshinari, K., Abe, I., Noguchi, H., and Miwa, M.Tea polyphenols inhibit acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase (a key enzyme in platelet-activating factor biosynthesis) and platelet-activating factor-induced platelet aggregation [J]. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2004,134(1):17-28.
Taguri, T., Tanaka, T., and Kouno, I. Antimicrobial activity of 10 different plant polyphenols against bacteria causing food-borne disease [J]. Biol Pharm Bull,2004,27(12):1965-1969.
Tan, D., Wang, Y., Lo, C. Y., and Ho, C. T. Methylglyoxal:its presence and potential scavengers [J]. Asia Pac J Clln Nutr,2008, Suppl 1:261-264.
Taylorl,R. D., Jewsbury, P. J., and Essexl, J. W. A review of protein-small molecule docking methods [J].J Comput Aid Mol Des,2002,16:151-166.
Tu, Y.Y., Tang, A. B., and Watanabe, N. The theaflavin monomers inhibit the cancer cells growth in vitro [J]. Acta Bioch Bioph Sin,2004, 36(7):508-512.
Tu,Y. Y., Xia, H. L., Watanabe, N. Changes in catechins during the fermentation of green tea[J]. Appl Biochem Micro,2005,41,574-577.
Ukil, A., Maity, S., and Das, P. K. Protection from experimental colitis by theaflavin-3,3'-digallate correlates with inhibition of IKK and NF-kappaB activation[J]. Br J Pharmacol,2006,149 (1):121-131.
Vermeer, M. A., Mulder, T. P., and Molhuizen, H.0. Theaflavins from black tea, especially theaflavin-3-gallate, reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into mixed micelles [J].J Agric Food Chem, 2008,56(24):12031-12036.
Vijaya, K., Ananthan, S., and Nalini, R. Antibacterial effect of theaflavin, polyphenon 60 (Camellia sinensis) and Euphorbia hirta on Shigella spp.-a cell culture study [J]. Ethnopharmacol,1995,49(2): 115-118.
Way, T. D., Lee, H. H., Kao, M. C., and Lin, J. K. Black tea polyphenol theaflavins inhibit aromatase activity and attenuate tamoxifen resistance in HER2/neu-transfected human breast cancer cells through tyrosine kinase suppression [J]. Bur J Cancer,2004,40(14):2165-2174.
Way, T. D., Lin, H. Y., Hua, K. T., Lee, J. C., Li, W. H., Lee, M. R., Shuang, C. H., and Lin, J. K. Beneficial effects of different tea flowers against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells [J]. Food Chem,2009,114,1231-1236. Biochemistry,2008,47:3964-3971.
Yang.Z. Y., Jie.G.L., Dong, F., Xu, Y., Watanabe, N., and Tu, Y. Y. Radical-scavenging abilities and antioxidant properties of theaflavins and their gallate esters in H2O2-mediated oxidative damage system in the HPF-1 cells [J]. Toxicol In Vitro,2008,22 (5):1250-1256.
Yang, Z. Y., Tu, Y. Y., Baldermann, S., Dong, F., Xu, Y., and Watanabe, N. Isolation and identification of compounds from the ethanolic extract of flowers of the tea(Camellia sinensis) plant and their contribution to the antioxidant capacity[J]. LWT-Food Sci Technol,2009,42: 1439-1443.
Yang, Z. Y., Xu, Y., Jie, G. L., He, P.M., and Tu, Y. Y. Study on the antioxidant activity of tea flowers (tea sinensis) [J]. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr,2007,16:148-152.
Yeh, C. W., Chen, W. J., Chiang, C. T., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., and Lin, J. K. Suppression of fatty acid synthase in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by tea and tea polyphenols:a possible mechanism for their hypolipidemic effects [J]. Pharmacogenomics J,2003,3 (5):267-276.
Yoshikawa, M., Sugimoto, S., Nakamura, S., and Matsuda, H. Medicinal flowers. ⅩⅫ. Structures of Chakasaponins Ⅴ and Ⅵ, Chakanoside Ⅰ, and Chakaflavonoside A from flower buds of Chinese tea plant(Camellia sinensis)[J]. Chem Pharm Bull,2008a,56,1297-1303.
Yoshikawa, M., Wang, T., Sugimoto, S., Nakamura, S., Nagatomo, A., Matsuda, H., and Harima, S. Functional saponins in tea flower (Flower buds of Camellia sinensis):Gastroprotective and hypoglycemic effects of floratheasaponins and qualitative and quantitative analysis using HPLC [J]. The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (in Japanese),2008b,128: 141-151.
Zieliska,P. M., and Dobrowolska, Z. A. Effect of tea polyphenols on oxidative metabolism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in healthy and obese people [J]. Pol Merkur Lekarski,2005,19 (109):41-47.
Zhang, G., Miura, Y., and Yagasaki, K. Effects of green, oolong and black teas and related components on the proliferation and invasion of hepatoma cells in culture[J]. Cyto techno logy,1999,31(1-2):37-44.
Zhang, G., Miura, Y., and Yagasaki, K. Suppression of adhesion and invasion of hepatoma cells in culture by tea compounds through antioxidative activity [J]. Cancer Lett,2000,159 (2):169-173.
Zickermann, V., Kurki.S., Kervinen, M., Hassinen, I., and Finel,M. The NADH oxidation domain of Complex I:do bacterial and mitochondrial enzymes catalyze ferricyanide reduction similarly? [J]. BBA,2000,1459:61-68.
陈华,张惠静.超临界CO2萃取技术及其在中药分离提取中的应用[J].解放军药学学报,2006,22(2)：133-135.
陈利燕,屠幼英.茶多糖的药理作用研究进展[J].中国茶叶,2001,5：8-9.
陈晓敏,屠幼英,徐懿,胡丹竹.饮用干花中微量元素黄酮类含量的分析[J].食品工业科技,2006,27(10)：175-177.
段爱霞,陈晶,刘宏德,刘秀辉,卢小泉.分子对接方法的应用与发展[J].分析科学学报,2009,25(4)：473-477.
顾亚萍,钱和.茶树花香气成分研究及其香精的制备[J].食品研究与开发,2008,29(1)：187-190.
黄阿根,董瑞建,韦红.茶树花活性成分的分析与鉴定[J].食品科学,2007,28(7)：400-403.
黄意欢.茶学实验技术[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1997.
李大祥,宛晓春,杨昌军,王华.茶儿茶素氧化机理[J].天然产物研究与开发.2006,18：171-181.
李纯莲.药物设计中分子对接优化设计的算法和软件研究[博士学位论文].大连,大连理工大学,2004.
李洪林,沈建华,罗小民,沈旭,朱维良,王希诚,陈凯先,蒋华良.虚拟筛选与新药发现[J].生命科学,2005,17(2)：125-131.
李晋玲.茶花氨基酸和蛋白质含量测定及研究[J].茶业通报,2003,25(2)：61.
吕文英,吕品.葵花粉和茶花粉中8种无机元素含量[J].微量元素与健康研究,2003,20(2)：35-36.
梅鑫,屠幼英,吴锡金,马圣洲,汤一.景宁白茶春茶品质和抗氧化酶活性分析[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2009,35(5)：549-556.
上原万里子.类黄酮的抗氧化作用[J].日本医学介绍,2005,26(4)：155-157.
苏松坤,陈盛禄,林雪珍,等.茶(Camellia si nensis)花粉营养成分的测定 [J].中国养蜂,2000,51(2)：3-5.
田洪舟,裘爱泳,史小华.茶籽多糖提取工艺的研究[J].中国油脂,2004,29(6)：27-29.
宛晓春,李大祥,夏涛.茶色素及其药理学功能[J].天然产物研究与开发,2001,13(4)：65-70.
宛晓春.茶叶生物化学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2003.
杨子银.茶(红茶)与茶(Camellia sinensis)树花多酚类物质的分离鉴定及其抗氧化机理研究[博士学位论文].杭州,浙江大学,2007.
杨坤国.茶籽综合利用的研究、生产及应用[J].湖北化工,1996,(4)：30-32.
张红城,李慧岩,董捷,李春阳,文镜..茶花花粉蛋白酶解物抗氧化性的研究[J].食品科学,2007,28(8)：58-61.
赵晓宇.药物分子对接的优化模型与算法[硕士学位论文].大连,大连理工大学,2007.
钟蓉.谈谈茶树花粉的多种应用[J].茶叶,1991,17(3)：46-47.
Adhikary, A., Mohanty, S., Lahiry, L., Hossain, D. M., Chakraborty, S., and Das, T. Theaflavins retard human breast cancer cell migration by inhibiting NF-kappaB via p53-ROS cross-talk [J]. Febs lett, 2010,584(1):7-14.
Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (A. Q. S.),2002. Tea-Determination of moisture content. National Standard of China, GB/T8304-2002.
Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (A. Q. S.),2002. Tea-Determination of total ash content. National Standard of China, GB/T8306-2002.
Apostolides, Z., Balentine, D. A., Harbowy, M. E., Hara, Y., and Weisburger, J. H. Inhibition of PhIP mutagenicity by catechins, and by theaflavins and gallate esters [J]. Mutat Res,1997,389(2-3):167-172.
Anderson, R. A., and Polansky, M. M. Tea enhances insulin activity[J].J Agric Food Chem,2002,50(24):7182-7186.
Aneja, R., Odoms, K., Denenberg, A. G., and Wong, H. R. Theaf lavin, a black tea extract, is a novel anti-inflammatory compound [J]. Crit Care Med, 2004,32(10):2097-2103.
Babich, H., Pinsky, S. M., Muskin, E. T., and Zuckerbraun, H. L. In vitro cytotoxicity of a theaflavin mixture from black tea to malignant, immortalized, and normal cells from the human oral cavity[J]. Toxicol in Vitro,2006,20(5):677-688.
Banerjee, S., Manna, S., Mukherjee, S., Pal, D., Panda, C. K., and Das, S. Black tea polyphenols restrict benzopyrene-induced mouse lung cancer progression through inhibition of Cox-2 and induction of caspase-3 expression[J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,2006,7(4): 661-666.
Basu, S., Chaudhuri, T., Chauhan, S. P., Das Gupta, A. K., Chaudhury, L., and Vedasiromoni, J. R. The theaflavin fraction is responsible for the facilitatory effect of black tea at the skeletal myoneural junction [J]. Life Sci,2005,76 (26):3081-3088.
Batmaz, I., Tunali, S. Small response surface designs for metamodel estimation. Eur J Oper Res,2003,145:455-470.
Bhattacharya, U., Halder, B., Mukhopadhyay, S., and Giri, A.K. Role of oxidation-triggered activation of JNK and p38 MAPK in black tea polyphenols induced apoptotic death of A375 cells [J]. Cancer Sci, 2009,100(10):1971-1978.
Brooi jmans, N., and Kuntz,I. D. Molecular recognition and docking algoristhms [J]. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct,2003,32:335-373.
Buchert, F., and Forreiter, C. Singlet oxygen inhibits ATPase and proton translocation activity of the thylakoid ATP synthase CF1CFo [J]. Febs Let,2010,584:147-152.
Cai, F., Li, C. R., Wu, J. L., Min, Q., Ouyang, C., Zheng, M., Ma, S., Yu, W., and Lin, F. Modulation of the oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappaB activation by theaflavin 3,3'-gallate in the rats exposed to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion[J]. Foli aBiologica,2007,53(5):164-172.
Cai, F., Li, C. R., Wu, J. L., Chen, J. G., Liu, C., Min, Q., Yu, W., Ouyang, C. H., and Chen, J. H. Theaflavin ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats through its anti-inflammatory effect and modulation of STAT-1 [J]. Mediators Inflamm,2006 (5):30490.
Cameron, A. R., Anton, S., Melville, L., Houston, N. P., Dayal, S., McDougall, G.J., Stewart, D.,and Rena,G. Black tea polyphenols mimic insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signalling to the longevity factor FOXOla [J]. Aging Cell,2008,7(1):69-77.
Cash, T. P., Pan, Y., and Celeste Simon, M. Reactive oxygen species and cellular oxygen sensing[J]. Free Radical Bio Med,2007,43:1219-1225.
Chattopadhyay, S., Bhattacharyya, S., Saha, B., Chakraborty, J., Mohanty, S., Sakib Hossain, D. M., Banerjee, S., Das,. K., Sa, G., and Das, T. Tumor-shed PGE(2) impairs IL2Rgammac-signaling to inhibit CD4 T cell survival:regulation by theaflavins[J]. Plos One,2009,4(10):e7382.
Chen, C. N., Lin, C. P., Huang, K. K., Chen, W. C., Hsieh, H. P., Liang, P. H. and Hsu, J.T.Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3C-like Protease Activity by Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3) [J]. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2005,2 (2):209-215.
Chen, Y. C., Liang, Y. C., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., Ho, C. T., Lin, J. K. Inhibition of TPA-induced protein kinase C and transcription activator protein-1 binding activities by theaflavin-3,3'-digallate from black tea in NIH3T3 cells [J]. J Agric Food Chem,1999,47 (4):1416-1421.
Clark, K. J., Grant, P. G., Sarr, A. B., Belakere, J. R., Swaggerty, C. L. Phillips, T.D., and Woode, G. N. An in vitro study of theaflavins extracted from black tea to neutralize bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus infections [J]. Vet Microbiol,1998,63(2-4):147-157.
Cornish-Bowden, A. A simple graphical method for determining the inhibition constants of mixed, uncompetitive and non-competitive inhibitors [J]. Biochem J,1974,137:143-144.
Dadi,P. K., Ahmad, M., and Ahmad, Z. Inhibition of ATPase activity of Escherichia coli ATP synthase by polyphenols [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2009,45:72-79.
Das, M., Chaudhuri, T., Goswami, S. K., Murmu, N., Gomes, A., Mitra, S. Besra, S. E., Sur, P., and Vedasiromoni, J. R. Studies with black tea and its constituents on leukemic cells and cell lines [J]. J Exp Clin Canc Res,2002,21 (4):563-568.
Dew, T. P., Day, A. J., and Morgan, M. R. Xanthine oxidase activity in vitro: effects of food extracts and components[J]. J Agr Food Chem,2005, 53(16):6510-6515.
Dhawan, A., Anderson, D., de Pascual-Teresa, S., Santos-Buelga, C., Clifford, M. N., and Ioannides, C. Evaluation of the antigenotoxic potential of monomeric and dimeric f lavanols, and black tea polyphenols against heterocyclic amine-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes using the Comet assay [J]. Mutat Res,2002,515 (1-2):39-56.
Dimroth, P. Operation of the F0 motor of the ATP synthase [J].BBA,2000, 1458,374-386.
Dini, I., Tenore, G.C., Dini, A. Saponins in Ipomoea batatas tubers: Isolation, characterization, quantification and antioxidant properties [J]. Food Chem,2009,113:411-419.
Draper, N. R., Lin, D. K. J. Small response surface designs [J]. Technome trics,1990,32:187-194.
Dreger, H., Lorenz, M., Kehrer, A., Baumann, G., Stangl, K., and Stangl, V.Characteristics of catechin-and theaflavin-mediated cardioprotection [J]. Exp Biol Med (Maywood),2008,233 (4):427-433.
Duarte, S., Gregoire, S., Singh, A. P., Vorsa, N., Schaich, K., Bowen, W. H. and Koo, H. Effects of cranberry polyphenols on formation and virulence of Streptococcus mutans biofilms [J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett,2006,257, 50-56.
Esterh a zy,D., King,M.S., Yakovlev,G., and Hirst,J. Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Complex I (NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase) from Escherichia coli and Comparison to the Enzyme from Mitochondria [J]. Biochemistry,2008,47:3964-3971.
Estornell, E. Mitochondrial complex I:new insights from inhibitor assays [J]. Protoplasma,2000,213:11-17.
Feng, Q., Torii,Y., Uchida, K., Nakamura, Y., Hara, Y., and Osawa, T. Black tea polyphenols, theaf lavins, prevent cellular DNA damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and suppressing cytochrome P450 1A1 in cell cultures [J]. J Agr Food Chem,2002,50(1):213-220.
Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., Levin, C. E., Mandrell, R. E.,. and Kozukue, N. Antimicrobial activities of tea catechins and theaflavins and tea extracts against Bacillus cereus [J]. J Food Prot,2006,69 (2):354-361.
Galkin,M.A., Ishmukhametov, R. R., and Vik,S.S. A functionally inactive, cold-stabilized form of the Escherichia coli F1Fo ATP synthase [J]. BBA, 2006,1757:206-214.
Gupta, S., Chaudhuri, T., Ganguly, D. K., Giri, A. K. Anticlastogenic effects of black tea (World blend) and its two active polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in vivo in Swiss albino mice [J]. Life Sci, 2001,69(23):2735-2744.
Gupta, S., Chaudhuri, T., Seth, P., Ganguly, D. K., and Giri, A. K. Antimutagenic effects of black tea (World Blend) and its two active polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in Salmonella assays [J]. Phytother Res,2002,16 (7):655-661.
Halder, B., Pramanick, S., Mukhopadhyay, S., and Giri, A.K. Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene induced mutagenicity and genotoxicity by black tea polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in multiple test systems [J]. Food Chem Toxicol,2005,43 (4):591-597.
Halder, B.,Pramanick, S., Mukhopadhyay, S.,and Giri, A. K. Anticlastogenic effects of black tea polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in human lymphocytes in vitro [J]. Toxicol In Vitro,2006,20(5):608-613.
Han, X., Cheng, L., Zhang, R., Bi, J. Extraction of saff lower seed oil by supercritical CO2 [J].J Food Eng,2009,92:370-376.
Henning, S. M., Aronson, W., Niu, Y., Conde, F., Lee, NH., Seeram, N. P. Lee, R. P., Lu, J., Harris, D. M., Moro, A., Hong, J., Pak-Shan, L., Barnard, R. J., Ziaee, H. G., Csathy, G., Go, V. L., Wang, H., and Heber, D. Tea polyphenols and theaflavins are present in prostate tissue of humans and mice after green and black tea consumption [J]. Nutrition, 2006,136(7):1839-1843.
Hong, J., Smith, T. J., Ho, C. T., August, D. A., Yang, and C. S. Effects of purified green and black tea polyphenols on cyclooxygenase-and lipoxygenase-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid in human colon mucosa and colon tumor tissues[J]. Biochem Pharmacol,2001,62 (9):1175-1183.
Hong, J. T., Yen, J. H., Wang, L., Lo, Y. H., Chen, Z. T., Wu, M. J. Regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression and MAPK pathways in response to kaempferol and rhamnocitrin in PC12 cells [J]. Toxicol Appl Pharm, 2009,237:59-68.
Hong,S., and Pedersen, P. L. ATP synthase and the actions of inhibitors utilized to study its roles in human health, disease, and other scientific areas [J]. Microbiol Mol Biol R,2008,590-641.
Huang, M. T., Liu, Y., Ramji, D., Lo, C. Y., Ghai, G., Dushenkov, S., and Ho, C. T. Inhibitory effects of black tea theaf lavin derivatives on 12-0- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse ears[J]. Mol Nutr Food Res,2006,50(2): 115-122.
Imlay, J. A. Cellular defenses against superoxide and hydrogen peroxide [J] The Annual Review of Biochemistry,2008,77:755-776.
Jovanovic, S. V., Hara, Y., Steen Steenken, S., and Simic.M. G. Antioxidant potential of theaflavins. A pulse radiolysis study [J]. J Am Chem Soc, 1997,119(23):5337-5343.
Kalra, N., Seth, K., Prasad, S., Singh, M., Pant, A. B., and Shukla, Y. Theaflavins induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells is mediated through induction of p53, down-regulation of NF-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways [J]. Life Sci,2007,80(23):2137-46.
Kaur, S., Greaves, P., Cook, D. N., Edwards, R., Steward, W. P., Gescher, A. J., and Marczylo, T. H. Breast cancer prevention by green tea catechins and black tea theaflavins in the C3 (1) SV40 T, t antigen transgenic mouse model is accompanied by increased apoptosis and a decrease in oxidative DNA adducts[J]. J Agr Food Chem,2007,55 (9):3378-3385.
Kim, N. H., Choi, S. K., Kim, S. J., Moon, P. D., Lim, H. S., Choi, I. Y., Na, H. J., An, H. J., Myung, N. Y., Jeong, H. J., Um, J. Y., Hong, S. H., and Kim, H.M. Green tea seed oil reduces weight gain in C57BL/6J mice and influences adipocyte differentiation by suppressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma[J]. Pflugers Arch,2008, 457 (2):293-302.
Kobayashi, M., Ichitani, M., Suzuki, Y., Unno, T., Sugawara, T., Yamahira, T., Kato, M., Takihara, T., Sagesaka, Y., Kakuda, T., and Ikeda, I.Black-tea polyphenols suppress postprandial hypertriacylgly-cerolemia by suppressing lymphatic transport of dietary fat in rats [J]. J Agric Food Chem,2009,57 (15):7131-7136.
Kowaltowski,A. J., de Souza-Pinto, N. C., Roger F. Castilho, R. F., and Vercesi,A. E. Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species [J]. Free Radical Bio Med,2009,47:333-343.
Lahiry, L., Saha, B., Chakraborty, J., Adhikary, A., Mohanty, S. Hossain, D. M., Banerjee, S., Das, K., Sa, G., and Das, T. Theaflavins target Fas/caspase-8 and Akt/pBad pathways to induce apoptosis in p53-mutated human breast cancer cells [J]. Carcinogenesis,2010,31(2): 259-268.
Lang, Q., Wai, C.M. Supercritical fluid extraction in herbal and natural product studies—A practical review [J]. Talanta,2001,53:771-782.
Lee, H. H., Ho, C. T., and Lin, J. K. Theaf lavin-3,3'-digallate and penta-0-galloyl-beta-D-glucose inhibit rat liver microsomal 5alpha-reductase activity and the expression of androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells [J]. Carcinogenesis,2004,25 (7):1109-1118.
Lenaz, G. Role of mitochondria in oxidative stress and ageing [J].BBA, 1998,1366:53-67.
Lenaz, G., Fato,R., Genova,M. L., Bergamini, C., Bianchi,C., Biondi, A. Mitochondrial Complex I:Structural and functional aspects[J]. BBA, 2006,175:1406-1420.
Leung, L. K., Su, Y., Chen, R., Zhang, Z., Huang, Y., and Chen, Z. Y. Theaflavins in black tea and catechins in green tea are equally effective antioxidants [J]. J Nutr,2001,131 (9):2248-2251.
Liang, Y. C., Tsai, D. C., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., Chen, C. F., Ho, C. T., and Lin, J. K. Inhibition of 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammatory skin edema and ornithine decarboxylase activity by theaf lavin-3,3'-digal late in mouse [J]. Nutr Cancer,2002,42(2): 217-223.
Lin, C. L., Huang, H. C., and Lin, J. K. Theaflavins attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation through activating AMPK in human HepG2 cells [J]. J Lipid Res,2007,48(11):2334-2343.
Lin, J. K. Cancer chemoprevention by tea polyphenols through modulating signal transduction pathways [J]. Arch Pharm Res,2002,25(5):561-571.
Lin, J.K., Chen, P. C., Ho, C. T., and Lin-Shiau, S. Y. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase and suppression of intracellular reactive oxygen species in HL-60 cells by theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and propyl gal late [J]. J Agr Food Chem,2000,48 (7):2736-2743.
Lin, Y. L., Tsai, S. H., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., Ho, C. T., and Lin, J. K. Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate from black tea blocks the nitric oxide synthase by down-regulating the activation of NF-kappaB in macrophages[J]. Bur J Pharmacol, 1999,367 (2-3):379-388.
Lin, Y. S., Wu, S. S., and Lin, J. K. Determination of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea flowers (tea sinensis) and their hydroxyl radical scavenging and nitric oxide suppressing effects [J]. JAgric Food Chem, 2003,51:975-978.
Liu, W., Fu, Y. J., Zu, Y. G., Tong, M. H., Wu, N., Liu, X. L., and Zhang, S. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of seed oil from Opuntia dillenii Haw. and its antioxidant activity [J]. Food Chem,2009,114, 334-339.
Lorenz, M., Urban, J., Engelhardt, U., Baumann, G., Stangl, K., and Stangl, V. Green and black tea are equally potent stimuli of NO production and vasodilation:new insights into tea ingredients involved [J]. Basic Res Cardiol,2009,104 (1):100-110.
Lu, J. B., Ho, C. T., Ghai, G., and Chen, K. Y.,2000. Differential effects of theaflavin monogallates on cell growth, apoptosis and Cox-2 gene expression in cancerous versus normal cells [J]. Cancer Res,60: 6465-6471.
Lu, J., Ho, C. T., Gha, G., Chen,K. Y. Differential effects of theaflavin monogallates on cell growth, apoptosis, and Cox-2 gene expression in cancerous versus normal cells [J]. Cancer Res,2000,60(22):6465-6471.
Lu, J., Gosslau, A., Liu, A. Y., and Chen,K. Y. PCR differential display-based identification of regulator of G protein signaling 10 as the target gene in human colon cancer cells induced by black tea polyphenol theaf lavin monogallate[J]. Eur J Pharmacol,2008,601(1-3): 66-72.
Lung, H. L., Ip, W. K., Chen, Z. Y., Mak, N. K., and Leung, K. N. Comparative study of the growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities of black tea theaf lavins and green tea catechin on murine myeloid leukemia cells [J]. Int J Mo J MolMed,2004,13(3):465-471.
Miller, N.J., Castelluccio, C., Tijburg, L., and Rice-Evans, C. The antioxidant properties of theaflavins and their gallate esters--radical scavengers or metal chelators [J]? Febs Lett,1996, 392(1):40-44.
Mr a cek, T., Pecina, P., Vojtiskova, A., Kalous, M., Sebesta,O., and Houst ek, J. Two components in pathogenic mechanism of mitochondrial ATPase deficiency:Energy deprivation and ROS production [J]. Micbiolo Mol Biol R,2006,41:683-687.
Muller, F. L., Liu, Y., and Van Remmen, H. Complex Ⅲ releases superoxide to both sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane [J].J. Biol. Chem, 2004,279:49064-49073.
Nakayama,'M., Suzuki, K., Toda, M., Okubo, S., Hara, Y., and Shimamura, T. Inhibition of the infectivity of influenza virus by tea polyphenols[J]. Antiviral Res,1993,21 (4):289-299.
Nomura, M., Ma, W. Y., Huang, C., Yang, C. S, Bowden, G. T, Miyamoto, K., and Dong, Z.Inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced AP-1 activation by theaflavins from black tea [J]. Mol Carcinog,2000,28 (3):148-55.
Ohnishi, S. T., Muranaka, S., Fujita, H., Kimura, H., Uemura, K., Yoshida,K., and Utsumi, K. A Possible Site of Superoxide Generation in the Complex I Segment of Rat Heart Mitochondria[J]. J Bioenerg Biomembr,2005, 37(1):1-15.
Park, A. M., and Dong, Z. Signal transdction pathways:targets for green and black tea polyphenols [J]. J Biochem Mol Biol,2003,36(1):66-77.
Park, J. S., Rho, H. S., Kim, D. E., Chang, I. S. Enzymatic preparation of kaempferol from green tea seed and its antioxidant activity [J]. J Agr Food Chem,2006,54:2951-2956.
Prasad, S., Kaur, J., Roy, P., Kalra, N., and Shukla, Y. Theaflavins induce G2/M arrest by modulating expression of p21waf1/cip1, cdc25C and cyclin B in human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells [J]. Life Sci,2007,81(17-18): 1323-31.
Pourmortazavi, S. M., and Hajimirsadeghi,S.S. Supercritical fluid extraction in plant essential and volatile oil analysis [J].J Chromatogr A,2007,1163:2-24.
Rajaei.A., Barzegar, M., and Yamini, Y. Supercritical fluid extraction of tea seed oil and its comparison with solvent extraction[J]. Eur Food Res Technol,2005,220(3-4):401-405.
Rostagno, M. A., Ara u jo, J. M. A., and Sandi, D. Supercritical fluid extraction of isoflavones from soybean flour [J]. Food Chem,2002,78: 111-117.
Saha, P., and Das, S. Regulation of hazardous exposure by protective exposure:modulation of phase II detoxification and lipid peroxidation by Camellia sinensis and Swertia chirata[J]. Teratogen Carcin Mut,2003, Suppl 1:313-22.
Sarkar,A. and Bhaduri.A. Black tea is a powerful chemopreventor of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species:comparison with its individual catechin constituents and green Tea [J]. Biochem Bioph Res Co,2001,284: 173-178.
Scalia,S., Giuffreda, L., Pallado, P. Analytical and preparative supercritical fluid extraction of Chamomile flowers and its comparison with conventional methods [J]. J Pharmaceut Biomed,1999,21:549-558.
Schuck, A. G., Ausubel, M. B., Zuckerbraun, H. L., and Babich, H. Theaflavin-3,3' -digallate, a component of black tea:an inducer of oxidative stress and apoptosis[J]. Toxicol in Vitro,2008,22 (3):598-609.
Seaver, L. C., and Imlay, J. A. Alkyl Hydroperoxide Reductase Is the Primary Scavenger of. Endogenous Hydrogen Peroxide in Escherichia coli[J]. J Bacteriol,2001,183(24):7173-7181.
Seaver, L.C., and Imlay, J. A. Are Respiratory Enzymes the Primary Sources of Intracellular Hydrogen Peroxide [J]?J Biol Chem,2004,279(47): 48742-48750.
Sekine, T., Arai, Y., Ikegami, F., Fujii, Y., Shindo, S., Yanagisawa, T. Ishida, Y., Okonogi, S., Murakoshi, I. Isolation of camelliaside C from "tea seed cake" and inhibitory effects of its derivatives on arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase [J]. Chem Pharm Bull,1993,41:1185-1187.
Sekine, T., Arita, J., Yamaguchi, A., Saito, K., Okonogi, S., Morisaki, N., Iwasaki, S., Murakoshi, I. Two flavonol glycosides from seeds of Camellia sinensis [J]. Phytochemistry,1991,30:991-995.
Sengupta, A., Ghosh, S., Das, R. K., Bhattacharjee, S., and Bhattacharya, S. Chemopreventive potential of diallylsulfide, lycopene and theaf lavin during chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rat colon through modulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase pathways [J]. Bur J Can Prev,2006,15(4):301-5.
Sitheeque, M. A., Panagoda, G. J., Yau, J., Amarakoon, A.M., Udagama, U. R., and Samaranayake, L.P. Antifungal activity of black tea polyphenols (catechins and theaflavins) against Candida species [J]. Chemotherapy, 2009,55 (3):189-196.
Sousa, S. F., Fernandes, P. A., and Ramos, M. J. Protein-ligand docking: current status and future challenges [J]. PROTEINS:Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics,2006,65:15-26.
St-Pierre, J., Buckingham, J. A., Roebuck, S. J., and Brand, M. D. Topology of superoxide production from different sites in the mitochondrial electron transport chain [J]. J.Biol. Chem,2002,277:44784-44790.
Sugatani, J., Fukazawa, N., Ujihara, K., Yoshinari, K., Abe, I., Noguchi, H., and Miwa, M.Tea polyphenols inhibit acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase (a key enzyme in platelet-activating factor biosynthesis) and platelet-activating factor-induced platelet aggregation [J]. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2004,134(1):17-28.
Taguri, T., Tanaka, T., and Kouno, I. Antimicrobial activity of 10 different plant polyphenols against bacteria causing food-borne disease [J]. Biol Pharm Bull,2004,27(12):1965-1969.
Tan, D., Wang, Y., Lo, C. Y., and Ho, C. T. Methylglyoxal:its presence and potential scavengers [J]. Asia Pac J Clln Nutr,2008, Suppl 1:261-264.
Taylorl,R. D., Jewsbury, P. J., and Essexl, J. W. A review of protein-small molecule docking methods [J].J Comput Aid Mol Des,2002,16:151-166.
Tu, Y.Y., Tang, A. B., and Watanabe, N. The theaflavin monomers inhibit the cancer cells growth in vitro [J]. Acta Bioch Bioph Sin,2004, 36(7):508-512.
Tu,Y. Y., Xia, H. L., Watanabe, N. Changes in catechins during the fermentation of green tea[J]. Appl Biochem Micro,2005,41,574-577.
Ukil, A., Maity, S., and Das, P. K. Protection from experimental colitis by theaflavin-3,3'-digallate correlates with inhibition of IKK and NF-kappaB activation[J]. Br J Pharmacol,2006,149 (1):121-131.
Vermeer, M. A., Mulder, T. P., and Molhuizen, H.0. Theaflavins from black tea, especially theaflavin-3-gallate, reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into mixed micelles [J].J Agric Food Chem, 2008,56(24):12031-12036.
Vijaya, K., Ananthan, S., and Nalini, R. Antibacterial effect of theaflavin, polyphenon 60 (Camellia sinensis) and Euphorbia hirta on Shigella spp.-a cell culture study [J]. Ethnopharmacol,1995,49(2): 115-118.
Way, T. D., Lee, H. H., Kao, M. C., and Lin, J. K. Black tea polyphenol theaflavins inhibit aromatase activity and attenuate tamoxifen resistance in HER2/neu-transfected human breast cancer cells through tyrosine kinase suppression [J]. Bur J Cancer,2004,40(14):2165-2174.
Way, T. D., Lin, H. Y., Hua, K. T., Lee, J. C., Li, W. H., Lee, M. R., Shuang, C. H., and Lin, J. K. Beneficial effects of different tea flowers against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells [J]. Food Chem,2009,114,1231-1236. Biochemistry,2008,47:3964-3971.
Yang.Z. Y., Jie.G.L., Dong, F., Xu, Y., Watanabe, N., and Tu, Y. Y. Radical-scavenging abilities and antioxidant properties of theaflavins and their gallate esters in H2O2-mediated oxidative damage system in the HPF-1 cells [J]. Toxicol In Vitro,2008,22 (5):1250-1256.
Yang, Z. Y., Tu, Y. Y., Baldermann, S., Dong, F., Xu, Y., and Watanabe, N. Isolation and identification of compounds from the ethanolic extract of flowers of the tea(Camellia sinensis) plant and their contribution to the antioxidant capacity[J]. LWT-Food Sci Technol,2009,42: 1439-1443.
Yang, Z. Y., Xu, Y., Jie, G. L., He, P.M., and Tu, Y. Y. Study on the antioxidant activity of tea flowers (tea sinensis) [J]. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr,2007,16:148-152.
Yeh, C. W., Chen, W. J., Chiang, C. T., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., and Lin, J. K. Suppression of fatty acid synthase in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by tea and tea polyphenols:a possible mechanism for their hypolipidemic effects [J]. Pharmacogenomics J,2003,3 (5):267-276.
Yoshikawa, M., Sugimoto, S., Nakamura, S., and Matsuda, H. Medicinal flowers. ⅩⅫ. Structures of Chakasaponins Ⅴ and Ⅵ, Chakanoside Ⅰ, and Chakaflavonoside A from flower buds of Chinese tea plant(Camellia sinensis)[J]. Chem Pharm Bull,2008a,56,1297-1303.
Yoshikawa, M., Wang, T., Sugimoto, S., Nakamura, S., Nagatomo, A., Matsuda, H., and Harima, S. Functional saponins in tea flower (Flower buds of Camellia sinensis):Gastroprotective and hypoglycemic effects of floratheasaponins and qualitative and quantitative analysis using HPLC [J]. The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (in Japanese),2008b,128: 141-151.
Zieliska,P. M., and Dobrowolska, Z. A. Effect of tea polyphenols on oxidative metabolism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in healthy and obese people [J]. Pol Merkur Lekarski,2005,19 (109):41-47.
Zhang, G., Miura, Y., and Yagasaki, K. Effects of green, oolong and black teas and related components on the proliferation and invasion of hepatoma cells in culture[J]. Cyto techno logy,1999,31(1-2):37-44.
Zhang, G., Miura, Y., and Yagasaki, K. Suppression of adhesion and invasion of hepatoma cells in culture by tea compounds through antioxidative activity [J]. Cancer Lett,2000,159 (2):169-173.
Zickermann, V., Kurki.S., Kervinen, M., Hassinen, I., and Finel,M. The NADH oxidation domain of Complex I:do bacterial and mitochondrial enzymes catalyze ferricyanide reduction similarly? [J]. BBA,2000,1459:61-68.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |