几种典型植物对大气CO_2浓度升高的生理和病理响应研究
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摘要
自18世纪中叶工业革命以来,大气CO2浓度由过去的约280 ppm快速升高到目前的380 ppm以上,并预计到本世纪末将达到730-1020 ppm。CO2是植物光合作用的底物,植物对CO2升高的响应与适应机制是揭示以大气CO2浓度上升为主要特征的未来全球气候变化下生物圈碳循环和平衡、评估未来全球初级生产力变化的主要依据,成为近年来的一大研究热点。国内外关于植物对CO2升高响应的研究取得了很大进展,但该领域研究很少考虑植物病害因素的影响,对水生植物影响的研究鲜见报道,对CO2加富与其他环境因子复合作用影响的研究也相对不足,而这些都是影响植物系统在气候变化下发展趋势的重要因素。因此,本研究以西葫芦-白粉菌系统(Cucurbita pepo-Podosphaera xanthii)、葡萄-白粉菌系统(Vitis vinifera L.-Uncinula necator).以及水生入侵植物水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)为研究对象,利用人工气候室或或半控制开放型CO2加富系统模拟不同环境条件,分别探讨了它们对CO2加富(800 ppm)与温度升高(基准温度+4℃)或者不同营养水平(贫营养、中营养、富营养和超富营养)复合效应的响应情况,以便为未来气候变化下的植物生产力评估提供依据。主要研究结果如下：
1.单独CO2浓度升高(EC)较对照CO2浓度(450 ppm)明显促进了西葫芦的光合作用(P<0.05),改善了植株生长和果实生产；同时提高CO2浓度和温度(ECT)也促进了西葫芦光合作用(P<0.05),加速了植物器官发育,但限制了叶片叶绿素合成和叶片面积增长,最终使植株地上部分干物质积累和果实产量显著降低(P<0.05)。
2.EC处理对西葫芦-白粉菌植病互作系统中病菌的生长繁殖没有明显影响,由于改善了西葫芦对白粉菌的抗病性,使植物病情指数略有下降(P≥0.05)；而ECT处理极显著地促进了植病系统内白粉菌的发育繁殖,极大提高了病原菌落发展规模和产孢能力(P<0.01),极显著加剧了植物病情指数(P<0.01),使作物严重减产(P<0.01)。
3.试验初期,EC处理较对照明显提高了葡萄叶片叶绿素含量和净光合能力(P<0.05)；ECT处理也提高了叶绿素含量,且增幅高于EC处理(P<0.05),但对Pn的促进作用通常不显著。试验后期EC和ECT下的植株都发生了光合适应现象,ECT的植株Pn甚至低于对照。EC处理降低了葡萄叶片气孔导度,同时升高温度或白粉菌侵染都加剧了这一影响。
4.两个葡萄品种中,Barbera品种较Moscato更易受白粉病菌侵染和环境影响,但二者对环境的响应趋势相似。EC处理对植株发病率和病情指数影响不大,但倾向于降低白粉菌为害程度；而ECT处理通常明显提高了植株叶片发病率(P<0.05),加重了病情指数(P<0.05)。
5.CO2促进了各营养水平下水葫芦的光合作用和生长发育,CO2加富对水葫芦生长的促进作用甚至能够完全补偿小范围营养下降对植物生长带来的负面影响。CO2浓度升高下贫营养的水葫芦鲜重比对照CO2下中营养的水葫芦鲜重高出5.02-11.5%。但当营养水平下降幅度较大时,CO2加富则不能完全补偿营养短缺对水葫芦生长抑制。另外,CO2加富对水葫芦生长的促进作用受到营养水平的影响,贫营养或超富营养时都会降低其促进程度。在富营养条件下,水葫芦光合能力和生物量随CO2加富分别增加了46%和40%,明显高于其他一般植物的平均增幅(28%和17%)。
6.水葫芦对CO2加富表现出较明显的形态学响应。CO2加富带来的同化物增量更多分配到根系部位,更多分配到分蘖子株而非保存在初始母株。这些响应有助于改善水葫芦的营养吸收效率,提高营养性繁殖,从而有助于其在入侵时快速占据新的生态位。
7.CO2升高降低了水葫芦组织单位生物量的氮磷含量,但CO2加富下水葫芦生物量的更大增幅使其单位植株的氮磷总量仍然增加。水葫芦组织氮磷含量下降可能是CO2加富使植株碳同化产物增多对氮素的稀释作用所致,也可能是植物营养利用率提高的结果,这意味着其保持生长所需最低氮磷含量极限值很可能会下降。而植株氮磷总量的增加表明将其用于富营养化水体氮磷去除的生物修复能力可能会提高。
总之,本研究结果表明,就西葫芦-白粉菌和葡萄-白粉菌植病互作系统来讲,未来以大气CO2浓度和温度同时升高为特征的气候变化倾向于对植物生长生产不利。同时,未来气候变化情景可能有利于水葫芦生长泛滥,并提高其入侵能力。因此,有必要开展更多深入研究以更好地评估未来气候变化下的植物系统初级生产力。
Atmospheric CO2 concentration has rapidly increased from about 280 ppm pre-industry to more than 380 ppm nowadays, and is predicted to reach 730-1020 ppm by the end of this century. As CO2 is one of the substrate for plant photosynthesis, how plants would response to elevated CO2 becomes a main basis for disclosing the cycle and balance of carbon, as well as the global primary production in the context of future climate change. Though great progress has been obtained on this subject, there are still some shortcomings:Firstly, the existing researches have rarely considered responses of plant diseases. Secondly, the study on aquatic plants has largely lagged behind those on terrestrial plants. Thirdly, compared to the effects only by single elevated CO2, less is known of plant responses to the combined effects of elevated CO2 with other environmental factors. In this study, zucchini-powdery mildew(Cucurbita pepo-Podosphaera xanthii) pathosystem, grapevine-powdery mildew (Vitis vinifera L.-Uncinula necator) pathosystem, and water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes) were selected as research objects. By using phytotrons to simulate different environmental conditions, their responses to elevated CO2 (800 ppm) with rising temperature (4℃upper) or different nutrient levels (respectively as oligo-, meso-, eu-, and hypertrophic) were monitored. The main findings are as following:
1. Elevated CO2 (EC) significantly enhanced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn) of zucchini plants (P<0.05), and produced more aboveground biomass and zucchini fruits than those in control treatment with 450 ppm CO2 (P>0.05). Elevated both CO2 and temperature (ECT) also enhanced Pn but with less enhancement (P<0.05), and greatly accelerated the plant development with more open leaves and male flowers (P<0.05). However, ECT reduced both chlorophyll content index (CCI) and area of zucchini leaf (P>0.05), finally resulting significantly decreased dry biomass accumulation (aboveground) and zucchini fruits production than the control treatment (P<0.05).
2. Compared to the control, no evident effects on P. xanthii growth and development were found in the C. pepo-P. xanthii pathosystem with EC, and the plant disease index (DI) slightly reduced because of the improved plant resistance due to increase of atmospheric CO2. However, the fungal development of P. xanthii with ECT greatly improved, with significantly greater colony size and conidiophore production (P<0.01), as well as much heavier DI (P<0.01) with much lower yield of zucchini fruits (P<0.01).
3. At earlier days after inoculation, EC greatly improved CCI and Pn of grapevine (P<0.05), while ECT also enhanced CCI even with more enhancement and Pn but with less enhancement. But grapevine plants with both EC and ECT treatment showed photosynthetic acclimation, with Pn under ECT even lower than that under control. The stomatal conductance of grapevine was reduced by EC, and it was reduced more when with higher temperature or powdery mildew infection.
4. The disease incidence and disease severity showed nonsignificant decrease toward CO2 enrichment, whereas they generally showed significant increase under ECT (P<0.05). Finally, our result also suggested that although the two varieties of grapevine showed similar response trend to environmental conditions, the extent was varied, with Barbera probably being more subjectable.
5. Overall, EC consistently enhanced photosynthesis and growth of water hyacinth at all nutrient levels. The positive effects due to EC could even overbalance the inhabitation by nutrient decline between narrow ranges, whereas it could only partly compensate the inhabitation by nutrient decline between wide ranges. Moreover, the enhancement extent caused by elevated CO2 varied among nutrient availabilities, being more in eu-and hypertrophic levels and less in meso-and oligotrophic levels. Further, the plant with relative suit nutrient would show higher CO2-induced improvement of Pn and biomass than other ordinary plants.
6. E. crassipe showed flexible plasticity to EC. The CO2-enrichment deduced assimilation was allocated more to plant roots than shoots which would improve the nutrient absorption capacity, and mostly transferred to offspring ramets rather than maintained at the mother ramet which would benefit the vegetative reproduction. All these flexible responses would be helpful for its invasion.
7. Under EC, the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents of E. crassipe slightly decreased. This might be resulted from a dilution effect by more CO2-induced assimilation, and/or improved nutrient use efficiency under EC. This finding suggests that there might be increased difficulties in preventing infestation of E. crassipe by reducing N and/or P in eutrophic waters. Nevertheless, the total N and P accumulation per plant increased suggesting higher bioremediation efficiency of using water hyacinth for water eutrophication.
In summary, our results indicate that in future climate characterized by both EC and rising temperature, the powdery mildew would cause more damage on both zucchini and grapevine. There could be more water hyacinth infestations in natural waters benefited by elevated atmospheric CO2. More studies are needed to better understand and manage those crops in a future changing climate.
1.单独CO2浓度升高(EC)较对照CO2浓度(450 ppm)明显促进了西葫芦的光合作用(P<0.05),改善了植株生长和果实生产；同时提高CO2浓度和温度(ECT)也促进了西葫芦光合作用(P<0.05),加速了植物器官发育,但限制了叶片叶绿素合成和叶片面积增长,最终使植株地上部分干物质积累和果实产量显著降低(P<0.05)。
2.EC处理对西葫芦-白粉菌植病互作系统中病菌的生长繁殖没有明显影响,由于改善了西葫芦对白粉菌的抗病性,使植物病情指数略有下降(P≥0.05)；而ECT处理极显著地促进了植病系统内白粉菌的发育繁殖,极大提高了病原菌落发展规模和产孢能力(P<0.01),极显著加剧了植物病情指数(P<0.01),使作物严重减产(P<0.01)。
3.试验初期,EC处理较对照明显提高了葡萄叶片叶绿素含量和净光合能力(P<0.05)；ECT处理也提高了叶绿素含量,且增幅高于EC处理(P<0.05),但对Pn的促进作用通常不显著。试验后期EC和ECT下的植株都发生了光合适应现象,ECT的植株Pn甚至低于对照。EC处理降低了葡萄叶片气孔导度,同时升高温度或白粉菌侵染都加剧了这一影响。
4.两个葡萄品种中,Barbera品种较Moscato更易受白粉病菌侵染和环境影响,但二者对环境的响应趋势相似。EC处理对植株发病率和病情指数影响不大,但倾向于降低白粉菌为害程度；而ECT处理通常明显提高了植株叶片发病率(P<0.05),加重了病情指数(P<0.05)。
5.CO2促进了各营养水平下水葫芦的光合作用和生长发育,CO2加富对水葫芦生长的促进作用甚至能够完全补偿小范围营养下降对植物生长带来的负面影响。CO2浓度升高下贫营养的水葫芦鲜重比对照CO2下中营养的水葫芦鲜重高出5.02-11.5%。但当营养水平下降幅度较大时,CO2加富则不能完全补偿营养短缺对水葫芦生长抑制。另外,CO2加富对水葫芦生长的促进作用受到营养水平的影响,贫营养或超富营养时都会降低其促进程度。在富营养条件下,水葫芦光合能力和生物量随CO2加富分别增加了46%和40%,明显高于其他一般植物的平均增幅(28%和17%)。
6.水葫芦对CO2加富表现出较明显的形态学响应。CO2加富带来的同化物增量更多分配到根系部位,更多分配到分蘖子株而非保存在初始母株。这些响应有助于改善水葫芦的营养吸收效率,提高营养性繁殖,从而有助于其在入侵时快速占据新的生态位。
7.CO2升高降低了水葫芦组织单位生物量的氮磷含量,但CO2加富下水葫芦生物量的更大增幅使其单位植株的氮磷总量仍然增加。水葫芦组织氮磷含量下降可能是CO2加富使植株碳同化产物增多对氮素的稀释作用所致,也可能是植物营养利用率提高的结果,这意味着其保持生长所需最低氮磷含量极限值很可能会下降。而植株氮磷总量的增加表明将其用于富营养化水体氮磷去除的生物修复能力可能会提高。
总之,本研究结果表明,就西葫芦-白粉菌和葡萄-白粉菌植病互作系统来讲,未来以大气CO2浓度和温度同时升高为特征的气候变化倾向于对植物生长生产不利。同时,未来气候变化情景可能有利于水葫芦生长泛滥,并提高其入侵能力。因此,有必要开展更多深入研究以更好地评估未来气候变化下的植物系统初级生产力。
Atmospheric CO2 concentration has rapidly increased from about 280 ppm pre-industry to more than 380 ppm nowadays, and is predicted to reach 730-1020 ppm by the end of this century. As CO2 is one of the substrate for plant photosynthesis, how plants would response to elevated CO2 becomes a main basis for disclosing the cycle and balance of carbon, as well as the global primary production in the context of future climate change. Though great progress has been obtained on this subject, there are still some shortcomings:Firstly, the existing researches have rarely considered responses of plant diseases. Secondly, the study on aquatic plants has largely lagged behind those on terrestrial plants. Thirdly, compared to the effects only by single elevated CO2, less is known of plant responses to the combined effects of elevated CO2 with other environmental factors. In this study, zucchini-powdery mildew(Cucurbita pepo-Podosphaera xanthii) pathosystem, grapevine-powdery mildew (Vitis vinifera L.-Uncinula necator) pathosystem, and water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes) were selected as research objects. By using phytotrons to simulate different environmental conditions, their responses to elevated CO2 (800 ppm) with rising temperature (4℃upper) or different nutrient levels (respectively as oligo-, meso-, eu-, and hypertrophic) were monitored. The main findings are as following:
1. Elevated CO2 (EC) significantly enhanced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn) of zucchini plants (P<0.05), and produced more aboveground biomass and zucchini fruits than those in control treatment with 450 ppm CO2 (P>0.05). Elevated both CO2 and temperature (ECT) also enhanced Pn but with less enhancement (P<0.05), and greatly accelerated the plant development with more open leaves and male flowers (P<0.05). However, ECT reduced both chlorophyll content index (CCI) and area of zucchini leaf (P>0.05), finally resulting significantly decreased dry biomass accumulation (aboveground) and zucchini fruits production than the control treatment (P<0.05).
2. Compared to the control, no evident effects on P. xanthii growth and development were found in the C. pepo-P. xanthii pathosystem with EC, and the plant disease index (DI) slightly reduced because of the improved plant resistance due to increase of atmospheric CO2. However, the fungal development of P. xanthii with ECT greatly improved, with significantly greater colony size and conidiophore production (P<0.01), as well as much heavier DI (P<0.01) with much lower yield of zucchini fruits (P<0.01).
3. At earlier days after inoculation, EC greatly improved CCI and Pn of grapevine (P<0.05), while ECT also enhanced CCI even with more enhancement and Pn but with less enhancement. But grapevine plants with both EC and ECT treatment showed photosynthetic acclimation, with Pn under ECT even lower than that under control. The stomatal conductance of grapevine was reduced by EC, and it was reduced more when with higher temperature or powdery mildew infection.
4. The disease incidence and disease severity showed nonsignificant decrease toward CO2 enrichment, whereas they generally showed significant increase under ECT (P<0.05). Finally, our result also suggested that although the two varieties of grapevine showed similar response trend to environmental conditions, the extent was varied, with Barbera probably being more subjectable.
5. Overall, EC consistently enhanced photosynthesis and growth of water hyacinth at all nutrient levels. The positive effects due to EC could even overbalance the inhabitation by nutrient decline between narrow ranges, whereas it could only partly compensate the inhabitation by nutrient decline between wide ranges. Moreover, the enhancement extent caused by elevated CO2 varied among nutrient availabilities, being more in eu-and hypertrophic levels and less in meso-and oligotrophic levels. Further, the plant with relative suit nutrient would show higher CO2-induced improvement of Pn and biomass than other ordinary plants.
6. E. crassipe showed flexible plasticity to EC. The CO2-enrichment deduced assimilation was allocated more to plant roots than shoots which would improve the nutrient absorption capacity, and mostly transferred to offspring ramets rather than maintained at the mother ramet which would benefit the vegetative reproduction. All these flexible responses would be helpful for its invasion.
7. Under EC, the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents of E. crassipe slightly decreased. This might be resulted from a dilution effect by more CO2-induced assimilation, and/or improved nutrient use efficiency under EC. This finding suggests that there might be increased difficulties in preventing infestation of E. crassipe by reducing N and/or P in eutrophic waters. Nevertheless, the total N and P accumulation per plant increased suggesting higher bioremediation efficiency of using water hyacinth for water eutrophication.
In summary, our results indicate that in future climate characterized by both EC and rising temperature, the powdery mildew would cause more damage on both zucchini and grapevine. There could be more water hyacinth infestations in natural waters benefited by elevated atmospheric CO2. More studies are needed to better understand and manage those crops in a future changing climate.
引文
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