獐子岛养殖区扇贝质量与环境的相互关系及体内细菌消长特征的研究
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摘要
由于双壳贝类滤食的习性,在生长过程中极易富集环境中的有害因子,这不仅会损害贝类正常的生长生理和免疫活力,人们食用了被污染的贝类后也极易引发食物中毒。近年来,水产品安全己成为制约当前水产养殖业持续发展的关键问题之一。为进一步研究扇贝产品质量与养殖环境的相关关系,探讨细菌在贝类体内消长的特征和机理,本文在研究了獐子岛海域养殖环境、虾夷扇贝体内的污染物时空分布和综合评价的基础上,选择具有高污染风险的海洋细菌作为对象,研究了不同细菌在扇贝体内的累积及组织分布差异,不同饵料及投喂量对细菌净化的影响,并探讨了细菌的感染对虾夷扇贝消化酶和免疫酶活性的影响。研究结果对水产动物益生菌的开发具有一定指导作用,并为虾夷扇贝的健康、可持续养殖提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下:
1.于2008年4、6、8、9、10和11月,在獐子岛虾夷扇贝养殖区共进行6个航次的调查,对海水、沉积物和不同养殖方式的贝类产品中重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn)、微生物(细菌总数和大肠菌群)含量进行了监测,同时监测了贝类毒素(麻痹性贝毒PSP和腹泻性贝毒DSP)含量。结果显示,獐子岛海域活性磷酸盐的含量范围是1.20-28.20μg/L,均符合《海水水质标准》二类标准值。无机氮(DIN)的含量范围是33.65-663.44μg/L,6月份所有测站和11月的近岸2个测站均超过二类标准值。海水和沉积物中重金属含量均符合《海水水质标准》和《海洋沉积物质量》的一类标准值。与大肠菌群相比,海水中的细菌总数与环境因子的相关性更强,与海水的溶解氧呈强负相关(R = -0.788),与pH(R = -0.584)和水温(R = -0.572)呈中等程度正相关。溶解氧是所调查项目中对海水细菌的主要限制因子,pH和水温对其也有一定影响。
贝类监测结果显示:(1)虾夷扇贝体内4种重金属和2种贝毒含量均符合《海洋生物质量》的一类标准值,8月份Pb(0.11 mg/kg)和Cd(0.20 mg/kg)平均含量最高,Zn含量范围是12.73-19.81 mg/kg,11月平均含量最高。研究结果表明,虾夷扇贝累积重金属的能力与养殖方式、环境条件和贝类生理状态等具一定的相关关系。筏式1龄贝最容易累积Pb和Cu,而底播贝更容易累积Cd。贝类体内与沉积物中的铜和锌含量分别具有强正相关,而扇贝体内的铅与海水中的铅浓度呈现中等程度正相关(R = 0.436),与镉的相关性较差。(2)近岸的底播贝6月份PSP含量出现最高值(73.20μg/100g),11月份均未检测到PSP。PSP的平均含量与海水中活性磷酸盐呈强负相关(R = -0.655),活性磷酸盐可能是产PSP赤潮藻的主要限制因子。PSP在虾夷扇贝中肠腺中含量最高,约为全贝平均含量的4.92-8.17倍,鳃和外套膜次之,闭壳肌中最低,约为全贝平均含量的60%左右。(3)调查期间,贝类体内细菌总数的月平均值呈逐渐增加增加,至8月达到最大;9月降低,10月又有所回升,数量达3150 cfu/g,11月再次降低至调查期间最低值;大肠杆菌,在6月份的1号站贝类体内数量最高,每月均可检测到大肠菌群。筏式养殖的和龄期小的扇贝易于累积环境中的细菌。贝类体内的大肠菌群与海水中的大肠菌群具有显著的极强正相关(R = 0.947,P < 0.01),与贝类体内的细菌总数也有强正相关(R = 0.693),与海水中的pH呈强负相关,但与海水中的细菌总数关系不大。扇贝体内的大肠菌群(y, cfu/g)与海水中的大肠菌群(x1, cfu/mL)和扇贝体内细菌总数(x2,×103 cfu/g)的函数关系分别为y = 1.4689x1 + 2.6488 (R2 = 0.9422),y = 8.3402x2 + 2.5719 (R2 = 0.7786);扇贝体内的细菌总数(y,×103 cfu/g)与海水中大肠菌群(x, cfu/mL)的函数关系为y = 4.3612x2 - 75.457x + 326.62 (R2 = 0.9017)。
獐子岛养殖区生态环境质量在4、11月为“优”,其他月份均维持在“良”的水平。獐子岛表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险均为极低水平。虾夷扇贝全年质量总体为“良”,其制约因素主要为6-10月的PSP和大肠菌群。
2.采用接触染毒法,研究了大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌在虾夷扇贝体内累积消长规律,结果表明,1-3d细菌累积量达到峰值;从生物富集系数(BCF)和累积量的增长率(RA)值可以看出,粪肠球菌处理组均高于大肠杆菌处理组,说明扇贝更容易从环境中累积粪肠球菌。从两种细菌在扇贝体内各组织中的分布看,消化道内含量最大,大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌在消化道中的含量分别比全部软组织含量高5.7倍和12.9倍;血淋巴中的含量最小,分别是全部软组织含量的6.0%和13.9%;血淋巴中粪肠球菌的含量高于大肠杆菌85倍。净化实验表明,净化24h时,投喂0.03%和0.05%螺旋藻组净化率高于盐藻投喂组,均在90%以上。因此,在净化初期,螺旋藻能提高净化率;在实验条件下,高浓度盐藻不利于扇贝体内细菌的净化。
3.研究了扇贝体内细菌含量对其消化生理的影响。结果显示,暴露在高于3 log10CFU/mL大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌的环境中,扇贝消化酶活性明显受到了抑制。大肠杆菌对扇贝消化酶活性的抑制作用比粪肠球菌更为明显。采用接触染毒和注射染毒两种感染方式发现,接触染毒大肠杆菌组胰蛋白酶活性明显低于粪肠球菌,而注射染毒组之间无差异。
4.采用二次接触染毒法、大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌全菌体抗原、基因组DNA和活菌注射法和接触染毒法,研究了扇贝体内细菌含量与扇贝免疫活性的关系。(1)二次染毒实验结果表明,实验1 d后,再次暴露大肠杆菌处理组扇贝血清中的SOD和ACP活性均明显高于一次暴露处理的扇贝(P < 0.05),但这种作用仅能维持在2周以内。这说明扇贝对细菌感染有一定的记忆能力,在再次感染时表现一定的“获得性免疫”的特征。
(2)注射实验4 h后,各处理组血清中的SOD酶活性均高于空白组(Ct),但差异不显著(P > 0.05)。注射两种细菌细胞抗原组分后,扇贝血清中的SOD酶活性均呈现活菌>全菌体抗原>细菌基因组DNA注射组;而全菌体抗原和细菌基因组DNA注射组中,大肠杆菌处理组的SOD酶活性均低于粪肠球菌。72 h后,粪肠球菌全菌体抗原注射组的酶活性最高,明显高于大肠杆菌全菌体抗原处理组(P < 0.05),其他组之间没有显著差异。
(3)细菌的累积对3龄扇贝免疫因子的影响实验结果表明,扇贝在长期暴露于细菌的环境中,血清中的免疫酶活性明显高于血细胞。粪肠球菌处理的扇贝ACP活性比大肠杆菌组低。
Bivalves tend to accumulate harmful substances and microorgnisms via food-chain transmission due to their filter-feeding habitual behavior. This biological characteristic not only affects negatively the growth and immunity of the shellfish, but may also threaten the consumers’safety. Seafood safety has become a key issue of sustainable development of aquaculture. In order to evaluate the relationship between food safety of scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and aquatic environmental factors in the cultural area of Zhangzidao Island, and to clarify the mechanism of uptake and depuration of bacteria in scallop, we have conducted experiments on environmental monitoring and evaluation of the relationship between the marine pollution level and food safety of the scallop, studying the accumulation of opportunistic bacteria and their distribution in different tissues of scallop, the effect of diets on the bacterial depuration in the scallop, and the effect of bacteria on activities of digestive and immune enzymes of the scallop. The findings of this study are useful for developing aquacultural probiotics and will provide scientific basis for sustainable aquaculture of bivalves. The results are as follows:
1. In April, June, August, October and November, 2008, six samplings were carried out respectively, to detect the seasonal variation of shellfish toxins (paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin, PSP; diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning toxin, DSP), heavy metals (copper, Cu; lead, Pb; cadmium, Cd; zinc, Zn) and bacteria (total bacteria and coliforms) both in the seawater and the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. The monitoring results showed that the active phosphate was at concentrations between 1.20-28.20μg/L, met the grade II of Seawater Quality Standard (GB3097-1997) throughout the year. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was at concentrations between 33.65-663.44μg/L, and all samples taken in June and two inshore samples taken in November greatly exceeded the grade II of Seawater Quality Standard. The heavy metal levels in seawater and sediment both met the grade I of Seawater Quality Standard and Marine Sediment Quality, respectively. Compared with coliforms, the number of total bacteria in seawater was more related to environmental factors, showing a strong negative correlation with dissolved oxygen in seawater (R= -0.788), and a positive medium correlation with pH (R = -0.584) and water temperature (R = -0.572). Dissolved oxygen was the main limiting factor of marine bacteria under the survey conditions; pH and water temperature also had a certain influence on it.
Scallop monitoring results showed that the levels of four heavy metals and two shellfish poisoning toxins were in agreement with grade I of Marine Biological Quality, the average contents of Pb (0.11 mg/kg) and Cd (0.20 mg/kg) in August and that of Zn (19.81 mg/kg) in November were the highest during the survey. Accumulation of heavy metals was related to mariculture patterns, environmental conditions and the physiological state of the shellfish. Raft-cultured one-year scallop can accumulate Pb and Cu most easily, while the bottom-cultured was easier to accumulate Cd. Contents of Cu and Zn in scallop had a strong positive correlation with that of the sediment, and the content of Pb in scallop has a moderately positive correlation with that in sea water (R = 0.436), Cd showed a lack of correlation. PSP content in inshore bottom-cultured scallops (73.20μg/100g) showed a maximum in June, but was undetectable in November. The average level of PSP in scallop was negatively correlated with active phosphate in seawater (R =- 0.655), indicating that active phosphate may be a major limiting factor for toxic alga producing PSP. The highest level of PSP was detected in the digestive gland, about 4.92 to 8.17 times higher than the average content of total soft tissue, gills and mantle, ranked in a descending sequence, and the lowest was in the adductor, about 60 percent of the average content. For seasonal variations, two top levels of total bacteria in scallop were detected in August (3490 cfu/g) and in October (3150 cfu/g ); The highest number of coliforms in scallop (80 cfu/g) were found in station 1 in June, and coliforms were detectable until October. Both culture pattern and growth stage can affect the bacterial accumulation in scallop. Raft-cultured and young scallops were more easily contaminated by bacteria than the bottom-cultured ones. The coliforms in scallop were significantly correlated to those in seawater (R = 0.947, P < 0.01), and were also positively correlated with total bacteria in scallop (R = 0.693 ), but negatively correlated with the seawater pH, showing a lack of correlation with the total bacteria in seawater. Accordingly, the relationships between coliforms in scallop (y, cfu/g) and those in seawater (x1, cfu/mL), and the total bacteria in scallop (x2,×103 cfu/g) were expressed as follows: y = 1.4689x1 + 2.6488 (R2 = 0.9422), y = 8.3402x2 + 2.5719 (R2 = 0.7786); The relationship between total bacteria in scallop (y,×103 cfu/g) and coliforms in seawater (x, cfu/mL) was as follows: y = 4.3612x2 - 75.457x + 326.62 (R2 = 0.9017).
In April and November the ecological environment quality was excellent in Zhangzidao Island cultural area, and maintained a―good‖level in other months. The potential ecological risk of heavy metals was at a bottom level in surface sediments, while the N/P value was most suitable for growth of harmful alga from August to October, the risk of harmful alga bloom was at a top level. The annual quality of scallop was at a―good‖level on the whole, the limiting factors of which were the contents of PSP toxin and coliforms in scallop tissues from June to October.
2. After being challenged by exposures, the accumulation and depuration of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in P. yessoensis were studied, and the results showed that the number of bacteria reached a top level at 1 to 3 d. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the rate of accumulation in E. faecalis treatments were both higher than those of E. coli treatments, suggesting that the scallop accumulated E. faecalis more easily from the environment. The largest numbers of both bacteria were detected in the digestive tract, and the smallest numbers were detected in hemolymph. The contents of E. coli and E. faecalis in the digestive tract were 5.7 and 12.9 times higher than those in the total soft tissue; while those in the hemolymph were 6.0 and 13.9 percent of the total soft tissue, respectively. Furthermore, the level of E. faecalis was about 85 times higher than that of E. coli in hemolymph. After 24h of depuration, the highest depuration rates were observed in all treatments. The depuration rate of both the 0.03% and 0.05% Spirulina-feeding treatments exceeded 90 percent, higher than other groups, while the latter group obtained a top rate of 93%. Therefore, in the early days of depuration, Spirulina can significantly increase the depuration rate, and under the experimental conditions feeding Dunaliella salina powder went against the depuration of the bacteria from the scallop.
3. The effect of long-term exposure to bacteria on digestion of scallops was studied. The analysis of enzyme activities showed that after the long-term exposure to higher than 3 log10CFU/mL E. coli and E. faecalis, the digestive enzyme activity in scallop was obviously inhibited. Compared with E. faecalis, the inhibition of digestive enzyme activities was more significant after exposure to E. coli. The trypsin activity in the E. coli treatment was markedly lower than to the E. faecalis treatment after exposure challenge, while no significant difference was observed between the two treatments after injection challenge.
4. By using exposure challenge, secondary exposure challenge and injection of antigens of disrupted whole cell and bacterial genomic DNA bacterial antigens, the relationship between bacterial retention and scallop immunity was studied. (1) The secondary exposure results showed that at 1 d of secondary exposure to E. coli, SOD and ACP activities in cell-free hemolymph significantly increased (P < 0.05), but this up-regulation of immune enzyme activity may maintain shorter than two weeks during the secondary challenge of the same bacteria.
(2) At 4 h of injection, SOD activities in cell-free hemolymph of all treatment groups were higher than the control (Ct), but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). After injected with different cell contents of the two bacteria, the rank of SOD activities in cell-free hemolymph was as follows: live bacterial cell > antigens of disrupted whole cell > bacterial genomic DNA. The SOD activity in scallop injected with live E. coli cells were lower than with E. faecalis cells, but it was vice versa among the treatments with the antigen of disrupted whole cell and bacterial genomic DNA. At 72 h, the SOD activity in scallop injected with antigens of disrupted whole cell was significantly higher than all the other groups (P < 0.05), no significant difference was observed between the other groups.
(3) At 21 d of exposure and 18 h of injection, scallops were tested for the immune enzyme activities in haemolymph. After a 21d exposure to bacteria, the immune enzyme activities in cell-free hemolymph were significantly higher than those in hematocyte. Compared with E. coli treatment, E. faecalis-exposed scallops showed a lower ACP activity.
1.于2008年4、6、8、9、10和11月,在獐子岛虾夷扇贝养殖区共进行6个航次的调查,对海水、沉积物和不同养殖方式的贝类产品中重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn)、微生物(细菌总数和大肠菌群)含量进行了监测,同时监测了贝类毒素(麻痹性贝毒PSP和腹泻性贝毒DSP)含量。结果显示,獐子岛海域活性磷酸盐的含量范围是1.20-28.20μg/L,均符合《海水水质标准》二类标准值。无机氮(DIN)的含量范围是33.65-663.44μg/L,6月份所有测站和11月的近岸2个测站均超过二类标准值。海水和沉积物中重金属含量均符合《海水水质标准》和《海洋沉积物质量》的一类标准值。与大肠菌群相比,海水中的细菌总数与环境因子的相关性更强,与海水的溶解氧呈强负相关(R = -0.788),与pH(R = -0.584)和水温(R = -0.572)呈中等程度正相关。溶解氧是所调查项目中对海水细菌的主要限制因子,pH和水温对其也有一定影响。
贝类监测结果显示:(1)虾夷扇贝体内4种重金属和2种贝毒含量均符合《海洋生物质量》的一类标准值,8月份Pb(0.11 mg/kg)和Cd(0.20 mg/kg)平均含量最高,Zn含量范围是12.73-19.81 mg/kg,11月平均含量最高。研究结果表明,虾夷扇贝累积重金属的能力与养殖方式、环境条件和贝类生理状态等具一定的相关关系。筏式1龄贝最容易累积Pb和Cu,而底播贝更容易累积Cd。贝类体内与沉积物中的铜和锌含量分别具有强正相关,而扇贝体内的铅与海水中的铅浓度呈现中等程度正相关(R = 0.436),与镉的相关性较差。(2)近岸的底播贝6月份PSP含量出现最高值(73.20μg/100g),11月份均未检测到PSP。PSP的平均含量与海水中活性磷酸盐呈强负相关(R = -0.655),活性磷酸盐可能是产PSP赤潮藻的主要限制因子。PSP在虾夷扇贝中肠腺中含量最高,约为全贝平均含量的4.92-8.17倍,鳃和外套膜次之,闭壳肌中最低,约为全贝平均含量的60%左右。(3)调查期间,贝类体内细菌总数的月平均值呈逐渐增加增加,至8月达到最大;9月降低,10月又有所回升,数量达3150 cfu/g,11月再次降低至调查期间最低值;大肠杆菌,在6月份的1号站贝类体内数量最高,每月均可检测到大肠菌群。筏式养殖的和龄期小的扇贝易于累积环境中的细菌。贝类体内的大肠菌群与海水中的大肠菌群具有显著的极强正相关(R = 0.947,P < 0.01),与贝类体内的细菌总数也有强正相关(R = 0.693),与海水中的pH呈强负相关,但与海水中的细菌总数关系不大。扇贝体内的大肠菌群(y, cfu/g)与海水中的大肠菌群(x1, cfu/mL)和扇贝体内细菌总数(x2,×103 cfu/g)的函数关系分别为y = 1.4689x1 + 2.6488 (R2 = 0.9422),y = 8.3402x2 + 2.5719 (R2 = 0.7786);扇贝体内的细菌总数(y,×103 cfu/g)与海水中大肠菌群(x, cfu/mL)的函数关系为y = 4.3612x2 - 75.457x + 326.62 (R2 = 0.9017)。
獐子岛养殖区生态环境质量在4、11月为“优”,其他月份均维持在“良”的水平。獐子岛表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险均为极低水平。虾夷扇贝全年质量总体为“良”,其制约因素主要为6-10月的PSP和大肠菌群。
2.采用接触染毒法,研究了大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌在虾夷扇贝体内累积消长规律,结果表明,1-3d细菌累积量达到峰值;从生物富集系数(BCF)和累积量的增长率(RA)值可以看出,粪肠球菌处理组均高于大肠杆菌处理组,说明扇贝更容易从环境中累积粪肠球菌。从两种细菌在扇贝体内各组织中的分布看,消化道内含量最大,大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌在消化道中的含量分别比全部软组织含量高5.7倍和12.9倍;血淋巴中的含量最小,分别是全部软组织含量的6.0%和13.9%;血淋巴中粪肠球菌的含量高于大肠杆菌85倍。净化实验表明,净化24h时,投喂0.03%和0.05%螺旋藻组净化率高于盐藻投喂组,均在90%以上。因此,在净化初期,螺旋藻能提高净化率;在实验条件下,高浓度盐藻不利于扇贝体内细菌的净化。
3.研究了扇贝体内细菌含量对其消化生理的影响。结果显示,暴露在高于3 log10CFU/mL大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌的环境中,扇贝消化酶活性明显受到了抑制。大肠杆菌对扇贝消化酶活性的抑制作用比粪肠球菌更为明显。采用接触染毒和注射染毒两种感染方式发现,接触染毒大肠杆菌组胰蛋白酶活性明显低于粪肠球菌,而注射染毒组之间无差异。
4.采用二次接触染毒法、大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌全菌体抗原、基因组DNA和活菌注射法和接触染毒法,研究了扇贝体内细菌含量与扇贝免疫活性的关系。(1)二次染毒实验结果表明,实验1 d后,再次暴露大肠杆菌处理组扇贝血清中的SOD和ACP活性均明显高于一次暴露处理的扇贝(P < 0.05),但这种作用仅能维持在2周以内。这说明扇贝对细菌感染有一定的记忆能力,在再次感染时表现一定的“获得性免疫”的特征。
(2)注射实验4 h后,各处理组血清中的SOD酶活性均高于空白组(Ct),但差异不显著(P > 0.05)。注射两种细菌细胞抗原组分后,扇贝血清中的SOD酶活性均呈现活菌>全菌体抗原>细菌基因组DNA注射组;而全菌体抗原和细菌基因组DNA注射组中,大肠杆菌处理组的SOD酶活性均低于粪肠球菌。72 h后,粪肠球菌全菌体抗原注射组的酶活性最高,明显高于大肠杆菌全菌体抗原处理组(P < 0.05),其他组之间没有显著差异。
(3)细菌的累积对3龄扇贝免疫因子的影响实验结果表明,扇贝在长期暴露于细菌的环境中,血清中的免疫酶活性明显高于血细胞。粪肠球菌处理的扇贝ACP活性比大肠杆菌组低。
Bivalves tend to accumulate harmful substances and microorgnisms via food-chain transmission due to their filter-feeding habitual behavior. This biological characteristic not only affects negatively the growth and immunity of the shellfish, but may also threaten the consumers’safety. Seafood safety has become a key issue of sustainable development of aquaculture. In order to evaluate the relationship between food safety of scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and aquatic environmental factors in the cultural area of Zhangzidao Island, and to clarify the mechanism of uptake and depuration of bacteria in scallop, we have conducted experiments on environmental monitoring and evaluation of the relationship between the marine pollution level and food safety of the scallop, studying the accumulation of opportunistic bacteria and their distribution in different tissues of scallop, the effect of diets on the bacterial depuration in the scallop, and the effect of bacteria on activities of digestive and immune enzymes of the scallop. The findings of this study are useful for developing aquacultural probiotics and will provide scientific basis for sustainable aquaculture of bivalves. The results are as follows:
1. In April, June, August, October and November, 2008, six samplings were carried out respectively, to detect the seasonal variation of shellfish toxins (paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin, PSP; diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning toxin, DSP), heavy metals (copper, Cu; lead, Pb; cadmium, Cd; zinc, Zn) and bacteria (total bacteria and coliforms) both in the seawater and the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. The monitoring results showed that the active phosphate was at concentrations between 1.20-28.20μg/L, met the grade II of Seawater Quality Standard (GB3097-1997) throughout the year. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was at concentrations between 33.65-663.44μg/L, and all samples taken in June and two inshore samples taken in November greatly exceeded the grade II of Seawater Quality Standard. The heavy metal levels in seawater and sediment both met the grade I of Seawater Quality Standard and Marine Sediment Quality, respectively. Compared with coliforms, the number of total bacteria in seawater was more related to environmental factors, showing a strong negative correlation with dissolved oxygen in seawater (R= -0.788), and a positive medium correlation with pH (R = -0.584) and water temperature (R = -0.572). Dissolved oxygen was the main limiting factor of marine bacteria under the survey conditions; pH and water temperature also had a certain influence on it.
Scallop monitoring results showed that the levels of four heavy metals and two shellfish poisoning toxins were in agreement with grade I of Marine Biological Quality, the average contents of Pb (0.11 mg/kg) and Cd (0.20 mg/kg) in August and that of Zn (19.81 mg/kg) in November were the highest during the survey. Accumulation of heavy metals was related to mariculture patterns, environmental conditions and the physiological state of the shellfish. Raft-cultured one-year scallop can accumulate Pb and Cu most easily, while the bottom-cultured was easier to accumulate Cd. Contents of Cu and Zn in scallop had a strong positive correlation with that of the sediment, and the content of Pb in scallop has a moderately positive correlation with that in sea water (R = 0.436), Cd showed a lack of correlation. PSP content in inshore bottom-cultured scallops (73.20μg/100g) showed a maximum in June, but was undetectable in November. The average level of PSP in scallop was negatively correlated with active phosphate in seawater (R =- 0.655), indicating that active phosphate may be a major limiting factor for toxic alga producing PSP. The highest level of PSP was detected in the digestive gland, about 4.92 to 8.17 times higher than the average content of total soft tissue, gills and mantle, ranked in a descending sequence, and the lowest was in the adductor, about 60 percent of the average content. For seasonal variations, two top levels of total bacteria in scallop were detected in August (3490 cfu/g) and in October (3150 cfu/g ); The highest number of coliforms in scallop (80 cfu/g) were found in station 1 in June, and coliforms were detectable until October. Both culture pattern and growth stage can affect the bacterial accumulation in scallop. Raft-cultured and young scallops were more easily contaminated by bacteria than the bottom-cultured ones. The coliforms in scallop were significantly correlated to those in seawater (R = 0.947, P < 0.01), and were also positively correlated with total bacteria in scallop (R = 0.693 ), but negatively correlated with the seawater pH, showing a lack of correlation with the total bacteria in seawater. Accordingly, the relationships between coliforms in scallop (y, cfu/g) and those in seawater (x1, cfu/mL), and the total bacteria in scallop (x2,×103 cfu/g) were expressed as follows: y = 1.4689x1 + 2.6488 (R2 = 0.9422), y = 8.3402x2 + 2.5719 (R2 = 0.7786); The relationship between total bacteria in scallop (y,×103 cfu/g) and coliforms in seawater (x, cfu/mL) was as follows: y = 4.3612x2 - 75.457x + 326.62 (R2 = 0.9017).
In April and November the ecological environment quality was excellent in Zhangzidao Island cultural area, and maintained a―good‖level in other months. The potential ecological risk of heavy metals was at a bottom level in surface sediments, while the N/P value was most suitable for growth of harmful alga from August to October, the risk of harmful alga bloom was at a top level. The annual quality of scallop was at a―good‖level on the whole, the limiting factors of which were the contents of PSP toxin and coliforms in scallop tissues from June to October.
2. After being challenged by exposures, the accumulation and depuration of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in P. yessoensis were studied, and the results showed that the number of bacteria reached a top level at 1 to 3 d. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the rate of accumulation in E. faecalis treatments were both higher than those of E. coli treatments, suggesting that the scallop accumulated E. faecalis more easily from the environment. The largest numbers of both bacteria were detected in the digestive tract, and the smallest numbers were detected in hemolymph. The contents of E. coli and E. faecalis in the digestive tract were 5.7 and 12.9 times higher than those in the total soft tissue; while those in the hemolymph were 6.0 and 13.9 percent of the total soft tissue, respectively. Furthermore, the level of E. faecalis was about 85 times higher than that of E. coli in hemolymph. After 24h of depuration, the highest depuration rates were observed in all treatments. The depuration rate of both the 0.03% and 0.05% Spirulina-feeding treatments exceeded 90 percent, higher than other groups, while the latter group obtained a top rate of 93%. Therefore, in the early days of depuration, Spirulina can significantly increase the depuration rate, and under the experimental conditions feeding Dunaliella salina powder went against the depuration of the bacteria from the scallop.
3. The effect of long-term exposure to bacteria on digestion of scallops was studied. The analysis of enzyme activities showed that after the long-term exposure to higher than 3 log10CFU/mL E. coli and E. faecalis, the digestive enzyme activity in scallop was obviously inhibited. Compared with E. faecalis, the inhibition of digestive enzyme activities was more significant after exposure to E. coli. The trypsin activity in the E. coli treatment was markedly lower than to the E. faecalis treatment after exposure challenge, while no significant difference was observed between the two treatments after injection challenge.
4. By using exposure challenge, secondary exposure challenge and injection of antigens of disrupted whole cell and bacterial genomic DNA bacterial antigens, the relationship between bacterial retention and scallop immunity was studied. (1) The secondary exposure results showed that at 1 d of secondary exposure to E. coli, SOD and ACP activities in cell-free hemolymph significantly increased (P < 0.05), but this up-regulation of immune enzyme activity may maintain shorter than two weeks during the secondary challenge of the same bacteria.
(2) At 4 h of injection, SOD activities in cell-free hemolymph of all treatment groups were higher than the control (Ct), but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). After injected with different cell contents of the two bacteria, the rank of SOD activities in cell-free hemolymph was as follows: live bacterial cell > antigens of disrupted whole cell > bacterial genomic DNA. The SOD activity in scallop injected with live E. coli cells were lower than with E. faecalis cells, but it was vice versa among the treatments with the antigen of disrupted whole cell and bacterial genomic DNA. At 72 h, the SOD activity in scallop injected with antigens of disrupted whole cell was significantly higher than all the other groups (P < 0.05), no significant difference was observed between the other groups.
(3) At 21 d of exposure and 18 h of injection, scallops were tested for the immune enzyme activities in haemolymph. After a 21d exposure to bacteria, the immune enzyme activities in cell-free hemolymph were significantly higher than those in hematocyte. Compared with E. coli treatment, E. faecalis-exposed scallops showed a lower ACP activity.
引文
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