品种、氮肥和种植密度对玉米产量与品质的影响
摘要
饲料粮短缺已成为我国畜牧业生产和粮食安全的主要问题。玉米秸秆饲用品质的分析缺乏快速、准确的测定方法限制了其饲料化利用。因此,如何把玉米生产与饲料生产有机结合起来,加强玉米整体(籽粒和秸秆)的综合利用,对解决我国粮食安全、食物安全和能源安全具有重要意义。基于此,本论文以玉米产量与品质协同调优、双促双高(促籽粒和促秸秆、高产和高养分)为目标,首先建立了玉米秸秆饲用品质快速测定的近红外光谱(NIRS)分析模型,然后分析了44个不同玉米品种籽粒和秸秆的产量与品质状况并进行了聚类分析,在此基础上,选用2个综合性状表现优异的代表性品种陕单8806和郑单958,研究了玉米籽粒和秸秆的产量与品质对氮肥、种植密度的响应,以期为饲用玉米品种选育和高产优质高效生产提供理论和实践依据。主要研究内容及结果如下:
1.基于近红外光谱(NIRS)技术,应用偏最小二乘法(PLS),采用一阶导数+中心化+多元散射校正的光谱数据预处理方法,构建了玉米秸秆体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和可溶性糖(WSC)含量的稳定NIRS分析模型,各参数模型的各项决定系数均达0.91以上,各项标准差为0.935～1.904,相对分析误差(RPD)均大于3,建模效果良好,预测精度较高,各参数的NIRS分析模型可用于玉米秸秆饲用品质的分析和品种选育的快速鉴定。
2.以44个不同玉米品种为试材,研究了玉米品种产量和品质性状的变异度和相关性,并进行了聚类分析。结果表明品种间产量和品质性状存在极显著差异。各性状存在广泛变异,秸秆WSC含量变异系数最大,籽粒淀粉含量的变异系数最小,品质性状含量近似正态分布。籽粒产量与粗蛋白含量呈不显著负相关,与粗脂肪含量显著负相关,与淀粉含量极显著正相关。粗蛋白含量与粗脂肪含量表现为不显著正相关,与淀粉含量显著负相关。粗脂肪含量与淀粉含量呈极显著负相关性。籽粒产量与秸秆产量、IVDMD、WSC含量不显著正相关,而与秸秆ADF和NDF含量不显著负相关。秸秆IVDMD与ADF和NDF含量极显著负相关,与WS C含量和秸秆产量显著正相关。玉米产量与品质性状间存在复杂的相互关系,可以实现某些性状的协同调优。采用动态聚类分析将44个玉米品种划归为3类,其中第3类(综合性状表现较好)品种所占的份额为29.55%。通过四象限分析法,对性状进行二维排序和联合寻优,筛选出郑单958、陕单8806、登海11和东单60等4个籽粒和秸秆、产量与品质综合表现优良的品种。
3.氮肥对玉米籽粒和秸秆的产量与品质具有显著影响。适量施用氮肥可促进玉米品质的改善、产量的提高。在施氮量0~337.5 kg/hm2范围内,随着施氮量的增加,陕单8806和郑单958的籽粒和秸秆产量、秸秆IVDMD均表现为递增趋势,秸秆ADF和NDF含量则呈递减趋势,籽粒粗脂肪和淀粉含量呈先增加后降低,且均在施氮量225 kg/hm2时最高。陕单8806籽粒粗蛋白表现为先增加后降低,施氮量225 kg/hm2时最高,而郑单958籽粒粗蛋白表现为递增趋势。
4.种植密度对玉米籽粒和秸秆的产量与品质具有显著影响。适宜的种植密度可增加产量、改善品质。在种植密度45000~75000株/hm2范围内,随着种植密度的增加,陕单8806和郑单958的秸秆产量呈递增趋势,籽粒粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量呈递减趋势。陕单8806的籽粒产量和淀粉含量及秸秆ADF和NDF含量表现为先增加后降低,秸秆IVDMD则表现为先降低后增加。郑单958的籽粒产量、秸秆ADF和NDF含量呈递增趋势,籽粒淀粉含量和秸秆IVDMD则呈递减趋势。
As a multipurpose crop, maize (Zea mays L.) is very important for grain security, food security and energy security in China. Based on the scientific problem of how to harmoniously increase yield and improve quality, effects of variety, nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on maize yield and quality of grain and stover were researched. The results were showed as follows.
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration models of in vitro dry matter digestion (IVDMD), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) of maize stover were established with NIRS technique, partial least square regression (PLS) and data pretreatment of 1st derivative+mean center+Multiple scatter correction. Determination coefficients of calibration about those models were above 0.91. Standard error of calibration, cross validation and prediction ranged from 0.935 to 1.904. All values of relative percent differences(RPD) were greater than 3. It demonstrated that these calibration models could be used to rapidly and accurately predict forage quality of maize stover and screen various samples in maize breeding.
The results showed that there were significant differences in grain yiled, crude protein, ether extract, starch and Lys content, stover yiled, IVDMD, ADF, NDF and WSC content among forty varieties. The quality traits were almost accorded with normal distribution respectively. The coefficient of variation of stover WSC content was maximal, and that of grain starch content was minimal. Grain yield was not significantly and negatively correlated with CP, but, it was significantly and negatively correlated with EE and positively correlated with ST. CP was not significantly and positively correlated with EE, but, it was significantly and negatively correlated with ST. There was a significantly negative correlation between EE and ST. Grain yield was not significantly and positively correlated with stover yield, IVDMD and WSC, and was not significantly and negatively correlated with stover ADF and NDF. IVDMD was significantly and negatively associated with ADF and NDF, and positively associated with WSC.
Forty maize varieties were classified three clusters through dynamic cluster analysis and varieties include in the third cluster with better integrated traits accounted for 29.55%. Yield and quality traits were two-dimensionally sorted and optimized through the four-quadrant analysis, in this way, maize varieties with excellently integrative traits of Zhengdan958, Shaandan8806, Denghai11 and Dongdan60 were screened out.
Two excellent maize varieties of Shaandan8806 and Zhengdan958 were selected to research effects of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on maize yield and quality of grain and stover.
The results showed that applied nitrogen fertilizer under appropriate amount could improve quality and yield. In the range of pure nitrogen from 0 to 337.5 kg/hm2, with increase of applied nitrogen fertilizer, grain and stover yield, and stover IVDMD of two varieties increased, but stover ADF and NDF content decreased. EE and ST content of two varieties, and CP content of Shaandan8806 increased from 0 to 225 kg/hm2 and then decreased, while CP content of Zhengdan958 sostenuto increased.
Feasible plant density could improve yield and quality. From 45 000 to 75 000 plants/hm2, with the increase of plant density, stover yield of two varieties, and Grain yield, ADF and NDF content of Zhengdan958 increased, but CP and EE content of two varieties and ST content and IVDMD of Zhengdan958 decreased. Grain yield, ST, ADF and NDF content of Shaandan8806 increased from 45000 to 75 000 plants/hm2 and then decreased, while IVDMD decreased in the beginning and increased. Grain yield, ADF and NDF of Shaandan8806 increased from 45000 to 75 000 plants/hm2 and then decreased, while IVDMD decreased in the beginning and increased.
1.基于近红外光谱(NIRS)技术,应用偏最小二乘法(PLS),采用一阶导数+中心化+多元散射校正的光谱数据预处理方法,构建了玉米秸秆体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和可溶性糖(WSC)含量的稳定NIRS分析模型,各参数模型的各项决定系数均达0.91以上,各项标准差为0.935～1.904,相对分析误差(RPD)均大于3,建模效果良好,预测精度较高,各参数的NIRS分析模型可用于玉米秸秆饲用品质的分析和品种选育的快速鉴定。
2.以44个不同玉米品种为试材,研究了玉米品种产量和品质性状的变异度和相关性,并进行了聚类分析。结果表明品种间产量和品质性状存在极显著差异。各性状存在广泛变异,秸秆WSC含量变异系数最大,籽粒淀粉含量的变异系数最小,品质性状含量近似正态分布。籽粒产量与粗蛋白含量呈不显著负相关,与粗脂肪含量显著负相关,与淀粉含量极显著正相关。粗蛋白含量与粗脂肪含量表现为不显著正相关,与淀粉含量显著负相关。粗脂肪含量与淀粉含量呈极显著负相关性。籽粒产量与秸秆产量、IVDMD、WSC含量不显著正相关,而与秸秆ADF和NDF含量不显著负相关。秸秆IVDMD与ADF和NDF含量极显著负相关,与WS C含量和秸秆产量显著正相关。玉米产量与品质性状间存在复杂的相互关系,可以实现某些性状的协同调优。采用动态聚类分析将44个玉米品种划归为3类,其中第3类(综合性状表现较好)品种所占的份额为29.55%。通过四象限分析法,对性状进行二维排序和联合寻优,筛选出郑单958、陕单8806、登海11和东单60等4个籽粒和秸秆、产量与品质综合表现优良的品种。
3.氮肥对玉米籽粒和秸秆的产量与品质具有显著影响。适量施用氮肥可促进玉米品质的改善、产量的提高。在施氮量0~337.5 kg/hm2范围内,随着施氮量的增加,陕单8806和郑单958的籽粒和秸秆产量、秸秆IVDMD均表现为递增趋势,秸秆ADF和NDF含量则呈递减趋势,籽粒粗脂肪和淀粉含量呈先增加后降低,且均在施氮量225 kg/hm2时最高。陕单8806籽粒粗蛋白表现为先增加后降低,施氮量225 kg/hm2时最高,而郑单958籽粒粗蛋白表现为递增趋势。
4.种植密度对玉米籽粒和秸秆的产量与品质具有显著影响。适宜的种植密度可增加产量、改善品质。在种植密度45000~75000株/hm2范围内,随着种植密度的增加,陕单8806和郑单958的秸秆产量呈递增趋势,籽粒粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量呈递减趋势。陕单8806的籽粒产量和淀粉含量及秸秆ADF和NDF含量表现为先增加后降低,秸秆IVDMD则表现为先降低后增加。郑单958的籽粒产量、秸秆ADF和NDF含量呈递增趋势,籽粒淀粉含量和秸秆IVDMD则呈递减趋势。
As a multipurpose crop, maize (Zea mays L.) is very important for grain security, food security and energy security in China. Based on the scientific problem of how to harmoniously increase yield and improve quality, effects of variety, nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on maize yield and quality of grain and stover were researched. The results were showed as follows.
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration models of in vitro dry matter digestion (IVDMD), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) of maize stover were established with NIRS technique, partial least square regression (PLS) and data pretreatment of 1st derivative+mean center+Multiple scatter correction. Determination coefficients of calibration about those models were above 0.91. Standard error of calibration, cross validation and prediction ranged from 0.935 to 1.904. All values of relative percent differences(RPD) were greater than 3. It demonstrated that these calibration models could be used to rapidly and accurately predict forage quality of maize stover and screen various samples in maize breeding.
The results showed that there were significant differences in grain yiled, crude protein, ether extract, starch and Lys content, stover yiled, IVDMD, ADF, NDF and WSC content among forty varieties. The quality traits were almost accorded with normal distribution respectively. The coefficient of variation of stover WSC content was maximal, and that of grain starch content was minimal. Grain yield was not significantly and negatively correlated with CP, but, it was significantly and negatively correlated with EE and positively correlated with ST. CP was not significantly and positively correlated with EE, but, it was significantly and negatively correlated with ST. There was a significantly negative correlation between EE and ST. Grain yield was not significantly and positively correlated with stover yield, IVDMD and WSC, and was not significantly and negatively correlated with stover ADF and NDF. IVDMD was significantly and negatively associated with ADF and NDF, and positively associated with WSC.
Forty maize varieties were classified three clusters through dynamic cluster analysis and varieties include in the third cluster with better integrated traits accounted for 29.55%. Yield and quality traits were two-dimensionally sorted and optimized through the four-quadrant analysis, in this way, maize varieties with excellently integrative traits of Zhengdan958, Shaandan8806, Denghai11 and Dongdan60 were screened out.
Two excellent maize varieties of Shaandan8806 and Zhengdan958 were selected to research effects of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on maize yield and quality of grain and stover.
The results showed that applied nitrogen fertilizer under appropriate amount could improve quality and yield. In the range of pure nitrogen from 0 to 337.5 kg/hm2, with increase of applied nitrogen fertilizer, grain and stover yield, and stover IVDMD of two varieties increased, but stover ADF and NDF content decreased. EE and ST content of two varieties, and CP content of Shaandan8806 increased from 0 to 225 kg/hm2 and then decreased, while CP content of Zhengdan958 sostenuto increased.
Feasible plant density could improve yield and quality. From 45 000 to 75 000 plants/hm2, with the increase of plant density, stover yield of two varieties, and Grain yield, ADF and NDF content of Zhengdan958 increased, but CP and EE content of two varieties and ST content and IVDMD of Zhengdan958 decreased. Grain yield, ST, ADF and NDF content of Shaandan8806 increased from 45000 to 75 000 plants/hm2 and then decreased, while IVDMD decreased in the beginning and increased. Grain yield, ADF and NDF of Shaandan8806 increased from 45000 to 75 000 plants/hm2 and then decreased, while IVDMD decreased in the beginning and increased.
引文
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