扇贝体内生物标志物对重金属与多环芳烃胁迫的应答
|
摘要
本论文聚焦近海典型污染物——重金属(Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg和Cu)与多环芳烃——的生物毒性效应研究,采用现场地球化学调查取样和实验室毒理学研究相结合的研究路线,在系统解析渤海湾典型污染物质(重金属及多环芳烃)含量、分布特征及生态风险评价的基础上,基于“环境浓度水平暴露”的新思路,研究了受试生物体内多种生物标志物对环境浓度水平重金属胁迫的应答及其作用机制；系统研究了在多环芳烃与重金属联合暴露“复合污染”胁迫下,受试生物体内抗氧化指标及代谢酶的表达；通过对海洋环境中多溴联苯醚的集成对比研究,发现了中国某些样品中BDE-183组分比例出现异常高值的现象,首次提出可将该比值用于指示电子垃圾污染源。
论文获得了如下一系列新的结论和认识：
1.渤海湾海水浓度水平下的Cd和Pb可对扇贝产生明显的氧化压力并引起机体氧化损伤,EROD酶与典型多环芳烃[苯并(a)芘]之间存在良好的剂量-效应关系,重金属与苯并(a)芘在联合暴露“复合污染”胁迫下,扇贝体内生物标志物存在明显的交互作用。
(1)渤海湾“复合污染”背景场的解析
渤海湾表层海水中重金属Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg、Cu的平均含量分别为0.15μg／L、19.68μg／L、1.63μg／L、4.84×10-2μg／L及2.68μg／L,表底层海水重金属没有明显的差异。渤海湾表层沉积物中重金属Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg、Cu的平均含量分别为0.15mg/kg、26.43 mg/kg、16.28 mg/kg、4.25×10-2 mg/kg、20.80 mg/kg;多环芳烃的含量范围为148.97-375.32ng/g,蒽、芴、苊三种组分占∑PAHs的50%以上；不同环数多环芳烃所占比例为3环(36.49%～83.08%)>5环(10.44%～37.42%)>4环(4.10%～26.35%)>6环(0～24.94%)>2环(0～3.48%)。根据特征比值判断渤海湾表层沉积物中的多环芳烃主要源于草木燃烧。依据ERL、ERM值对渤海湾表层沉积物重金属与多环芳烃潜在生态风险进行评价可知,苊和芴可能会对渤海湾的海洋生物产生负面影响,其它的组分对渤海湾地区的潜在危害较小。
(2)扇贝体内生物标志物对单一污染物胁迫的应答
渤海湾实际水体环境浓度暴露的重金属对扇贝体内抗氧化体系生物标志物表达的影响各不一致。本研究发现所考察的5种重金属(Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg、Cu)中仅有经Cd、Pb暴露96h后扇贝消化腺内SOD活性显著降低,抑制率分别为16.8%和8.75%,对于CAT与GPx,相较对照组5种重金属暴露均使得酶活性降低,但Cd、Pb的抑制效果最为明显,对于CAT抑制率分别为31.5%、28.7%,对于GPx的抑制率分别为40.4%、62.4%。可见Cd和Pb显著抑制了扇贝体内的各种抗氧化酶指标,增加活性氧对机体产生氧化损伤的发生几率,研究测得经Cd、Pb暴露扇贝体内MDA水平显著升高,诱导率分别达到33.5%和60.2%。可见Cd和Pb对扇贝产生较为明显的氧化压力,而Zn、Hg和Cu对扇贝体内抗氧化指标表达影响并不显著。此外Cd和Pb还对Ⅰ相代谢酶EROD产生明显的抑制作用。
苯并(a)芘胁迫扇贝48h、96 h及168 h,对其抗氧化指标及Ⅰ相／Ⅱ相代谢酶产生一定的影响。研究表明扇贝经苯并(a)芘染毒处理之后,暴露组生物体内的EROD、活性均被诱导,且各浓度水平暴露组酶活性基本随暴露时间增加而增加,同一暴露时间下,酶的活性亦随暴露浓度增加而增加,表现出一定的时间-效应关系和剂量-效应关系。当扇贝经高浓度剂量组暴露后其时间-效应关系的相关系数高达0.9996,而当暴露时间长达168 h时其剂量-效应关系的相关系数高达0.9954,这表明当生物体处于苯并(a)芘暴露环境之下,当达到一定暴露时间与暴露浓度,苯并(a)芘对体内EROD的诱导稳定时,该酶可作为生物标志物指示污染状态。另外苯并(a)芘暴露与GST酶活性存在良好的剂量-效应关系,不同的暴露时间其剂量效应关系相关系数均高于0.9961。
(3)扇贝体内生物标志物对多环芳烃与重金属联合暴露“复合污染”胁迫的响应
当多环芳烃与重金属联合暴露“复合污染”胁迫时,重金对与多环芳烃之间存在一定的交互作用。对EROD、GST和GPx酶活性而言,5种重金属(Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg和Cu)对苯并(a)芘表现为拮抗作用,尤以对EROD酶的作用效果最为明显。单独暴露于苯并(a)芘能够显著诱导EROD酶活性,两种污染物联合暴露的情况下,苯并(a)芘诱导的EROD显著下降,甚至较对照组出现抑制现象,而对SOD与CAT酶活性则无明显的影响。
2.通过对海洋环境多溴联苯醚分布、控制因素及组成特征的系统分析,发现中国近海环境样品中BDE-183组分比例异常偏高,或可将其作为特征参数指示电子垃圾污染源。
多溴联苯醚因作为阻燃剂广泛使用而对环境产生潜在生态风险,成为一类新的污染物质,论文对海洋环境PBDEs已发表数据进行了系统分析,获得了PBDEs区域分布特征、环境控制因素以及在各种环境介质中PBDEs的同系物组成特征。研究表明海洋环境体系中美国与韩国等区域的沉积物中PBDEs含量水平最高,而欧洲区域相对较低,这与各区域PBDEs的消费能力存在明显的相关关系。通过主成分分析可知近海沉积物中的PBDEs以BDE-209为主,约占总PBDEs的75%以上,而生物样品中则以低溴代同系物为主(BDE-47,-99和-100,三者约占总PBDEs的80%)。BDE-99与BDE-100的比值在营养级较低的生物体内倾向于大于1,而在高等生物体内则小于1,一些以甲壳动物或浮游植物的喂食的生物比值也大于1。值得指出的是,本论文首次报道了中国部分样品中BDE-183组分的比例异常偏高的现象,这或许可以作为特征参数指示电子垃圾污染源。
The thesis is focous on the toxic effect of the typical pollutants in coastal zone, such as heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg and Cu) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Both in field investigation and lab experiment were carried out to systematically study the distribution pattern and Ecological risk assessment of the mentioned pollutants in Bohai Bay. By a hovel research thought of exposure to the environmentally comparative concentration level, we studied the multi biomarker responses to the environmentally relative concentration levels of heavy metal; "Integrated biomarker responses" index has been used to assessment the multi biomarker response research; biomarkers of antioxidant system and metabolic system were investigated to study the combined toxicity of heavy mental and PAHs; basing on the integration study of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in marine environment, a novel phenomena that the ratio of BDE-183 in environmental sample were high in Chinese samples, it can be used as an eigenvalue to indicate the E-waste pollution in this country. Detail of of the thesis have been list as followed,
1, Exposing at an environmentally comparative concentration level of Bohai Bay, Cd and Pb have caused a serious oxidative stress in organism; they show good time-response relationship and dose-response relationship between benzo(a)pyrene exposure and EROD activity; interactive effect can be obviously investigated when the bivalves exposed to the benzo(a)pyrene and heavy metals in combinations, which means that heavy metal may have certain effects on the benzo(a)pyrene
(1) Environmentally relevant concentration characteristic of "combined pollution" in Bohai Bay
The average concentrations of Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg and Cu in surface seawater were 0.15μg/L,19.86μg/L,1.63μg/L,4.84×10-2μg/L and 2.68μg/L, respectively. There was no clear vertical variation characteristic for heavy metal in seawater of this region. In terms of sediment investigation, the concentration level of Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg and Cu in the surface sediment were 0.15 mg/kg,26.43 mg/kg,16.28 mg/kg,4.25×10-2 mg/kg and 20.80 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration range of∑PAHs was 148.97～375.32 ng/g. Among the 16 PAHs individual anthracene, fluorine and acenaphthene were the main components, which contributing over 50%to the∑PAHs. Basing on the ERL (Effects Range Low) and ERM (Effects Range Median) value, the potential biological risk of the mentioned pollutants in sediments can be evaluated. Results indicated that most of the heavy metals and PAHs were higher than ERL values, except fluorine and acenaphthene were ranged between ERL and ERM values which represent a effect-active range.
(2) Multi biomarker responses in bivalve to the exposure of heavy metals and benzo(a)pyrene, dosed alone.
When bivalves were exposed to the environmental concentration level of heavy metal (Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg and Cu), they had different responses to different heavy metal. Results showed that the activity of SOD had been significant inhibited by 16.8%and 8.75%after 96 h exposure to Cd and Pb. In terms of CAT and GPx, although all of the five metals we investigated have restricted the enzyme activities, Cd and Pb were the most effective ones, with the inhibitions on the CAT of 31.5%and 28.7%, and on GPx of 40.4 and 62.4%. Since they had a profound inhibition effect on the antioxidant enzyme which resulted in oxidative stress, the MDA level in Cd and Pb exposure groups had been elevated by 33.5%and 60.2%, respectively. According to our study, the Zn, Hg and Cu did not have obvious effect on antioxidant system, but Cd and Pb exposure caused a serious oxidative stress in organism, and the two metals have significantly inhibited the EROD activity as well.
Bivalves were exposed to low, middle and high concentration of benzo(a)pyrene for 48h,96h, and 168h to study the antioxidant enzyme and phaseⅠ/phaseⅡenzyme response to this typical toxic pollutant. Among all the biomarker, EROD was the most readable for the pollution status of this pollutant, since there are good time-response relationship, and dose-response relationship between benzo(a)pyrene exposure and EROD activity.
(3) Multi biomarker responses in bivalve to the exposure of heavy metals and benzo(a)pyrene, dosed in combinations
When the bivalves exposed to the benzo(a)pyrene and heavy metals in combinations, heavy metal may have certain effects on the benzo(a)pyrene induced enzymes, in the terms of EROD, GPx, and GST, all of the five heavy metals have exhibited a antagonism effect on benzo(a)pyrene, especially on the EROD. Although exposed to benzo(a)pyrene, dose only, has significant induced of EROD activity, when exposed to the mixture with the five metals all have reduced EROD activity, even exhibited an inhibited effect when compared with that of control. While in terms of SOD and CAT there was no obvious effect caused by heavy metal.
2, Basing on investigation of distribution characteristics, controlling factor and congener pattern of PBDEs in marine system, a novel phenomena that the ratio of BDE-183 in environmental sample were high in Chinese samples, it can be used as an eigenvalue to indicate an E-waste pollution in China.
PBDEs, due to their widespread usages as flame retardants and their lipophilicity and persistence, have become ubiquitous in the environment. In this thesis, the available data were summarized and analyze to describe the regional distributions, controlling factors and congener patterns of PBDEs in marine and associated environmental matrixes worldwide. Consistent with the production statue, America and Korea are more contaminated than other parts of the world, while Europe is the least contaminated. Based on the Principal Component Analysis, the congener patterns of sediments are different from those of biota. The former are predominant with the heavy brominated congeners (BDE-209 contributing over 85%to the total load) while the latter abounds with the light ones (BDE-47,-99, and-100 taking about 80%). Noticeable,, the relative high proportion of BDE-183 in Chinese sample can prove effectively that China is being polluted by the e-waste received from developed countries.
论文获得了如下一系列新的结论和认识：
1.渤海湾海水浓度水平下的Cd和Pb可对扇贝产生明显的氧化压力并引起机体氧化损伤,EROD酶与典型多环芳烃[苯并(a)芘]之间存在良好的剂量-效应关系,重金属与苯并(a)芘在联合暴露“复合污染”胁迫下,扇贝体内生物标志物存在明显的交互作用。
(1)渤海湾“复合污染”背景场的解析
渤海湾表层海水中重金属Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg、Cu的平均含量分别为0.15μg／L、19.68μg／L、1.63μg／L、4.84×10-2μg／L及2.68μg／L,表底层海水重金属没有明显的差异。渤海湾表层沉积物中重金属Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg、Cu的平均含量分别为0.15mg/kg、26.43 mg/kg、16.28 mg/kg、4.25×10-2 mg/kg、20.80 mg/kg;多环芳烃的含量范围为148.97-375.32ng/g,蒽、芴、苊三种组分占∑PAHs的50%以上；不同环数多环芳烃所占比例为3环(36.49%～83.08%)>5环(10.44%～37.42%)>4环(4.10%～26.35%)>6环(0～24.94%)>2环(0～3.48%)。根据特征比值判断渤海湾表层沉积物中的多环芳烃主要源于草木燃烧。依据ERL、ERM值对渤海湾表层沉积物重金属与多环芳烃潜在生态风险进行评价可知,苊和芴可能会对渤海湾的海洋生物产生负面影响,其它的组分对渤海湾地区的潜在危害较小。
(2)扇贝体内生物标志物对单一污染物胁迫的应答
渤海湾实际水体环境浓度暴露的重金属对扇贝体内抗氧化体系生物标志物表达的影响各不一致。本研究发现所考察的5种重金属(Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg、Cu)中仅有经Cd、Pb暴露96h后扇贝消化腺内SOD活性显著降低,抑制率分别为16.8%和8.75%,对于CAT与GPx,相较对照组5种重金属暴露均使得酶活性降低,但Cd、Pb的抑制效果最为明显,对于CAT抑制率分别为31.5%、28.7%,对于GPx的抑制率分别为40.4%、62.4%。可见Cd和Pb显著抑制了扇贝体内的各种抗氧化酶指标,增加活性氧对机体产生氧化损伤的发生几率,研究测得经Cd、Pb暴露扇贝体内MDA水平显著升高,诱导率分别达到33.5%和60.2%。可见Cd和Pb对扇贝产生较为明显的氧化压力,而Zn、Hg和Cu对扇贝体内抗氧化指标表达影响并不显著。此外Cd和Pb还对Ⅰ相代谢酶EROD产生明显的抑制作用。
苯并(a)芘胁迫扇贝48h、96 h及168 h,对其抗氧化指标及Ⅰ相／Ⅱ相代谢酶产生一定的影响。研究表明扇贝经苯并(a)芘染毒处理之后,暴露组生物体内的EROD、活性均被诱导,且各浓度水平暴露组酶活性基本随暴露时间增加而增加,同一暴露时间下,酶的活性亦随暴露浓度增加而增加,表现出一定的时间-效应关系和剂量-效应关系。当扇贝经高浓度剂量组暴露后其时间-效应关系的相关系数高达0.9996,而当暴露时间长达168 h时其剂量-效应关系的相关系数高达0.9954,这表明当生物体处于苯并(a)芘暴露环境之下,当达到一定暴露时间与暴露浓度,苯并(a)芘对体内EROD的诱导稳定时,该酶可作为生物标志物指示污染状态。另外苯并(a)芘暴露与GST酶活性存在良好的剂量-效应关系,不同的暴露时间其剂量效应关系相关系数均高于0.9961。
(3)扇贝体内生物标志物对多环芳烃与重金属联合暴露“复合污染”胁迫的响应
当多环芳烃与重金属联合暴露“复合污染”胁迫时,重金对与多环芳烃之间存在一定的交互作用。对EROD、GST和GPx酶活性而言,5种重金属(Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg和Cu)对苯并(a)芘表现为拮抗作用,尤以对EROD酶的作用效果最为明显。单独暴露于苯并(a)芘能够显著诱导EROD酶活性,两种污染物联合暴露的情况下,苯并(a)芘诱导的EROD显著下降,甚至较对照组出现抑制现象,而对SOD与CAT酶活性则无明显的影响。
2.通过对海洋环境多溴联苯醚分布、控制因素及组成特征的系统分析,发现中国近海环境样品中BDE-183组分比例异常偏高,或可将其作为特征参数指示电子垃圾污染源。
多溴联苯醚因作为阻燃剂广泛使用而对环境产生潜在生态风险,成为一类新的污染物质,论文对海洋环境PBDEs已发表数据进行了系统分析,获得了PBDEs区域分布特征、环境控制因素以及在各种环境介质中PBDEs的同系物组成特征。研究表明海洋环境体系中美国与韩国等区域的沉积物中PBDEs含量水平最高,而欧洲区域相对较低,这与各区域PBDEs的消费能力存在明显的相关关系。通过主成分分析可知近海沉积物中的PBDEs以BDE-209为主,约占总PBDEs的75%以上,而生物样品中则以低溴代同系物为主(BDE-47,-99和-100,三者约占总PBDEs的80%)。BDE-99与BDE-100的比值在营养级较低的生物体内倾向于大于1,而在高等生物体内则小于1,一些以甲壳动物或浮游植物的喂食的生物比值也大于1。值得指出的是,本论文首次报道了中国部分样品中BDE-183组分的比例异常偏高的现象,这或许可以作为特征参数指示电子垃圾污染源。
The thesis is focous on the toxic effect of the typical pollutants in coastal zone, such as heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg and Cu) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Both in field investigation and lab experiment were carried out to systematically study the distribution pattern and Ecological risk assessment of the mentioned pollutants in Bohai Bay. By a hovel research thought of exposure to the environmentally comparative concentration level, we studied the multi biomarker responses to the environmentally relative concentration levels of heavy metal; "Integrated biomarker responses" index has been used to assessment the multi biomarker response research; biomarkers of antioxidant system and metabolic system were investigated to study the combined toxicity of heavy mental and PAHs; basing on the integration study of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in marine environment, a novel phenomena that the ratio of BDE-183 in environmental sample were high in Chinese samples, it can be used as an eigenvalue to indicate the E-waste pollution in this country. Detail of of the thesis have been list as followed,
1, Exposing at an environmentally comparative concentration level of Bohai Bay, Cd and Pb have caused a serious oxidative stress in organism; they show good time-response relationship and dose-response relationship between benzo(a)pyrene exposure and EROD activity; interactive effect can be obviously investigated when the bivalves exposed to the benzo(a)pyrene and heavy metals in combinations, which means that heavy metal may have certain effects on the benzo(a)pyrene
(1) Environmentally relevant concentration characteristic of "combined pollution" in Bohai Bay
The average concentrations of Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg and Cu in surface seawater were 0.15μg/L,19.86μg/L,1.63μg/L,4.84×10-2μg/L and 2.68μg/L, respectively. There was no clear vertical variation characteristic for heavy metal in seawater of this region. In terms of sediment investigation, the concentration level of Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg and Cu in the surface sediment were 0.15 mg/kg,26.43 mg/kg,16.28 mg/kg,4.25×10-2 mg/kg and 20.80 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration range of∑PAHs was 148.97～375.32 ng/g. Among the 16 PAHs individual anthracene, fluorine and acenaphthene were the main components, which contributing over 50%to the∑PAHs. Basing on the ERL (Effects Range Low) and ERM (Effects Range Median) value, the potential biological risk of the mentioned pollutants in sediments can be evaluated. Results indicated that most of the heavy metals and PAHs were higher than ERL values, except fluorine and acenaphthene were ranged between ERL and ERM values which represent a effect-active range.
(2) Multi biomarker responses in bivalve to the exposure of heavy metals and benzo(a)pyrene, dosed alone.
When bivalves were exposed to the environmental concentration level of heavy metal (Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg and Cu), they had different responses to different heavy metal. Results showed that the activity of SOD had been significant inhibited by 16.8%and 8.75%after 96 h exposure to Cd and Pb. In terms of CAT and GPx, although all of the five metals we investigated have restricted the enzyme activities, Cd and Pb were the most effective ones, with the inhibitions on the CAT of 31.5%and 28.7%, and on GPx of 40.4 and 62.4%. Since they had a profound inhibition effect on the antioxidant enzyme which resulted in oxidative stress, the MDA level in Cd and Pb exposure groups had been elevated by 33.5%and 60.2%, respectively. According to our study, the Zn, Hg and Cu did not have obvious effect on antioxidant system, but Cd and Pb exposure caused a serious oxidative stress in organism, and the two metals have significantly inhibited the EROD activity as well.
Bivalves were exposed to low, middle and high concentration of benzo(a)pyrene for 48h,96h, and 168h to study the antioxidant enzyme and phaseⅠ/phaseⅡenzyme response to this typical toxic pollutant. Among all the biomarker, EROD was the most readable for the pollution status of this pollutant, since there are good time-response relationship, and dose-response relationship between benzo(a)pyrene exposure and EROD activity.
(3) Multi biomarker responses in bivalve to the exposure of heavy metals and benzo(a)pyrene, dosed in combinations
When the bivalves exposed to the benzo(a)pyrene and heavy metals in combinations, heavy metal may have certain effects on the benzo(a)pyrene induced enzymes, in the terms of EROD, GPx, and GST, all of the five heavy metals have exhibited a antagonism effect on benzo(a)pyrene, especially on the EROD. Although exposed to benzo(a)pyrene, dose only, has significant induced of EROD activity, when exposed to the mixture with the five metals all have reduced EROD activity, even exhibited an inhibited effect when compared with that of control. While in terms of SOD and CAT there was no obvious effect caused by heavy metal.
2, Basing on investigation of distribution characteristics, controlling factor and congener pattern of PBDEs in marine system, a novel phenomena that the ratio of BDE-183 in environmental sample were high in Chinese samples, it can be used as an eigenvalue to indicate an E-waste pollution in China.
PBDEs, due to their widespread usages as flame retardants and their lipophilicity and persistence, have become ubiquitous in the environment. In this thesis, the available data were summarized and analyze to describe the regional distributions, controlling factors and congener patterns of PBDEs in marine and associated environmental matrixes worldwide. Consistent with the production statue, America and Korea are more contaminated than other parts of the world, while Europe is the least contaminated. Based on the Principal Component Analysis, the congener patterns of sediments are different from those of biota. The former are predominant with the heavy brominated congeners (BDE-209 contributing over 85%to the total load) while the latter abounds with the light ones (BDE-47,-99, and-100 taking about 80%). Noticeable,, the relative high proportion of BDE-183 in Chinese sample can prove effectively that China is being polluted by the e-waste received from developed countries.
引文
Adamis, P.D.B., Gomes, D.S., Pereira, M.D., de Mesquita, J.F., Pinto, M., Panek, A.D., Eleutherio, E.C.A.,2004. The effect of superoxide dismutase deficiency on cadmium stress. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology,18,12-17.
Adonaylo, V.N., Oteiza, P.I.,1999. Lead intoxication:antioxidant defenses and oxidative damage in rat brain. Toxicology,135,77-85.
Aebi, H.,1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology,105,121-126.
Allen, P., Sin, Y.M., Wong, M.K.,1988. Acute effects of mercuric-chloride on intracellular GSH levels and mercury distribution in the fish oreochromis aureus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,40,178-184.
Antonio, G., Pelizzetti, E., Sammartano, S.,1997. Marine Chemistry, An Environmental Analytical Chemistry Approach. Springer.
Aravind, P., Prasad, M.N.V.,2003. Zinc alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Ceratophyllum demersum L.:a free floating freshwater macrophyte. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,41,391-397.
Au, D.W.T., Wu, R.S.S., Zhou, B.S., Lam, P.K.S.,1999. Relationship between ultrastructural changes and EROD activities in liver of fish exposed to Benzo[a]pyrene. Environmental Pollution,104,235-247.
Babu, M.S., Gopal, N.V., Reddy, K.P.,2007. Post natal antioxidant enzyme activity of rat brain regions during developmental lead exposure. Journal of Environmental Biology,28,21-27.
Bando,I., Reus, M.I.S., Andres, D., Cascales, M.,2005. Endogenous antioxidant defence system in rat liver following mercury chloride oral intoxication. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology,19,154-161.
Becker, A., Soliman, K.F.A.,2009. The role of intracellular glutathione in inorganic mercury-induced toxicity in neuroblastoma cells. Neurochemical Research,34,1677-1684.
Behymer, T.D., Hites, R.A.,1988. Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on the fly-ash. Environmental Science & Technology,22,1311-1319.
Bejarano, A.C., Michel, J.,2010. Large-scale risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in shoreline sediments from Saudi Arabia:environmental legacy after twelve years of the Gulf war oil spill. Environmental Pollution,158,1561-1569.
Betts, K.2004. PBDEs and the environmental intervention time lag. Environmental Science& Technology,386.
Beyersmann, D., Hartwig, A.,2008. Carcinogenic metal compounds:recent insight into molecular and cellular mechanisms. Archives of Toxicology,82,493-512.
Binelli, A., Galassi, S. Provini, A.2001. Factors affecting the use of Dreissena polymorpha as a bioindicator:The PCB pollution in Lake Como (N. Italy). Water Air and Soil Pollution,125, 19-32.
Birnbaum, L.S. Staskal, D.F.2004. Brominated flame retardants:Cause for concern? Environmental Health Perspectives,112,9-17.
Bliss, C.I.,1939. The toxicity of poisons applied jointly. Annals of Applied Biology,26,585-615.
Bocio, A., Llobet, J.M., Domingo, J.L., Corbella, J., Teixido, A. Casas, C.2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs:Human exposure through the diet. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,51,3191-3195.
Bodin, N., Abarnou, A., Fraisse, D., Defour, S., Loizeau, V., Le Guellec, A.M. Philippon, X.2007. PCB, PCDD/F and PBDE levels and profiles in crustaceans from the coastal waters of Brittany and Normandy (France). Marine Pollution Bulletin,54,657-668.
Bojes, H.K., Pope, P.G.,2007. Characterization of EPA's 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tank bottom solids and associated contaminated soils at oil exploration and production sites in Texas. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,47, 288-295.
Bokara, K.K., Brown, E., McCormick, R., Yallapragada, P.R., Rajanna, S., Bettaiya, R.,2008. Lead-induced increase in antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products in developing rat brain, Dallas, TX,9-16.
Booij, K., Zegers, B.N. Boon, J.P.2002. Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants along the Dutch coast as derived from their accumulation in SPMDs and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Chemosphere,46,683-688.
Boon, J.P., Lewis, W.E., Tjoen-A-Choy, M.R., Allchin, C.R., Law, R.J., de Boer, J., ten Hallers-Tjabbes, C.C. Zegers, B.N.2002. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in animals representing different trophic levels of the North Sea food web. Environmental Science & Technology,36,4025-4032.
Bozcaarmutlu, A., Arinc, E.,2006. Effect of mercury, cadmium, nickel, chromium and zinc on kinetic properties of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase purified from leaping mullet(Liza saliens),31st Congress of the Federation-of-European-Biochemical-Societies (FEBS), Istanbul, Turkey,408-416.
Bradford, M.M.,1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. AnBio 72,248-254.
Bragigand, V., Amiard-Triquet, C., Parlier, E., Boury, P., Marchand, P. El Hourch, M.2006. Influence of biological and ecological factors on the bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic food webs from French estuaries. Science of The Total Environment,368,615-626.
Broeg, K., Lehtonen, K.K.,2006. Indices for the assessment of environmental pollution of the Baltic Sea coasts:integrated assessment of a multi-biomarker approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin,53,508-522.
Bruschweiler, B.J., Wurgler, F.E., Fent, K.,1996. Inhibitory effects of heavy metals on cytochrome P4501A induction in permanent fish hepatoma cells. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,31,475-482.
BSEF.2008. Legislation-regulatory Overview in the EU. Available:http://www.bsef.com/ regulation/regulator_ov_eu/[accessed 22 March 2008].
Budzinski, H., Jones, I., Bellocq, J., Pierard, C, Garrigues, P.,1997. Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estuary. Marine Chemistry,58,85-97.
Burreau, S., Zebuhr, Y., Broman, D. Ishaq, R.2004. Biomagnification of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) studied in pike(Esox lucius), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach(Rutilus rutilus) from the Baltic Sea. Chemosphere,55, 1043-1052.
Burreau, S., Zebuhr, Y., Broman, D. Ishaq, R.2006. Biomagnification of PBDEs and PCBs in food webs from the Baltic Sea and the northern Atlantic ocean. Science of the Total Environment,366,659-672.
Casalino, E., Calzaretti, G., Sblano, C., Landriscina, C.,2002. Molecular inhibitory mechanisms of antioxidant enzymes in rat liver and kidney by cadmium. Toxicology,179,37-50.
Chandran, R., Sivakumar, A.A., Mohandass, S., Aruchami, M.,2005. Effect of cadmium and zinc on antioxidant enzyme activity in the gastropod, Achatina fulica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology & Pharmacology,140,422-426.
Chen, L.G., Mai, B.X., Bi, X.H., Chen, S.J., Wang, X.M., Ran, Y., Luo, X.J., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M. Zeng, E.Y.2006a. Concentration levels, compositional profiles, and gas-particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of an urban city in South China. Environmental Science & Technology,40,1190-1196.
Chen, S.J., Gao, X.J., Mai, B.X., Chen, Z.M., Luo, X.J., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M. Zeng, E.Y.2006b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Delta:Levels, distribution and potential hydrodynamic influence. Environmental Pollution,144,951-957.
Cheung, C.C., Siu, W.H., Richardson, B.J., De Luca-Abbott, S.B., Lam, P.K.,2004. Antioxidant responses to benzo[a]pyrene and Aroclor 1254 exposure in the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis. Environmental Pollution,128,393-403.
Christensen, J.H. Platz, J.2001. Screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blue mussels, marine and freshwater sediments in Denmark. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,3, 543-547.
Colby, H.D., Zulkoski, J.S., Johnson, P.B., Pope, M.R., Miles, P.R.,1984. Sites of action of cadmium in vitro on hepatic, adrenal, and pulmonary microsomal monooxygenases in guinea pigs. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,73,110-118.
Covaci, A., Van de Vijver, K., DeCoen, W., Das, K., Bouquegneau, J.M., Blust, R. Schepens, P. 2002. Determination of organohalogenated contaminants in liver of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded on the Belgian North Sea coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin,44,
1157-1165.
Damiens, G., Gnassia-Barelli, M., Loques, F., Romeo, M., Salbert, V.,2007. Integrated biomarker response index as a useful tool for environmental assessment evaluated using transplanted mussels. Chemosphere,66,574-583.
Darnerud, P.O., Eriksen, G.S., Johannesson, T., Larsen, P.B. Viluksela, M.2001. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers:Occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology. Environmental Health Perspectives,109,49-68.
de Boer, J., van der Zande, T.E., Pieters, H., Ariese, F., Schipper, C.A., van Brummelen, T. Vethaak, A.D.2001. Organic contaminants and trace metals in flounder liver and sediment from the Amsterdam and Rotterdam harbours and off the Dutch coast. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,3,386-393.
de Wit, C.A.2002. An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere, 46,583-624.
de Wit, C.A., Alaee, M. Muir, D.C.G.2006. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the Arctic. Chemosphere,64,209-233.
Dodder, N.G., Strandberg, B. Hites, R.A.2002. Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and several organochlorine compounds in fishes from the northeastern United States. Environmental Science & Technology,36,146-151.
Domingo, J.L.2004. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers through the diet. Journal of Chromatography A,1054,321-326.
Downs, C.A., Shigenaka, G., Fauth, J.E., Robinson, C.E., Huang, A.,2002. Cellular physiological assessment of bivalves after chronic exposure to spilled Exxon Valdez crude oil using a novel molecular diagnostic biotechnology. Environmental Science & Technology,36,2987-2993.
Drazkiewicz, M., Skorzynska-Polit, E., Krupa, Z.,2007. The redox state and activity of superoxide dismutase classes in Arabidopsis thaliana under cadmium or copper stress. Chemosphere,67,188-193.
Elbekai, R.H., El-Kadi, A.O.S.,2004. Modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated gene expression by arsenite, cadmium, and chromium. Toxicology,202,249-269.
Elbekai, R.H., El-Kadi, A.O.S.,2005. The role of oxidative stress in the modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated genes by As3+, Cd2+, and Cr6+. Free Radical Biology & Medicine,39,1499-1511.
Elbekai, R.H., El-Kadi, A.O.S.,2007. Transcriptional activation and posttranscriptional modification of Cyplal by arsenite, cadmium, and chromium. Toxicology Letter,172, 106-119.
Eljarrat, E., De La Cal, A., Larrazabal, D., Fabrellas, B., Fernandez-Alba, A.R., Borrull, F., Marce, R.M. Barcelo, D.2005. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenylethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in coastal sediments from Spain. Environmental Pollution,136,493-501.
Eljarrat, E., Labandeira, A., Marsh, G., Raldua, D. Barcelo, D.2007. Decabrominated diphenyl ether in river fish and sediment samples collected downstream an industrial park. Chemosphere,69,1278-1286.
Fangstrom, B., Hovander, L., Bignert, A., Athanassiadis,I., Linderholm, L., Grandjean, P., Weihe, P. Bergmant, A.2005. Concentrations of polyhrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorobiphenylols in serum from pregnant faroese women and their children 7 years later. Environmental Science & Technology,39,9457-9463.
Feng, T., Zheng, W., Hong, W., Peng, G.,2001. Effect of benzo(a)pyrene on antioxidant enzyme activities in Boleophthalmus pectinirostris liver. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao,12, 422-424.
Ferreira-Cravo, M., Ventura-Lima, J., Sandrini, J.Z., Amado, L.L., Geracitano, L.A., Rebelo, M., Bianchini, A., Monserrat, J.M.,2009. Antioxidant responses in different body regions of the polychaeta Laeonereis acuta (Nereididae) exposed to copper. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,72,388-393.
Formigari, A., Irato, P., Santon, A.,2007. Zinc, antioxidant systems and metallothionein in metal mediated-apoptosis:Biochemical and cytochemical aspects. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology & Pharmacology,146,443-459.
Fraser, M.P., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T., Rasmussen, R.A.,1998. Air quality model evaluation data for organics.5. C6-C22 nonpolar and semipolar aromatic compounds. Environmental
Science & Technology,32,1760-1770.
Gagnon, R.M., Holdway, D.A.,2000. EROD induction and biliary metabolite excretion following exposure to the water accommodated fraction of crude oil and to chemically dispersed crude oil. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,38,1-10.
Gallego. E., Grimalt, J.O., Bartrons, M., Lopez, J.F., Camarero, L., Catalan, J., Stuchlik, E. Battarbee, R.2007. Altitudinal gradients of PBDEs and PCBs in fish from European high mountain lakes. Environmental Science & Technology,41,2196-2202.
Gao, D., Luo, Y., Guevara, D., Wang, Y., Rui, M., Goldwyn, B., Lu, Y., Smith, E.C.A., Lebwohl, M., Wei, H.,2005. Benzo[a]pyrene and its metabolites combined with ultraviolet A synergistically induce 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine via reactive oxygen species. Free Radical Biology and Medicine,39,1177-1183.
George, S.G.,1989. Cadmium effects on plaice liver xenobiotic and metal detoxication systems-dose-response. Aquatic Toxicology,15,303-310.
Geracitano, L., Monserrat, J.M., Bianchini, A.,2002. Physiological and antioxidant enzyme responses to acute and chronic exposure of Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae) to copper. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 277,145-156.
Gevao, B., Beg, M.U., Al-Ghadban, A.N., Al-Omair, A., Helaleh, M. Zafar, J.2006. Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in coastal marine sediments receiving industrial and municipal effluents in Kuwait. Chemosphere,62,1078-1086.
Gevao, B., Harner, T. Jones, K.C.2000. Sedimentary record of polychlorinated naphthalene concentrations and deposition fluxes in a Dated Lake Core.34:33-38.
Ghosh, U., Gillette, J.S., Luthy, R.G., Zare, R.N.,2000. Microscale Location, Characterization, and Association of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Harbor Sediment Particles. Environmental Science & Technology,34,1729-1736.
Gogou, A., Stratigakis, N., Kanakidou, M., Stephanou, E.G.,1996. Organic aerosols in Eastern Mediterranean:components source reconciliation by using molecular markers and atmospheric back trajectories. Organic Geochemistry,25,79-96.
Gschwend, P.M., Hites, R.A.,1981. Fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to marine and lacustrine sediments in the northeastern United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45,2359-2367.
Guan, Y.F., Sojinu, O.S.S., Li, S.,M., Zeng, E.Y.2009. Fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment of the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Environmental Pollution, 157:2166-2172.
Guo, J.Y., Liao, H.Q., Han, M., Li, W., Zhang, R.Y., Wang, J., Wu, F.C.,2010. Temporal distribution, sources, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment core from Miyun reservoir. Huan Jing Ke Xue,31,626-631.
Guo, L., Qiu, Y., Zhang, G., Zheng, G.J., Lam, P.K.S. Li, X.2008. Levels and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fishes from the Pearl River estuary and Daya Bay, South China. Environmental Pollution,152, 604-611.
Gurer, H., Ercal, N.,2000. Can antioxidants be beneficial in the treatment of lead poisoning? Free Radical Biology and Medicine,29,927-945.
Hakk, H. Letcher, R.J.2003. Metabolism in the toxicokinetics and fate of brominated flame retardants-a review. Environment International,29,801-828.
Hale, R.C., Alaee, M., Manchester-Neesvig, J.B., Stapleton, H.M. Ikonomou, M.G.2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment. Environment International,29,771-779.
Hamza-Chaffai, A., Amiard, J.C., Pellerin, J., Joux, L., Berthet, B.,2000. The potential use of metallothionein in the clam Ruditapes decussatus as a biomarker of in situ metal exposure. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology,127,185-197.
Hansen, B.H., Romma, S., Garmo, O.A., Pedersen, S.A., Olsvik, P.A., Andersen, R.A.,2007. Induction and activity of oxidative stress-related proteins during waterborne Cd/Zn-exposure in brown trout (Salmo trutta). Chemosphere,67,2241-2249.
Heath, E., Scancar, J., Zuliani, T., Milacic, R.,2010. A complex investigation of the extent of pollution in sediments of the Sava River:part 2:persistent organic pollutants. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,163,277-293.
Henczova, M., Deer, A.K., Komlosi, V., Mink, J.,2006. Detection of toxic effects of Cd2+on different fish species via liver cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activities and FTIR spectroscopy. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,385,652-659.
Hites, R.A.2004. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people:A meta-analysis of concentrations. Environmental Science & Technology,38,945-956.
Hui, Y.M., Zheng, M.H., Liu, Z.T., Gao, L.R.,2009b. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences,1625-1631.
Hussain, T., Shukla, G.S., Chandra, S.V.,1987. Effects of cadmium on superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney of growing rats:in vivo and in vitro studies. Pharmacology & Toxicology,60,355-358.
Jacob, C., Courbot, M., Brun, A., Steinman, H.M., Jacquot, J.P., Botton, B., Chalot, M.,2001. Molecular cloning, characterization and regulation by cadmium of a superoxide dismutase from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. European Journal of Biochemistry,268, 3223-3232.
Jacobs, J.M., Nichols, C.E., Andrew, A.S., Marek, D.E., Wood, S.G., Sinclair, P.R., Wrighton, S.A., Kostrubsky, V.E., Sinclair, J.F.,1999. Effect of arsenite on induction of CYP1A, CYP2B, and CYP3A in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,157,51-59.
Jadhav, S.H., Sarkar, S.N., Aggarwal, M., Tripathi, H.C.,2007. Induction of oxidative stress in erythrocytes of male rats subchronically exposed to a mixture of eight metals found as groundwater contaminants in different parts of India. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52,145-151.
Jaward, F.M., Farrar, N.J., Harner, T., Sweetman, A.J. Jones, K.C.2004. Passive air sampling of PCBs, PBDEs, and organochlorine pesticides across Europe. Environmental Science & Technology,38,34-41.
Jemai, H., Messaoudi, I., Chaouch, A., Kerkeni, A.,2007. Protective effect of zinc supplementation on blood antioxidant defense system in rats exposed to cadmium. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,21,269-273.
Jiang, G.B., Zheng, H.L., Huang, G.Q., Ding, H., Li, X.G., Suo, H.T., Li, R.,2007. Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences,19,1-10.
Jing, G., Li, Y., Xie, L., Zhang, R.,2007. Different effects of Pb2-and Cu2+ on immune and antioxidant enzyme activities in the mantle of Pinctada fucata. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,24,122-128.
Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Addink, R. Adams, D.H.2005a. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environmental Science & Technology,39,8243-8250.
Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Rapaport, D.P. Rodan, B.D.2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue from New York. Environmental Science & Technology,39,5177-5182.
Kennedy, S.W., Jones, S.P.,1994. Simultaneous measurement of cytochrome P4501A catalytic activity and total protein concentration with a fluorescence plate reader, analytical biochemistry,222,217-223.
Keum, Y.S. Li, Q.X.2005. Reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by zerovalent iron. Environmental Science & Technology,39,2280-2286.
Kirby, M.F., Matthiessen, P., Neall, P., Tylor, T., Allchin, C.R., Kelly, C.A., Maxwell, D.L., Thain, J.E.,1999. Hepatic EROD Activity in Flounder (Platichthys flesus) as an Indicator of Contaminant Exposure in English Estuaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin,38,676-686.
Kodavanti, P.R.S., Ward, T.R., Ludewig, G., Robertson, L.W. Birnbaum, L.S.2005. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Effects in Rat Neuronal Cultures:14C-PBDE Accumulation, Biological Effects, and Structure-Activity Relationships. Toxicological Science,88:181-192.
Kono, Y., Fridovich, I.,1982. Superoxide radical inhibits catalase. The Journal of Biological, Chemisitry 257,5751-5754.
Korashy, H.M., El-Kadi, A.O.S.,2004. Differential effects of mercury, lead and copper on the constitutive and inducible expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-regulated genes in cultured hepatoma Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Toxicology,201,153-172.
Korashy, H.M., El-Kadi, A.O.S.,2005. Regulatory mechanisms modulating the expression of cytochrome P4501A1 gene by heavy metals. Toxicological Science,88,39-51.
La Guardia, M.J., Hale, R.C. Harvey, E.2006. Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa-, and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures. Environmental Science & Technology,40,6247-6254.
Lacorte, S., Guillamon, M., Martinez, E., Viana, P. Barcelo, D.2003. Occurrence and specific congener profile of 40 polybrominated diphenyl ethers in river and coastal sediments from Portugal. Environmental Science & Technology,37,892-898.
Law, R.J., Alaee, M., Allchin, C.R., Boon, J.P., Lebeuf, M., Lepom, P. Stern, G.A.2003. Levels and trends of polybrominated diphenylethers and other brominated flame retardants in wildlife. Environment International,29,757-770.
Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J. de Wit, C.A.2006. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere,64,187-208.
Letelier, M.E., Lepe, A.M., Faudez, M., Salazar, J., Mari, R., Aracena, P., Speisky, H.,2005. Possible mechanisms underlying copper-induced damage in biological membranes leading to cellular toxicity. Chemico-Biological Interactions,151,71-82.
Li, X.B., Hou, X.L., Mao, Q., Zhao, Y.L., Cheng, Y.X., Wang, Q.,2009. Toxic effects of copper on antioxidative and metabolic enzymes of the marine gastropod, onchidium struma. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,56,776-784.
Lin, S., Hsieh, I.-J., Huang, K.-M., Wang, C.-H.,2002. Influence of the Yangtze River and grain size on the saptial variations of heavy metals and organic carbon in the East China Sea continental shelf sediments. Chemical Geology,182,377-394.
Liu, Y., Zheng, G.J., Yu, H., Martin, M., Richardson, B.J., Lam, M.H.W. Lam, P.K.S.2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments and mussel tissues from Hong Kong marine waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin,50,1173-1184.
Long, E.R., Macdonald, D.D., Smith, S.L., Calder, F.D.,1995. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Management,19,81-97.
Longnecker, M.A., Bellinger, D.C., Crews, D., Eskenazi, B., Silbergeld, E.K., Woodruff, T.J. Susser, E.S.2003. An approach to assessment of endocrine disruption in the National Children's Study. Environmental Health Perspectives,111,1691-1697.
Lowe, G.M., Hulley, C.E., Rhodes, E.S., Young, A.J., Bilton, R.F.,1998. Free radical stimulation of tyrosine kinase and phosphatase activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,245,17-22.
Lu, A.Y.H.,1976. liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme-system-functional components and their properties. Federation proceedings,35,2460-2463.
Mai, B.X., Chen, S.J., Luo, X.J., Chen, L.G., Yang, Q.S., Sheng, G.Y., Peng, P.G., Fu, J.M. Zeng, E.Y.2005. Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Pearl River Delta and adjacent South China Sea. Environmental Science & Technology,39,3521-3527.
Maier, A., Dalton, T.P., Puga, A.,2000. Disruption of dioxin-inducible phase Ⅰ and phase Ⅱ gene expression patterns by cadmium, chromium, and arsenic. molecular carcinogenesis 28, 225-235.
Martin, M., Lam, P.K.S. Richardson, B.J.2004. An Asian quandary:where have all of the PBDEs gone? Marine Pollution Bulletin,49,375-382.
Martinez-Alvarez, R.M., Morales, A.E., Sanz, A.,2005. Antioxidant defenses in fish:Biotic and abiotic factors. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,15,75-88.
Massoud, A.H.S., Ehsan, M.H.,2002. Heavy metals in the Rosetta estuary of the Nile and the adjoining Mediterranean waters:evidence of removal of dissolved heavy metals from waters as a result of possible binding to suspended matter. Hydrobiologia,469,131-147.
McCallum, G.P., Horton, J.E., Falkner, K.C., Bend, J.R.,1993. Microsomal cytochrome-P450 1A1 dependent monooxygenase activity in guinea-pig heart-induction, inhibition, and increased activity by addition of exogenous nadph cytochrome-P450 reductase. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology,71,151-156.
Meng, W., Qin, Y., Zheng, B., Zhang, L.,2008. Heavy metal pollution in Tianjin Bohai Bay, China. Journal of Environmental Science,20,814-819.
Minh, N.H., Isobe, T., Ueno, D., Matsumoto, K., Mine, M., Kajiwara, N., Takahashi, S. Tanabe, S. 2007. Spatial distribution and vertical profile of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecanes in sediment core from Tokyo Bay, Japan. Environmental Pollution,148,409-417.
Mitra, S., Bianchi, T.S., McKee, B.A., Sutula, M.,2002. black carbon from the mississippi river: quantities, sources, and potential implications for the global carbon cycle. Environmental Science & Technology,36,2296-2302.
Moon, H.B., Kannan, K., Choi, M. Choi, H.G.2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine sediments from industrialized bays of Korea. Marine Pollution Bulletin,54, 1402-1412.
Moon, H.B., Kannan, K., Lee, S.J. Choi, M.2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and bivalves from Korean coastal waters. Chemosphere,66,243-251.
Mueller, K.E., Mueller-Spitz, S.R., Henry, H.F., Vonderheide, A.P., Soman, R.S., Kinkle, B.K. Shann, J.R.2006. Fate of pentabrominated diphenyl ethers in soil:Abiotic sorption, plant uptake, and the impact of interspecific plant interactions. Environmental Science & Technology,40,6662-6667.
Nagaraj, M., Sunitha, S., Varalakshmi, P.,2000. Effect of lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpene, on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in rat kidney after chronic cadmium exposure. Journal of Applied Toxicology,20,413-417.
Ni, H.G.; Lu, F.H.; Luo, X.L.; Tian, H.Y.; Wang, J.Z.; Guan, Y.F., Chen, S. J. Luo, X.J., Zeng, E. Y.2008. Assessment of sampling designs to measure riverine fluxes from the Pearl River Delta, China to the South China Sea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 143:291-301.
Oros, D.R., Hoover, D., Rodigari, F., Crane, D. Sericano, J.2005. Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water, surface sediments, and bivalves from the San Francisco Estuary. Environmental Science & Technology,39,33-41.
Pan, J., Yang, Y.L., Xu, Q., Chen, D.Z. Xi, D.L.2007. PCBs, PCNs and PBDEs in sediments and mussels from Qingdao coastal sea in the frame of current circulations and influence of sewage sludge. Chemosphere,66,1971-1982.
Parascandola, M.J.2003. PBDEs in breast milk-Levels higher in United States than in Europe. Environmental Health Perspectives,111, A774-A775.
Patra, R.C., Swarup, D., Dwivedi, S.K.,2000. Antioxidant defense and lipid peroxide level in liver and kidneys of lead exposed rats. Asian-Australasian. Journal of Animal Sciences,13, 1433-1439.
Patrick, L.,2006. Lead toxicity part Ⅱ:The role of free radical damage and the use of antioxidants in the pathology and treatment of lead toxicity. Alternative Medicine Review,11,114-127.
Peng, B.R., Jin, D., Burroughs, R.,2009. Regional ocean governance in china:an appraisal of the clean bohai sea program. Coastal Management,37,70-93.
Peng, J.H., Huang, C.W., Weng, Y.M. Yak, H.K.2007. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish samples from rivers and estuaries in Taiwan. Chemosphere, 66,1990-1997.
Pereira, P., de Pablo, H., Subida, M.D., Vale, C., Pacheco, M.,2009. Biochemical responses of the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) in a eutrophic and metal-contaminated coastal system (Obidos lagoon, Portugal). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,72,1471-1480.
Phillips, D.J.H.1985. organochlorines and trace metals in green-lipped mussels Perna viridis from Hong Kong waters:a test of indicator ability. Marine Ecology-Progress Series,21,251-258.
Pozo, K., Harner, T., Wania, F., Muir, D.C.G., Jones, K.C. Barrie, L.A.2006. Toward a global network for persistent organic pollutants in air:Results from the GAPS study. Environmental Science & Technology,40,4867-4873.
Rahman, F., Langford, K.H., Scrimshaw, M.D. Lester, J.N.2001. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. The Science of The Total Environment,275,1-17.
Rayne, S., Ikonomou, M.G. Antcliffe, B.2003. Rapidly increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in the Columbia River system from 1992 to 2000. Environmental Science & Technology,37,2847-2854.
Renner, R.2000. What fate for brominated fire retardants. Environmental Science & Technology, 34,223A-226A.
Robinson, M., Jan, M., Dacia, C., Marte, B., Francis, E., Christo, B., Morten, S., Janneche, U.S.,
2006. Evaluation of the gill filament-based erod assay in african sharptooth catfish (clarias gariepinus) as a monitoring tool for waterborne pah-type contaminants. Ecotoxicology,15, 51-59.
Romeo. M., Bennani, N., Gnassia-Barelli, M., Lafaurie, M., Girard, J.P.,2000. Cadmium and copper display different responses towards oxidative stress in the kidney of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquatic Toxicology,48,185-194.
Salazar-Coria, L., Schifter, I., Gonzalez-Macias, C.,2010. Weighing the evidence of ecological risk from PAHs contamination in the estuarine environment of Salina Cruz Bay, M,xico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,162,387-406.
Santon, A., Irato, P., Medici, V., D'Inc, R., Albergoni, V., Sturniolo, G.C.,2003. Effect and possible role of Zn treatment in LEC rats, an animal model of Wilson's disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease 1637,91-97.
Schecter, A., Pavuk, M., Papke, O., Ryan, J.J., Birnbaum, L. Rosen, R.2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in US mothers'milk. Environmental Health Perspectives. 111, 1723-1729.
Schwarzbauer, J., Ricking, M., Franke, S. Francke, W.2001. Halogenated organic contaminants in sediments of the Havel and Spree rivers (Germany). Part 5 of organic compounds as contaminants of the Elbe river and its tributaries. Environmental Science & Technology,35, 4015-4025.
Shailaja, M.S., D'Silva, C.,2003. Evaluation of impact of PAH on a tropical fish, Oreochromis mossambicus using multiple biomarkers. Chemosphere,53,835-841.
Shen, G., Lu, Y., Zhou, Q., Hong, J.,2005. Interaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals on soil enzyme. Chemosphere,61,1175-1182.
Shenker, B.J., Pankoski, L., Zekavat, A., Shapiro, I.M.,2002. Mercury-induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes:Caspase activation is linked to redox status. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 4,379-389.
Shi, H., Sui, Y., Wang, X., Luo, Y., Ji, L.,2005. Hydroxyl radical production and oxidative damage induced by cadmium and naphthalene in liver of Carassius auratus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology & Pharmacology 140,115-121.
Sjodin, A., Patterson, D.G. Bergman, A.2001. Brominated flame retardants in serum from US blood donors. Environmental Science & Technology,35,3830-3833.
Sjodin, A., Patterson, D.G. Bergman, A.2003. A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants--particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environment International,29, 829-839.
Sk, U.H., Bhattacharya, S.,2006. Prevention of cadmium induced lipid peroxidation, depletion of some antioxidative enzymes and glutathione by a series of novel organoselenocyanates. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,22,298-308.
Snyder, M.J.,2000. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in aquatic invertebrates:recent advances and future directions. Aquatic Toxicology,48,529-547.
Solomon, G.M. Weiss, P.M.2002. Chemical contaminants in breast milk:Time trends and regional variability. Environmental Health Perspectives.110, A339-A347.
Song, W.L., Ford, J.C., Li, A., Mills, W.J., Buckley, D.R. Rockne, K.J.2004. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the great lakes.1. Lake superior. Environmental Science & Technology,38,3286-3293.
Song, W.L., Ford, J.C., Li, A., Sturchio, N.C., Rockne, K.J., Buckley, D.R. Mills, W.J.2005a. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the Great Lakes.3. Lakes Ontario and Erie. Environmental Science & Technology,39,5600-5605.
Song, W.L., Li, A., Ford, J.C., Sturchio, N.C., Rockne, K.J., Buckley, D.R. Mills, W.J.2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the great lakes.2. Lakes Michigan and Huron. Environmental Science & Technology,39,3474-3479.
Spink, D.C., Katz, B.H., Hussain, M.M., Spink, B.C., Wu, S.J., Liu, N., Pause, R., Kaminsky, L.S., 2002. Induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in T-47D human breast cancer cells by benzo[a]pyrene is diminished by arsen. Drug metablism and disposition,30,262-269.
Srinivasa Reddy, M., Basha, S., Joshi, H.V., Ramachandraiah, G.,2005. Seasonal distribution and contamination levels of total PHCs, PAHs and heavy metals in coastal waters of the Alang-Sosiya ship scrapping yard, Gulf of Cambay, India. Chemosphere,61,1587-1593.
Stapleton, H.M., Alaee, M., Letcher, R.J. Baker, J.E.2004. Debromination of the flame retardant
decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) following dietary exposure. Environmental Science & Technology,38,112-119.
Stapleton, H.M., Brazil, B., Holbrook, R.D., Mitchelmore, C.L., Benedict, R., Konstantinov, A. Potter, D.2006. In vivo and in vitro debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) by juvenile rainbow trout and common carp. Environmental Science & Technology,40, 4653-4658.
Strandberg, B., Dodder, N.G., Basu,I. Hites, R.A.2001. Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other organohalogen compounds in Great Lakes air. Environmental Science & Technology,35,1078-1083.
Streets, S.S., Henderson, S.A., Stoner, A.D., Carlson, D.L., Simcik, M.F. Swackhamer, D.L.2006. Partitioning and bioaccumulation of PBDEs and PCBs in Lake Michigan. Environmental Science & Technology,40,7263-7269.
Sun, Y., Yu, H., Zhang, J., Yin, Y., Shi, H., Wang, X.,2006. Bioaccumulation, depuration and oxidative stress in fish Carassius auratus under phenanthrene exposure. Chemosphere,63, 1319-1327.
Taysse, L., Chambras, C., Marionnet, D., Bosgiraud, C., Deschaux, P.,1998. Basal level and induction of cytochrome P450, EROD, UDPGT, and GST activities in carp(Cyprinus carpio) immune organs (spleen and head kidney). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,60,300-305.
Tchounwou, P.B., Ishaque, A.B., Schneider, J.,2001. Cytotoxicity and transcriptional activation of stress genes in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG(2)) exposed to cadmium chloride. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,222,21-28.
Tejeda-Vera, R., Lopez-Lopez, E., Sedeno-Diaz, J.E.,2007. Biomarkers and bioindicators of the health condition of Ameca splendens and Goodea atripinnis (Pisces:Goodeaidae) in the Ameca River, Mexico. Environment International,33,521-531.
Ter Schure, A.F.H., Larsson, P., Agrell, C. Boon, J.P.2004. Atmospheric transport of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls to the Baltic sea. Environmental Science & Technology,38,1282-1287.
Thomas, G.O., Wilkinson, M., Hodson, S. Jones, K.C.2006. Organohalogen chemicals in human blood from the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollution,141,30-41.
Thomas, J.P., Maiorino, M., Ursini, F., Girotti, A.W.,1990. Protective action of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione-peroxidase against membrane-damaging lipid-peroxidation insitu reduction of phospholipid and cholesterol hydroperoxides. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,265,454-461.
Thuy, H.T.T., Tobschall, H.J., An, P.V.,1999. Trace element distributions in aquatic sediments of Danang Hoian area, Bietam. Environmental Geology,39,733-740.
Tu, B.J., Wang, F., Wu, T.C., Effect of benzo[a]pyrene and lead either in separation or in combination on neuronal surbvival rate and nuclear DNA damage in vitro. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehbilitation,9,151-153.
Tuerk, K.J.S., Kucklick, J.R., Becker, P.R., Stapleton, H.M. Baker, J.E.2005. Persistent organic pollutants in two dolphin species with focus on toxaphene and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environmental Science & Technology,39,692-698.
Tullo, A.2003. Great Lakes to phase out flame retardants. Chemical & Engineering News,81, 13-13.
Vakharia, D.D., Liu, N., Pause, R., Fasco, M., Bessette, E., Zhang, Q.Y., Kaminsky, L.S.,2001. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon/metal mixtures:Effect on PAH induction of CYP1A1 in human HEPG2 cells. Drug Metab. Disposition,29,999-1006.
Valko, M., Rhodes, C.J., Moncol, J., Izakovic, M., Mazur, M.,2006. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chemical.-Biological. Interaction,160,1-40.
van den Hurk, P., Faisal, M., Roberts, M.H.,1999. Interaction of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus):Effects on acute mortality. Marine Environmental Research,46,525-528.
van der Oost, R., Beyer, J., Vermeulen, N.P.E.,2003. Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment:a review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,13, 57-149.
van Schanke, A., Holtz, F., van der Meer, J.P., Boon, J.P., Ariese, F., Stroomberg, G., van den Berg, M., Everaarts, J.M.,2001. Dose-and time-dependent formation of biliary benzo[a]pyrene metabolites in the marine flatfish dab(Limanda limanda). Environmental toxicological and chemistry,20,1641-1647.
Vanassche, F., Clijsters, H.,1990. Effects of metals on enzyme-activity plants. Plant Cell and Environment,13,195-206.
Vlahogianni, T.H., Valavanidis, A.,2007. Heavy-metal effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence enzymes in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Chemical Ecological,23, 361-371.
Voorspoels, S., Covaci, A. Schepens, P.2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine species from the Belgian North Sea and the Western Scheidt Estuary:Levels, profiles, and distribution. Environmental Science & Technology,37,4348-4357.
Voorspoels, S., Covaci, A., Lepom, P., Escutenaire, S. Schepens, P.2006. Remarkable findings concerning PBDEs in the terrestrial top-predator red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Environmental Science & Technology,40,2937-2943.
Vorkamp, K., Christensen, J.H. Riget, F.2004. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine compounds in biota from the marine environment of East Greenland. Science of the Total Environment,331,143-155.
Waisberg, M., Joseph, P., Hale, B., Beyersmann, D.,2003. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology,192,95-117.
Wang, C.R., Wang, X.R., Tian, Y., Yu, H.X., Gu, X.Y., Du, W.C., Zhou, H.,2008. Oxidative stress, defense response, and early biomarkers for lead-contaminated soil in Vicia faba seedlings. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,27,970-977.
Wang, Y., Jiang, G., Lam, P.K.S. Li, A..2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ether in the East Asian environment:A critical review. Environment International,33,963-973.
Wang, Z., Ma, X.D., Lin, Z.S., Na, G.S., Yao, Z.W.2009. Congener specific distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and mussel (Mytilus edulis) of the Bo Sea, China. Chemosphere,74:896-901.
Watanabe, I. Sakai, S.I.2003. Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants. Environment International,29,665-682.
Watanabe, K., Senthilkumar, K., Masunaga, S., Takasuga, T., Iseki, N. Morita, M.2004. Brominated organic contaminants in the liver and egg of the common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Japan. Environmental Science & Technology,38,4071-4077.
Whyte, J.J., Jung, R.E., Schmitt, C.J., Tillitt, D.E.,2000. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) Activity in Fish as a Biomarker of Chemical Exposure. Critical Reviews in Toxicology,30, 347-570.
Winston, G.W., Di Giulio, R.T.,1991. Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms. Aquatic Toxicology 19,137-161.
Wurl, O. Obbard, J.P.2005. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Singapore's coastal marine sediments. Chemosphere,58, 925-933.
Xiang, C.H., Luo, X.J., Chen, S.J., Yu, M., Mai, B.X. Zeng, E.Y.2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in biota and sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,26,616-623.
Xu, L., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Cheung, C.C., Lam, P.K.,2001. Biomarker studies on gold-lined sea bream (Rhabdosargus sarba) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. Water Science and Technology,43, 155-160.
Yalin, S., Comelekoglu, U., Bagis, S., Sahin, N.O., Ogenler, O., Hatungil, R.,2006. Acute effect of single-dose cadmium treatment on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in ovariectomized rats. Ecotoxicological Environmental Safety,65,140-144.
Yu, D.Y., Li, W.F., Deng, B., Mao, X.,2008. Effects of lead on hepatic antioxidant status and transcription of superoxide dismutase gene in pigs. Biological Trace Element Research,126, 121-128.
Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R.H., Goyette, D., Sylvestre, S.,2002. PAHs in the Fraser River basin:a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic Geochemistry,33,489-515.
Zegers, B.N., Lewis, W.E., Booij, K., Smittenberg, R.H., Boer, W., De Boer, J. Boon, J.P.2003. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in sediment cores from Western Europe. Environmental Science & Technology,37,3803-3807.
Zhang, P., Song, J., Liu, Z., Zheng, G., Zhang, N. He, Z.2007. PCBs and its coupling with eco-environments in Southern Yellow Sea surface sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin,54, 1105-1115.
Zhu, L.Y. Hites, R.A.2005. Brominated flame retardants in sediment cores from lakes Michigan and Erie. Environmental Science & Technology,39,3488-3494.
Zikic, R.V., Stajn, A., Saicic, Z.S., Spasic, M.B., Ziemnicki, K., Petrovic, V.M.,1996. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbic acid content in the liver of goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch.) exposed to cadmium. physiological research,45,479-481.
Zucchi, S., Corsi, I., Trisciani, A., Baroni, D., Focardi, S.,2008. Potential involvement of MDR1/ABCB1-like gene (P-glycoprotein) of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in the heavy metal response:Correlation with biotransformation phase Ⅱ enzymes (GST and UDPGT), lysosomal membrane stability and Cr levels. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology a-Molecular & Integrative Physiology,151, S29-S29.
蔡立哲,马丽,高阳,杨丽,2005.蒽、菲、芘、[艹屈]混合液对菲律宾蛤仔抗氧化酶活性的影响.海洋科学,29,47-52.
陈大健,2006.鲫鱼肝微粒体细胞色素P450酶系的初步研究[D].南京农业大学,1-85.
陈加杰,杨琛,卢锐泉,洪昭锐,2009.广州大学城珠江水域多环芳烃的污染特征.中国环境监测25,86-89.
陈加平,徐立红,吴振斌,张甬元,林群声,1999.苯并(a)芘致毒的鱼的分子生态毒理学指标研究.中国环境科学,19,417-420.
陈静生,周家义,1992.中国水环境重金属研究.中国环境科学出版社,1-230.
陈君慧,2006.苯并(a)芘对养殖黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus) CYP1A1基因表达及酶活性的诱导研究[D].厦门大学,1-62.
陈荣,刘辉,李东晓,陈颖,2006.水生动物谷胱甘肽硫转移酶研究进展.厦门大学学报,45,176-184.
陈沈良,周菊珍,古国传,2001.长江河口主要重金属元素的分布和迁移.广州环境科学,16,9-13.
陈细香,2007.重金属污染对可口革囊星虫的毒性效应[D].厦门大学,1-176.
陈振楼,许世远,柳林,余佳,俞立中,2000.上海滨岸潮滩沉积物重金属元素的空间分布与累积.地理学报,55,641-651.
程远梅,祝凌燕,田胜艳,梁贤伟,2009.海河及渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与来源.环境科学学报,29,2420-2426.
戴纪翠,宋金明,李学刚,袁华茂,郑国侠,李宁,2006.人类活动影响下的胶州湾近百年来环境演变的沉积记录.地质学报,80,1770-1778.
丁竹红,谢标,王晓蓉,2002.生物标志物及其在环境中的应用.农业环境保护,21,465-467.
段丽琴,宋金明,许思思,2009.海洋沉积物中的钒、钼、铊、镓及其环境指示意义.地质论评,55,420-427.
冯士榨,李凤歧,李少菁,1999.海洋科学导论.高等教育出版社.
冯涛,郏微云,郭祥群,林游宇,2001.苯并(a)芘对大弹涂鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响.台湾海峡,20,182-196.
何勇田,熊先哲,1994.复合污染研究进展.环境科学,15,79-84.
何志强,2008.重金属(铜、锌和汞)对中华倒刺鲃生物毒性效应[D].西南大学,1-43.
贺志鹏,2007.南黄海重金属的演变特征及控制因素[D].中国科学院海洋研究所,1-126.
贺志鹏,宋金明,张乃星,徐亚岩,郑国侠,张蓬,2008.南黄海表层海水重金属的变化特征及影响因素.环境科学,29,1193-1202.
洪有为,2008.典型多环芳烃在红树林湿地模拟系统中的迁移规律及毒性效应研究[D].厦门大学,1-150.
黄长江,胡晓蓉,董巧香,2006.苯并(a)芘对罗非鱼肝脏抗氧化防御系统的影响.汕头大学学报(自然科学版),21,51-56.
黄进,魏世强,2003.多环芳烃的环境效应及其生物标志物在环境风险评价中的应用.河南预防医学杂志,14,370-374.
黄向青,张顺枝,霍振海,2005.深圳大鹏湾、珠江口海水有害重金属分布特征.海洋湖沼通 报,38-44.
李康,周忠良,陈立侨,孟艳玲,吴鹰,1999.苯并(a)芘致毒的鱼的分子生态毒理学指标研究.中国环境科学,19,417-420.
李康,周忠良,陈立侨,孟艳玲,吴鹰,2006，苯并[a]芘对鲫鱼生物标志物的影响研究.环境科学研究,19,91-96.
李康,周忠良,王明山,殷浩文,2003.苯并(a)芘对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)肝脏抗氧化酶的影响.应用与环境生物学报,10,88-91.
李先国,张庆红,刘思敏,东野长旭,2009.多环芳烃的海洋环境行为及其代谢产物的研究进展.中国海洋大学学报,39,467-475.
李玉,2005.胶州湾主要重金属和有机污染物的分布及特征研究[D].中国科学院海洋研究所,1-125.
林秀梅,刘文新,陈江麟,许姗姗,陶澍,2005.渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与生态风险评价.环境科学学报,25,70-75.
刘睿智,2006.多环芳烃对褐菖鲉成体及其胚胎幼体毒性效应的初步研究[D].厦门大学,1-82.
刘宇红,于晓英,韩宁,2008.苯并[a]芘(BaP)的毒性作用与致毒机理研究现状.内蒙古农业大学学报,29,184-188.
刘志,2005.重金属离子对褐牙鲆毒性效应的研究[D].中国海洋大学,1-53
鲁言波,蔡明招,洪榕,李倩,2008.重金属复合污染在环境水质监测中的急性毒性效应研究.广东化工,35,112-114.
吕金妹,2008.崇明东滩沉积物腐殖酸与重金属生物地球化学研[D].华东师范大学,1-112.
罗孝俊,2004.珠江三角洲河流、河口和邻近南海海域水体、沉积物中多环芳烃与有机氯农药研究[D].中国科学院广州地化所,1-114.
马英军,万国江,1999.湖泊沉积物-水界面微量重金属扩散作用及其水质影响研究.环境科学20,7-11.
孟昭福,薛澄泽,张增强,唐新保,1999.土壤中重金属复合污染的表征.农业环境保护,18,87-91.
穆景利,王新红,林建清,林小龙,洪华生,2009.苯并[a]芘对黑鲷肝脏GST活性的影响及其与肝脏代谢酶和胆汁代谢产物之间的变化关系.生态毒理学报,4,516-523.
穆景利,王新红,王淑红,林建清,王克坚,洪华生,2009.苯并(a)芘影响黑鲷肝脏EROD活性变化的动力学研究.海洋科学,33,68-72.
聂继盛,刘慧君,张勤丽,牛侨,2007.苯并(a)芘对神经元的细胞活性和脂质过氧化的影响.山西医科大学学报,38,1060-1063.
欧冬妮,2007.长江口滨岸多环芳烃(PAHs)多相分布特征与源解析研究[D].华东师范大学,1-131.
潘小川,王黎华,1990.亚硒酸钠对大鼠肺脏中苯并(a)芘(BP)一些代谢酶活性的影响.北京医科大学学报,22,373-375.
齐凤霞,2004.渤海典型海岸带(天津海域)水质与底质重金属污染调查研究[D].北京化工大学,1-126.
丘耀文,颜文,王肇鼎,张干,2005.大亚湾海水、沉积物和生物体中重金属分布及其生态危害.热带海洋学报,24,69-76.
任加云,潘鲁青,苗晶晶,2006.苯并(a)芘和苯并(k)荧蒽混合物对栉孔扇贝毒理学指标的影响.环境科学学报,26,1180-1186.
阮金山,吴立峰,罗冬莲,许翠娅,2004.泉州大港湾海水、沉积物及水产生物体内重金属的含量分布.海洋通报,23,41-45.
沈国清,陆贻通,周培,2005.土壤环境中重金属和多环芳烃复合污染研究进展.上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),23,102-106.
宋金明,马红波,李学刚,袁华茂,李宁,2004.渤海南部海域沉积物中吸附态无机氮的地球化学特征.海洋与湖沼,35,215-322.
宋金明,徐亚岩,张英,李学刚,袁华茂,2006.中国海洋生物地球化学过程研究的最新进展.海洋科学,30,69-77.
孙竹筠,周忠良,李康,殷浩文,顾建华,2005.苯并(a)芘对鲫鱼肝脏EROD活性的影响.生态学杂志,24,1295-1298.
田蕴,郑天凌，王新红,2004.厦门西港表层海水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、组成及来源.环境科学学报,24,50-56.
万斌,2000.生物毒理学中生物标志物研究进展.国外医学卫生学分册27,110-114.
王爱勇,万瑞景,金显仕,2010.渤海莱州湾春季鱼卵、仔稚鱼生物多样性的年代际变化.渔业科学进展31,19-24.
王长友,2008.东海Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd重金属环境生态效应评价及环境容量估算研究[D].中国海洋大学,1-149.
王春光,2006.苯并(a)芘暴露对真鲷(Pagrus major)细胞DNA的损伤及肝脏P4501A1的毒性效应[D].厦门大学,1-63.
王俊,张义生,1993.化学污染物与生态效应.中国环境科学出版社北京,1-342.
王丽平,郑丙辉,孟伟,2007.环境污染物对水生生物产生氧化压力的分子生物标志物.生态学报,27,380-388.
王泰,张祖麟,黄俊,胡洪营,余刚,李发生,2007.海河与渤海湾水体中溶解态多氯联苯和有机氯农药污染状况调查.环境科学,28,730-735.
王晓宇,杨洪生,王清,2009.重金属污染胁迫对双壳贝类生态毒理效应研究进展.海洋科学,33，112-118.
王云,2007.苯并(a)芘、三丁基锡及混合物对褐菖鲉的毒性效应[D].厦门大学,1-103.
王震,2007.辽宁地区土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源及致癌风险[D].大连理工大学,1-129.
王重刚,郑微云,余群,赵扬,陈纪新,2002.苯并(a)芘和芘对梭鱼肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性的影响.海洋科学，26，35-38.
魏俊飞,吴家强,焦文娟,2008.多环芳烃的毒性及其治理技术研究.污染防治技术,21,65—70.
文一,2008.有机磷农药的联合毒性及其毒理学机理研究[D].中国农业科学院,1-113.
吴瑜瑞,曾继业,1983.河口、港湾和近岸海域重金属的污染程度与背景值.海洋环境科学,4-12.
徐永江,柳学周，马爱军，2004.重金属对鱼类毒性效应及分子机理的研究概况.海洋科学,28，67-70.
杨丽华,2003.重金属(镉、铜、锌和铬)对鲫鱼的生物毒性研究[D].华南师范大学,1-63.
杨青,罗素，刘学泽,詹承烈,1996.青石棉加苯并(a)芘气管染尘大鼠肺组织中SOD和LPO变化的研究.华西医大学报,27,266-269.
英姿,陈锋,2006.铅诱导细胞凋亡的作用机制研究进展.南华大学学报,34,667-679.
于涛,2003.南海海水中溶解态铜、铅、锌、镉环境背景值的初步研究.台湾海峡,22,329-333.
岳宏伟,2009.基于酶活性的海洋环境中多环芳烃-重金属复合污染的生物毒性效应研究[D].国家海洋局第三海洋研究所,1-72.
曾丽璇,陈桂珠,余日清,李耀初,杰卢,2003.水体重金属污染生物监测的研究进展.环境监测管理与技术,15,12-15.
张传永,刘庆,陈燕妮,2008.重金属对水生生物毒性作用研究进展.生命科学仪器,6，3-7.
张春玲,胡俊峰,王丕文,王桂亭,刘国庆,于素芳,韩惠芬,2004.苯并(a)芘对鲫鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力的影响.环境与健康杂志,21,325-326.
张蓬,2009,渤黄海沉积物中的多环芳烃和多氯联苯及其与生态环境的耦合解析[D].中国科学院海洋研究所,1-140.
张蓬,宋金明,刘志刚,2008,海洋沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的来源与微生物降解.海洋环境科学,27,91-96.
张首临,李泽林,1993.东海—图们江水中Zn,Cd,Pb,Cu的形式分析.海洋与湖沼,24,609-615.
张栩嘉,2008.Cu、Zn与硝基苯类化合物对发光菌的联合毒性研究[D].东北师范大学,1-49.
张远辉,杜俊民,2005.南海表层沉积物中主要污染物的环境背景值.海洋学报,27,161-166.
赵健,周怀东,陆瑾,王雨春,2009.河北王快水库沉积物多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价.湖泊科学,21,647-653.
赵云英,马永安,1998.天然环境中多环芳烃的迁移转化及其对生态环境的影响.海洋环境科学,17,68-72.
郑国侠,2007.南黄海浮游植物的固碳强度与污染物胁迫下海水碳源／汇格局的变化[D].中国科学院海洋研究所,1-139.
中国科学院海洋研究所海洋地质研究室,1985.渤海地质.科学出版社,北京,1-207.
周启星,1995.复合污染生态学.中国环境科学出版社,北京,1-443.
朱毅,胡小玲,1998.重金属对鱼类毒性效应研究进展.水产养殖,22-23.
Adonaylo, V.N., Oteiza, P.I.,1999. Lead intoxication:antioxidant defenses and oxidative damage in rat brain. Toxicology,135,77-85.
Aebi, H.,1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology,105,121-126.
Allen, P., Sin, Y.M., Wong, M.K.,1988. Acute effects of mercuric-chloride on intracellular GSH levels and mercury distribution in the fish oreochromis aureus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,40,178-184.
Antonio, G., Pelizzetti, E., Sammartano, S.,1997. Marine Chemistry, An Environmental Analytical Chemistry Approach. Springer.
Aravind, P., Prasad, M.N.V.,2003. Zinc alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Ceratophyllum demersum L.:a free floating freshwater macrophyte. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,41,391-397.
Au, D.W.T., Wu, R.S.S., Zhou, B.S., Lam, P.K.S.,1999. Relationship between ultrastructural changes and EROD activities in liver of fish exposed to Benzo[a]pyrene. Environmental Pollution,104,235-247.
Babu, M.S., Gopal, N.V., Reddy, K.P.,2007. Post natal antioxidant enzyme activity of rat brain regions during developmental lead exposure. Journal of Environmental Biology,28,21-27.
Bando,I., Reus, M.I.S., Andres, D., Cascales, M.,2005. Endogenous antioxidant defence system in rat liver following mercury chloride oral intoxication. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology,19,154-161.
Becker, A., Soliman, K.F.A.,2009. The role of intracellular glutathione in inorganic mercury-induced toxicity in neuroblastoma cells. Neurochemical Research,34,1677-1684.
Behymer, T.D., Hites, R.A.,1988. Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on the fly-ash. Environmental Science & Technology,22,1311-1319.
Bejarano, A.C., Michel, J.,2010. Large-scale risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in shoreline sediments from Saudi Arabia:environmental legacy after twelve years of the Gulf war oil spill. Environmental Pollution,158,1561-1569.
Betts, K.2004. PBDEs and the environmental intervention time lag. Environmental Science& Technology,386.
Beyersmann, D., Hartwig, A.,2008. Carcinogenic metal compounds:recent insight into molecular and cellular mechanisms. Archives of Toxicology,82,493-512.
Binelli, A., Galassi, S. Provini, A.2001. Factors affecting the use of Dreissena polymorpha as a bioindicator:The PCB pollution in Lake Como (N. Italy). Water Air and Soil Pollution,125, 19-32.
Birnbaum, L.S. Staskal, D.F.2004. Brominated flame retardants:Cause for concern? Environmental Health Perspectives,112,9-17.
Bliss, C.I.,1939. The toxicity of poisons applied jointly. Annals of Applied Biology,26,585-615.
Bocio, A., Llobet, J.M., Domingo, J.L., Corbella, J., Teixido, A. Casas, C.2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs:Human exposure through the diet. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,51,3191-3195.
Bodin, N., Abarnou, A., Fraisse, D., Defour, S., Loizeau, V., Le Guellec, A.M. Philippon, X.2007. PCB, PCDD/F and PBDE levels and profiles in crustaceans from the coastal waters of Brittany and Normandy (France). Marine Pollution Bulletin,54,657-668.
Bojes, H.K., Pope, P.G.,2007. Characterization of EPA's 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tank bottom solids and associated contaminated soils at oil exploration and production sites in Texas. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,47, 288-295.
Bokara, K.K., Brown, E., McCormick, R., Yallapragada, P.R., Rajanna, S., Bettaiya, R.,2008. Lead-induced increase in antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products in developing rat brain, Dallas, TX,9-16.
Booij, K., Zegers, B.N. Boon, J.P.2002. Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants along the Dutch coast as derived from their accumulation in SPMDs and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Chemosphere,46,683-688.
Boon, J.P., Lewis, W.E., Tjoen-A-Choy, M.R., Allchin, C.R., Law, R.J., de Boer, J., ten Hallers-Tjabbes, C.C. Zegers, B.N.2002. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in animals representing different trophic levels of the North Sea food web. Environmental Science & Technology,36,4025-4032.
Bozcaarmutlu, A., Arinc, E.,2006. Effect of mercury, cadmium, nickel, chromium and zinc on kinetic properties of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase purified from leaping mullet(Liza saliens),31st Congress of the Federation-of-European-Biochemical-Societies (FEBS), Istanbul, Turkey,408-416.
Bradford, M.M.,1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. AnBio 72,248-254.
Bragigand, V., Amiard-Triquet, C., Parlier, E., Boury, P., Marchand, P. El Hourch, M.2006. Influence of biological and ecological factors on the bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic food webs from French estuaries. Science of The Total Environment,368,615-626.
Broeg, K., Lehtonen, K.K.,2006. Indices for the assessment of environmental pollution of the Baltic Sea coasts:integrated assessment of a multi-biomarker approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin,53,508-522.
Bruschweiler, B.J., Wurgler, F.E., Fent, K.,1996. Inhibitory effects of heavy metals on cytochrome P4501A induction in permanent fish hepatoma cells. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,31,475-482.
BSEF.2008. Legislation-regulatory Overview in the EU. Available:http://www.bsef.com/ regulation/regulator_ov_eu/[accessed 22 March 2008].
Budzinski, H., Jones, I., Bellocq, J., Pierard, C, Garrigues, P.,1997. Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estuary. Marine Chemistry,58,85-97.
Burreau, S., Zebuhr, Y., Broman, D. Ishaq, R.2004. Biomagnification of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) studied in pike(Esox lucius), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach(Rutilus rutilus) from the Baltic Sea. Chemosphere,55, 1043-1052.
Burreau, S., Zebuhr, Y., Broman, D. Ishaq, R.2006. Biomagnification of PBDEs and PCBs in food webs from the Baltic Sea and the northern Atlantic ocean. Science of the Total Environment,366,659-672.
Casalino, E., Calzaretti, G., Sblano, C., Landriscina, C.,2002. Molecular inhibitory mechanisms of antioxidant enzymes in rat liver and kidney by cadmium. Toxicology,179,37-50.
Chandran, R., Sivakumar, A.A., Mohandass, S., Aruchami, M.,2005. Effect of cadmium and zinc on antioxidant enzyme activity in the gastropod, Achatina fulica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology & Pharmacology,140,422-426.
Chen, L.G., Mai, B.X., Bi, X.H., Chen, S.J., Wang, X.M., Ran, Y., Luo, X.J., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M. Zeng, E.Y.2006a. Concentration levels, compositional profiles, and gas-particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of an urban city in South China. Environmental Science & Technology,40,1190-1196.
Chen, S.J., Gao, X.J., Mai, B.X., Chen, Z.M., Luo, X.J., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M. Zeng, E.Y.2006b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Delta:Levels, distribution and potential hydrodynamic influence. Environmental Pollution,144,951-957.
Cheung, C.C., Siu, W.H., Richardson, B.J., De Luca-Abbott, S.B., Lam, P.K.,2004. Antioxidant responses to benzo[a]pyrene and Aroclor 1254 exposure in the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis. Environmental Pollution,128,393-403.
Christensen, J.H. Platz, J.2001. Screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blue mussels, marine and freshwater sediments in Denmark. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,3, 543-547.
Colby, H.D., Zulkoski, J.S., Johnson, P.B., Pope, M.R., Miles, P.R.,1984. Sites of action of cadmium in vitro on hepatic, adrenal, and pulmonary microsomal monooxygenases in guinea pigs. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,73,110-118.
Covaci, A., Van de Vijver, K., DeCoen, W., Das, K., Bouquegneau, J.M., Blust, R. Schepens, P. 2002. Determination of organohalogenated contaminants in liver of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded on the Belgian North Sea coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin,44,
1157-1165.
Damiens, G., Gnassia-Barelli, M., Loques, F., Romeo, M., Salbert, V.,2007. Integrated biomarker response index as a useful tool for environmental assessment evaluated using transplanted mussels. Chemosphere,66,574-583.
Darnerud, P.O., Eriksen, G.S., Johannesson, T., Larsen, P.B. Viluksela, M.2001. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers:Occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology. Environmental Health Perspectives,109,49-68.
de Boer, J., van der Zande, T.E., Pieters, H., Ariese, F., Schipper, C.A., van Brummelen, T. Vethaak, A.D.2001. Organic contaminants and trace metals in flounder liver and sediment from the Amsterdam and Rotterdam harbours and off the Dutch coast. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,3,386-393.
de Wit, C.A.2002. An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere, 46,583-624.
de Wit, C.A., Alaee, M. Muir, D.C.G.2006. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the Arctic. Chemosphere,64,209-233.
Dodder, N.G., Strandberg, B. Hites, R.A.2002. Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and several organochlorine compounds in fishes from the northeastern United States. Environmental Science & Technology,36,146-151.
Domingo, J.L.2004. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers through the diet. Journal of Chromatography A,1054,321-326.
Downs, C.A., Shigenaka, G., Fauth, J.E., Robinson, C.E., Huang, A.,2002. Cellular physiological assessment of bivalves after chronic exposure to spilled Exxon Valdez crude oil using a novel molecular diagnostic biotechnology. Environmental Science & Technology,36,2987-2993.
Drazkiewicz, M., Skorzynska-Polit, E., Krupa, Z.,2007. The redox state and activity of superoxide dismutase classes in Arabidopsis thaliana under cadmium or copper stress. Chemosphere,67,188-193.
Elbekai, R.H., El-Kadi, A.O.S.,2004. Modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated gene expression by arsenite, cadmium, and chromium. Toxicology,202,249-269.
Elbekai, R.H., El-Kadi, A.O.S.,2005. The role of oxidative stress in the modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated genes by As3+, Cd2+, and Cr6+. Free Radical Biology & Medicine,39,1499-1511.
Elbekai, R.H., El-Kadi, A.O.S.,2007. Transcriptional activation and posttranscriptional modification of Cyplal by arsenite, cadmium, and chromium. Toxicology Letter,172, 106-119.
Eljarrat, E., De La Cal, A., Larrazabal, D., Fabrellas, B., Fernandez-Alba, A.R., Borrull, F., Marce, R.M. Barcelo, D.2005. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenylethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in coastal sediments from Spain. Environmental Pollution,136,493-501.
Eljarrat, E., Labandeira, A., Marsh, G., Raldua, D. Barcelo, D.2007. Decabrominated diphenyl ether in river fish and sediment samples collected downstream an industrial park. Chemosphere,69,1278-1286.
Fangstrom, B., Hovander, L., Bignert, A., Athanassiadis,I., Linderholm, L., Grandjean, P., Weihe, P. Bergmant, A.2005. Concentrations of polyhrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorobiphenylols in serum from pregnant faroese women and their children 7 years later. Environmental Science & Technology,39,9457-9463.
Feng, T., Zheng, W., Hong, W., Peng, G.,2001. Effect of benzo(a)pyrene on antioxidant enzyme activities in Boleophthalmus pectinirostris liver. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao,12, 422-424.
Ferreira-Cravo, M., Ventura-Lima, J., Sandrini, J.Z., Amado, L.L., Geracitano, L.A., Rebelo, M., Bianchini, A., Monserrat, J.M.,2009. Antioxidant responses in different body regions of the polychaeta Laeonereis acuta (Nereididae) exposed to copper. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,72,388-393.
Formigari, A., Irato, P., Santon, A.,2007. Zinc, antioxidant systems and metallothionein in metal mediated-apoptosis:Biochemical and cytochemical aspects. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology & Pharmacology,146,443-459.
Fraser, M.P., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T., Rasmussen, R.A.,1998. Air quality model evaluation data for organics.5. C6-C22 nonpolar and semipolar aromatic compounds. Environmental
Science & Technology,32,1760-1770.
Gagnon, R.M., Holdway, D.A.,2000. EROD induction and biliary metabolite excretion following exposure to the water accommodated fraction of crude oil and to chemically dispersed crude oil. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,38,1-10.
Gallego. E., Grimalt, J.O., Bartrons, M., Lopez, J.F., Camarero, L., Catalan, J., Stuchlik, E. Battarbee, R.2007. Altitudinal gradients of PBDEs and PCBs in fish from European high mountain lakes. Environmental Science & Technology,41,2196-2202.
Gao, D., Luo, Y., Guevara, D., Wang, Y., Rui, M., Goldwyn, B., Lu, Y., Smith, E.C.A., Lebwohl, M., Wei, H.,2005. Benzo[a]pyrene and its metabolites combined with ultraviolet A synergistically induce 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine via reactive oxygen species. Free Radical Biology and Medicine,39,1177-1183.
George, S.G.,1989. Cadmium effects on plaice liver xenobiotic and metal detoxication systems-dose-response. Aquatic Toxicology,15,303-310.
Geracitano, L., Monserrat, J.M., Bianchini, A.,2002. Physiological and antioxidant enzyme responses to acute and chronic exposure of Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae) to copper. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 277,145-156.
Gevao, B., Beg, M.U., Al-Ghadban, A.N., Al-Omair, A., Helaleh, M. Zafar, J.2006. Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in coastal marine sediments receiving industrial and municipal effluents in Kuwait. Chemosphere,62,1078-1086.
Gevao, B., Harner, T. Jones, K.C.2000. Sedimentary record of polychlorinated naphthalene concentrations and deposition fluxes in a Dated Lake Core.34:33-38.
Ghosh, U., Gillette, J.S., Luthy, R.G., Zare, R.N.,2000. Microscale Location, Characterization, and Association of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Harbor Sediment Particles. Environmental Science & Technology,34,1729-1736.
Gogou, A., Stratigakis, N., Kanakidou, M., Stephanou, E.G.,1996. Organic aerosols in Eastern Mediterranean:components source reconciliation by using molecular markers and atmospheric back trajectories. Organic Geochemistry,25,79-96.
Gschwend, P.M., Hites, R.A.,1981. Fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to marine and lacustrine sediments in the northeastern United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45,2359-2367.
Guan, Y.F., Sojinu, O.S.S., Li, S.,M., Zeng, E.Y.2009. Fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment of the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Environmental Pollution, 157:2166-2172.
Guo, J.Y., Liao, H.Q., Han, M., Li, W., Zhang, R.Y., Wang, J., Wu, F.C.,2010. Temporal distribution, sources, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment core from Miyun reservoir. Huan Jing Ke Xue,31,626-631.
Guo, L., Qiu, Y., Zhang, G., Zheng, G.J., Lam, P.K.S. Li, X.2008. Levels and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fishes from the Pearl River estuary and Daya Bay, South China. Environmental Pollution,152, 604-611.
Gurer, H., Ercal, N.,2000. Can antioxidants be beneficial in the treatment of lead poisoning? Free Radical Biology and Medicine,29,927-945.
Hakk, H. Letcher, R.J.2003. Metabolism in the toxicokinetics and fate of brominated flame retardants-a review. Environment International,29,801-828.
Hale, R.C., Alaee, M., Manchester-Neesvig, J.B., Stapleton, H.M. Ikonomou, M.G.2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment. Environment International,29,771-779.
Hamza-Chaffai, A., Amiard, J.C., Pellerin, J., Joux, L., Berthet, B.,2000. The potential use of metallothionein in the clam Ruditapes decussatus as a biomarker of in situ metal exposure. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology,127,185-197.
Hansen, B.H., Romma, S., Garmo, O.A., Pedersen, S.A., Olsvik, P.A., Andersen, R.A.,2007. Induction and activity of oxidative stress-related proteins during waterborne Cd/Zn-exposure in brown trout (Salmo trutta). Chemosphere,67,2241-2249.
Heath, E., Scancar, J., Zuliani, T., Milacic, R.,2010. A complex investigation of the extent of pollution in sediments of the Sava River:part 2:persistent organic pollutants. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,163,277-293.
Henczova, M., Deer, A.K., Komlosi, V., Mink, J.,2006. Detection of toxic effects of Cd2+on different fish species via liver cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activities and FTIR spectroscopy. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,385,652-659.
Hites, R.A.2004. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people:A meta-analysis of concentrations. Environmental Science & Technology,38,945-956.
Hui, Y.M., Zheng, M.H., Liu, Z.T., Gao, L.R.,2009b. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences,1625-1631.
Hussain, T., Shukla, G.S., Chandra, S.V.,1987. Effects of cadmium on superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney of growing rats:in vivo and in vitro studies. Pharmacology & Toxicology,60,355-358.
Jacob, C., Courbot, M., Brun, A., Steinman, H.M., Jacquot, J.P., Botton, B., Chalot, M.,2001. Molecular cloning, characterization and regulation by cadmium of a superoxide dismutase from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. European Journal of Biochemistry,268, 3223-3232.
Jacobs, J.M., Nichols, C.E., Andrew, A.S., Marek, D.E., Wood, S.G., Sinclair, P.R., Wrighton, S.A., Kostrubsky, V.E., Sinclair, J.F.,1999. Effect of arsenite on induction of CYP1A, CYP2B, and CYP3A in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,157,51-59.
Jadhav, S.H., Sarkar, S.N., Aggarwal, M., Tripathi, H.C.,2007. Induction of oxidative stress in erythrocytes of male rats subchronically exposed to a mixture of eight metals found as groundwater contaminants in different parts of India. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52,145-151.
Jaward, F.M., Farrar, N.J., Harner, T., Sweetman, A.J. Jones, K.C.2004. Passive air sampling of PCBs, PBDEs, and organochlorine pesticides across Europe. Environmental Science & Technology,38,34-41.
Jemai, H., Messaoudi, I., Chaouch, A., Kerkeni, A.,2007. Protective effect of zinc supplementation on blood antioxidant defense system in rats exposed to cadmium. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,21,269-273.
Jiang, G.B., Zheng, H.L., Huang, G.Q., Ding, H., Li, X.G., Suo, H.T., Li, R.,2007. Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences,19,1-10.
Jing, G., Li, Y., Xie, L., Zhang, R.,2007. Different effects of Pb2-and Cu2+ on immune and antioxidant enzyme activities in the mantle of Pinctada fucata. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,24,122-128.
Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Addink, R. Adams, D.H.2005a. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environmental Science & Technology,39,8243-8250.
Johnson-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Rapaport, D.P. Rodan, B.D.2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue from New York. Environmental Science & Technology,39,5177-5182.
Kennedy, S.W., Jones, S.P.,1994. Simultaneous measurement of cytochrome P4501A catalytic activity and total protein concentration with a fluorescence plate reader, analytical biochemistry,222,217-223.
Keum, Y.S. Li, Q.X.2005. Reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by zerovalent iron. Environmental Science & Technology,39,2280-2286.
Kirby, M.F., Matthiessen, P., Neall, P., Tylor, T., Allchin, C.R., Kelly, C.A., Maxwell, D.L., Thain, J.E.,1999. Hepatic EROD Activity in Flounder (Platichthys flesus) as an Indicator of Contaminant Exposure in English Estuaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin,38,676-686.
Kodavanti, P.R.S., Ward, T.R., Ludewig, G., Robertson, L.W. Birnbaum, L.S.2005. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Effects in Rat Neuronal Cultures:14C-PBDE Accumulation, Biological Effects, and Structure-Activity Relationships. Toxicological Science,88:181-192.
Kono, Y., Fridovich, I.,1982. Superoxide radical inhibits catalase. The Journal of Biological, Chemisitry 257,5751-5754.
Korashy, H.M., El-Kadi, A.O.S.,2004. Differential effects of mercury, lead and copper on the constitutive and inducible expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-regulated genes in cultured hepatoma Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Toxicology,201,153-172.
Korashy, H.M., El-Kadi, A.O.S.,2005. Regulatory mechanisms modulating the expression of cytochrome P4501A1 gene by heavy metals. Toxicological Science,88,39-51.
La Guardia, M.J., Hale, R.C. Harvey, E.2006. Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa-, and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures. Environmental Science & Technology,40,6247-6254.
Lacorte, S., Guillamon, M., Martinez, E., Viana, P. Barcelo, D.2003. Occurrence and specific congener profile of 40 polybrominated diphenyl ethers in river and coastal sediments from Portugal. Environmental Science & Technology,37,892-898.
Law, R.J., Alaee, M., Allchin, C.R., Boon, J.P., Lebeuf, M., Lepom, P. Stern, G.A.2003. Levels and trends of polybrominated diphenylethers and other brominated flame retardants in wildlife. Environment International,29,757-770.
Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J. de Wit, C.A.2006. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere,64,187-208.
Letelier, M.E., Lepe, A.M., Faudez, M., Salazar, J., Mari, R., Aracena, P., Speisky, H.,2005. Possible mechanisms underlying copper-induced damage in biological membranes leading to cellular toxicity. Chemico-Biological Interactions,151,71-82.
Li, X.B., Hou, X.L., Mao, Q., Zhao, Y.L., Cheng, Y.X., Wang, Q.,2009. Toxic effects of copper on antioxidative and metabolic enzymes of the marine gastropod, onchidium struma. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,56,776-784.
Lin, S., Hsieh, I.-J., Huang, K.-M., Wang, C.-H.,2002. Influence of the Yangtze River and grain size on the saptial variations of heavy metals and organic carbon in the East China Sea continental shelf sediments. Chemical Geology,182,377-394.
Liu, Y., Zheng, G.J., Yu, H., Martin, M., Richardson, B.J., Lam, M.H.W. Lam, P.K.S.2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments and mussel tissues from Hong Kong marine waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin,50,1173-1184.
Long, E.R., Macdonald, D.D., Smith, S.L., Calder, F.D.,1995. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Management,19,81-97.
Longnecker, M.A., Bellinger, D.C., Crews, D., Eskenazi, B., Silbergeld, E.K., Woodruff, T.J. Susser, E.S.2003. An approach to assessment of endocrine disruption in the National Children's Study. Environmental Health Perspectives,111,1691-1697.
Lowe, G.M., Hulley, C.E., Rhodes, E.S., Young, A.J., Bilton, R.F.,1998. Free radical stimulation of tyrosine kinase and phosphatase activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,245,17-22.
Lu, A.Y.H.,1976. liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme-system-functional components and their properties. Federation proceedings,35,2460-2463.
Mai, B.X., Chen, S.J., Luo, X.J., Chen, L.G., Yang, Q.S., Sheng, G.Y., Peng, P.G., Fu, J.M. Zeng, E.Y.2005. Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Pearl River Delta and adjacent South China Sea. Environmental Science & Technology,39,3521-3527.
Maier, A., Dalton, T.P., Puga, A.,2000. Disruption of dioxin-inducible phase Ⅰ and phase Ⅱ gene expression patterns by cadmium, chromium, and arsenic. molecular carcinogenesis 28, 225-235.
Martin, M., Lam, P.K.S. Richardson, B.J.2004. An Asian quandary:where have all of the PBDEs gone? Marine Pollution Bulletin,49,375-382.
Martinez-Alvarez, R.M., Morales, A.E., Sanz, A.,2005. Antioxidant defenses in fish:Biotic and abiotic factors. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,15,75-88.
Massoud, A.H.S., Ehsan, M.H.,2002. Heavy metals in the Rosetta estuary of the Nile and the adjoining Mediterranean waters:evidence of removal of dissolved heavy metals from waters as a result of possible binding to suspended matter. Hydrobiologia,469,131-147.
McCallum, G.P., Horton, J.E., Falkner, K.C., Bend, J.R.,1993. Microsomal cytochrome-P450 1A1 dependent monooxygenase activity in guinea-pig heart-induction, inhibition, and increased activity by addition of exogenous nadph cytochrome-P450 reductase. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology,71,151-156.
Meng, W., Qin, Y., Zheng, B., Zhang, L.,2008. Heavy metal pollution in Tianjin Bohai Bay, China. Journal of Environmental Science,20,814-819.
Minh, N.H., Isobe, T., Ueno, D., Matsumoto, K., Mine, M., Kajiwara, N., Takahashi, S. Tanabe, S. 2007. Spatial distribution and vertical profile of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecanes in sediment core from Tokyo Bay, Japan. Environmental Pollution,148,409-417.
Mitra, S., Bianchi, T.S., McKee, B.A., Sutula, M.,2002. black carbon from the mississippi river: quantities, sources, and potential implications for the global carbon cycle. Environmental Science & Technology,36,2296-2302.
Moon, H.B., Kannan, K., Choi, M. Choi, H.G.2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine sediments from industrialized bays of Korea. Marine Pollution Bulletin,54, 1402-1412.
Moon, H.B., Kannan, K., Lee, S.J. Choi, M.2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and bivalves from Korean coastal waters. Chemosphere,66,243-251.
Mueller, K.E., Mueller-Spitz, S.R., Henry, H.F., Vonderheide, A.P., Soman, R.S., Kinkle, B.K. Shann, J.R.2006. Fate of pentabrominated diphenyl ethers in soil:Abiotic sorption, plant uptake, and the impact of interspecific plant interactions. Environmental Science & Technology,40,6662-6667.
Nagaraj, M., Sunitha, S., Varalakshmi, P.,2000. Effect of lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpene, on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in rat kidney after chronic cadmium exposure. Journal of Applied Toxicology,20,413-417.
Ni, H.G.; Lu, F.H.; Luo, X.L.; Tian, H.Y.; Wang, J.Z.; Guan, Y.F., Chen, S. J. Luo, X.J., Zeng, E. Y.2008. Assessment of sampling designs to measure riverine fluxes from the Pearl River Delta, China to the South China Sea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 143:291-301.
Oros, D.R., Hoover, D., Rodigari, F., Crane, D. Sericano, J.2005. Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water, surface sediments, and bivalves from the San Francisco Estuary. Environmental Science & Technology,39,33-41.
Pan, J., Yang, Y.L., Xu, Q., Chen, D.Z. Xi, D.L.2007. PCBs, PCNs and PBDEs in sediments and mussels from Qingdao coastal sea in the frame of current circulations and influence of sewage sludge. Chemosphere,66,1971-1982.
Parascandola, M.J.2003. PBDEs in breast milk-Levels higher in United States than in Europe. Environmental Health Perspectives,111, A774-A775.
Patra, R.C., Swarup, D., Dwivedi, S.K.,2000. Antioxidant defense and lipid peroxide level in liver and kidneys of lead exposed rats. Asian-Australasian. Journal of Animal Sciences,13, 1433-1439.
Patrick, L.,2006. Lead toxicity part Ⅱ:The role of free radical damage and the use of antioxidants in the pathology and treatment of lead toxicity. Alternative Medicine Review,11,114-127.
Peng, B.R., Jin, D., Burroughs, R.,2009. Regional ocean governance in china:an appraisal of the clean bohai sea program. Coastal Management,37,70-93.
Peng, J.H., Huang, C.W., Weng, Y.M. Yak, H.K.2007. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish samples from rivers and estuaries in Taiwan. Chemosphere, 66,1990-1997.
Pereira, P., de Pablo, H., Subida, M.D., Vale, C., Pacheco, M.,2009. Biochemical responses of the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) in a eutrophic and metal-contaminated coastal system (Obidos lagoon, Portugal). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,72,1471-1480.
Phillips, D.J.H.1985. organochlorines and trace metals in green-lipped mussels Perna viridis from Hong Kong waters:a test of indicator ability. Marine Ecology-Progress Series,21,251-258.
Pozo, K., Harner, T., Wania, F., Muir, D.C.G., Jones, K.C. Barrie, L.A.2006. Toward a global network for persistent organic pollutants in air:Results from the GAPS study. Environmental Science & Technology,40,4867-4873.
Rahman, F., Langford, K.H., Scrimshaw, M.D. Lester, J.N.2001. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. The Science of The Total Environment,275,1-17.
Rayne, S., Ikonomou, M.G. Antcliffe, B.2003. Rapidly increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in the Columbia River system from 1992 to 2000. Environmental Science & Technology,37,2847-2854.
Renner, R.2000. What fate for brominated fire retardants. Environmental Science & Technology, 34,223A-226A.
Robinson, M., Jan, M., Dacia, C., Marte, B., Francis, E., Christo, B., Morten, S., Janneche, U.S.,
2006. Evaluation of the gill filament-based erod assay in african sharptooth catfish (clarias gariepinus) as a monitoring tool for waterborne pah-type contaminants. Ecotoxicology,15, 51-59.
Romeo. M., Bennani, N., Gnassia-Barelli, M., Lafaurie, M., Girard, J.P.,2000. Cadmium and copper display different responses towards oxidative stress in the kidney of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquatic Toxicology,48,185-194.
Salazar-Coria, L., Schifter, I., Gonzalez-Macias, C.,2010. Weighing the evidence of ecological risk from PAHs contamination in the estuarine environment of Salina Cruz Bay, M,xico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,162,387-406.
Santon, A., Irato, P., Medici, V., D'Inc, R., Albergoni, V., Sturniolo, G.C.,2003. Effect and possible role of Zn treatment in LEC rats, an animal model of Wilson's disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease 1637,91-97.
Schecter, A., Pavuk, M., Papke, O., Ryan, J.J., Birnbaum, L. Rosen, R.2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in US mothers'milk. Environmental Health Perspectives. 111, 1723-1729.
Schwarzbauer, J., Ricking, M., Franke, S. Francke, W.2001. Halogenated organic contaminants in sediments of the Havel and Spree rivers (Germany). Part 5 of organic compounds as contaminants of the Elbe river and its tributaries. Environmental Science & Technology,35, 4015-4025.
Shailaja, M.S., D'Silva, C.,2003. Evaluation of impact of PAH on a tropical fish, Oreochromis mossambicus using multiple biomarkers. Chemosphere,53,835-841.
Shen, G., Lu, Y., Zhou, Q., Hong, J.,2005. Interaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals on soil enzyme. Chemosphere,61,1175-1182.
Shenker, B.J., Pankoski, L., Zekavat, A., Shapiro, I.M.,2002. Mercury-induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes:Caspase activation is linked to redox status. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 4,379-389.
Shi, H., Sui, Y., Wang, X., Luo, Y., Ji, L.,2005. Hydroxyl radical production and oxidative damage induced by cadmium and naphthalene in liver of Carassius auratus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology & Pharmacology 140,115-121.
Sjodin, A., Patterson, D.G. Bergman, A.2001. Brominated flame retardants in serum from US blood donors. Environmental Science & Technology,35,3830-3833.
Sjodin, A., Patterson, D.G. Bergman, A.2003. A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants--particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environment International,29, 829-839.
Sk, U.H., Bhattacharya, S.,2006. Prevention of cadmium induced lipid peroxidation, depletion of some antioxidative enzymes and glutathione by a series of novel organoselenocyanates. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,22,298-308.
Snyder, M.J.,2000. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in aquatic invertebrates:recent advances and future directions. Aquatic Toxicology,48,529-547.
Solomon, G.M. Weiss, P.M.2002. Chemical contaminants in breast milk:Time trends and regional variability. Environmental Health Perspectives.110, A339-A347.
Song, W.L., Ford, J.C., Li, A., Mills, W.J., Buckley, D.R. Rockne, K.J.2004. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the great lakes.1. Lake superior. Environmental Science & Technology,38,3286-3293.
Song, W.L., Ford, J.C., Li, A., Sturchio, N.C., Rockne, K.J., Buckley, D.R. Mills, W.J.2005a. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the Great Lakes.3. Lakes Ontario and Erie. Environmental Science & Technology,39,5600-5605.
Song, W.L., Li, A., Ford, J.C., Sturchio, N.C., Rockne, K.J., Buckley, D.R. Mills, W.J.2005b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the great lakes.2. Lakes Michigan and Huron. Environmental Science & Technology,39,3474-3479.
Spink, D.C., Katz, B.H., Hussain, M.M., Spink, B.C., Wu, S.J., Liu, N., Pause, R., Kaminsky, L.S., 2002. Induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in T-47D human breast cancer cells by benzo[a]pyrene is diminished by arsen. Drug metablism and disposition,30,262-269.
Srinivasa Reddy, M., Basha, S., Joshi, H.V., Ramachandraiah, G.,2005. Seasonal distribution and contamination levels of total PHCs, PAHs and heavy metals in coastal waters of the Alang-Sosiya ship scrapping yard, Gulf of Cambay, India. Chemosphere,61,1587-1593.
Stapleton, H.M., Alaee, M., Letcher, R.J. Baker, J.E.2004. Debromination of the flame retardant
decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) following dietary exposure. Environmental Science & Technology,38,112-119.
Stapleton, H.M., Brazil, B., Holbrook, R.D., Mitchelmore, C.L., Benedict, R., Konstantinov, A. Potter, D.2006. In vivo and in vitro debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) by juvenile rainbow trout and common carp. Environmental Science & Technology,40, 4653-4658.
Strandberg, B., Dodder, N.G., Basu,I. Hites, R.A.2001. Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other organohalogen compounds in Great Lakes air. Environmental Science & Technology,35,1078-1083.
Streets, S.S., Henderson, S.A., Stoner, A.D., Carlson, D.L., Simcik, M.F. Swackhamer, D.L.2006. Partitioning and bioaccumulation of PBDEs and PCBs in Lake Michigan. Environmental Science & Technology,40,7263-7269.
Sun, Y., Yu, H., Zhang, J., Yin, Y., Shi, H., Wang, X.,2006. Bioaccumulation, depuration and oxidative stress in fish Carassius auratus under phenanthrene exposure. Chemosphere,63, 1319-1327.
Taysse, L., Chambras, C., Marionnet, D., Bosgiraud, C., Deschaux, P.,1998. Basal level and induction of cytochrome P450, EROD, UDPGT, and GST activities in carp(Cyprinus carpio) immune organs (spleen and head kidney). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,60,300-305.
Tchounwou, P.B., Ishaque, A.B., Schneider, J.,2001. Cytotoxicity and transcriptional activation of stress genes in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG(2)) exposed to cadmium chloride. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,222,21-28.
Tejeda-Vera, R., Lopez-Lopez, E., Sedeno-Diaz, J.E.,2007. Biomarkers and bioindicators of the health condition of Ameca splendens and Goodea atripinnis (Pisces:Goodeaidae) in the Ameca River, Mexico. Environment International,33,521-531.
Ter Schure, A.F.H., Larsson, P., Agrell, C. Boon, J.P.2004. Atmospheric transport of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls to the Baltic sea. Environmental Science & Technology,38,1282-1287.
Thomas, G.O., Wilkinson, M., Hodson, S. Jones, K.C.2006. Organohalogen chemicals in human blood from the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollution,141,30-41.
Thomas, J.P., Maiorino, M., Ursini, F., Girotti, A.W.,1990. Protective action of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione-peroxidase against membrane-damaging lipid-peroxidation insitu reduction of phospholipid and cholesterol hydroperoxides. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,265,454-461.
Thuy, H.T.T., Tobschall, H.J., An, P.V.,1999. Trace element distributions in aquatic sediments of Danang Hoian area, Bietam. Environmental Geology,39,733-740.
Tu, B.J., Wang, F., Wu, T.C., Effect of benzo[a]pyrene and lead either in separation or in combination on neuronal surbvival rate and nuclear DNA damage in vitro. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehbilitation,9,151-153.
Tuerk, K.J.S., Kucklick, J.R., Becker, P.R., Stapleton, H.M. Baker, J.E.2005. Persistent organic pollutants in two dolphin species with focus on toxaphene and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environmental Science & Technology,39,692-698.
Tullo, A.2003. Great Lakes to phase out flame retardants. Chemical & Engineering News,81, 13-13.
Vakharia, D.D., Liu, N., Pause, R., Fasco, M., Bessette, E., Zhang, Q.Y., Kaminsky, L.S.,2001. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon/metal mixtures:Effect on PAH induction of CYP1A1 in human HEPG2 cells. Drug Metab. Disposition,29,999-1006.
Valko, M., Rhodes, C.J., Moncol, J., Izakovic, M., Mazur, M.,2006. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chemical.-Biological. Interaction,160,1-40.
van den Hurk, P., Faisal, M., Roberts, M.H.,1999. Interaction of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus):Effects on acute mortality. Marine Environmental Research,46,525-528.
van der Oost, R., Beyer, J., Vermeulen, N.P.E.,2003. Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment:a review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,13, 57-149.
van Schanke, A., Holtz, F., van der Meer, J.P., Boon, J.P., Ariese, F., Stroomberg, G., van den Berg, M., Everaarts, J.M.,2001. Dose-and time-dependent formation of biliary benzo[a]pyrene metabolites in the marine flatfish dab(Limanda limanda). Environmental toxicological and chemistry,20,1641-1647.
Vanassche, F., Clijsters, H.,1990. Effects of metals on enzyme-activity plants. Plant Cell and Environment,13,195-206.
Vlahogianni, T.H., Valavanidis, A.,2007. Heavy-metal effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence enzymes in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Chemical Ecological,23, 361-371.
Voorspoels, S., Covaci, A. Schepens, P.2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine species from the Belgian North Sea and the Western Scheidt Estuary:Levels, profiles, and distribution. Environmental Science & Technology,37,4348-4357.
Voorspoels, S., Covaci, A., Lepom, P., Escutenaire, S. Schepens, P.2006. Remarkable findings concerning PBDEs in the terrestrial top-predator red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Environmental Science & Technology,40,2937-2943.
Vorkamp, K., Christensen, J.H. Riget, F.2004. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine compounds in biota from the marine environment of East Greenland. Science of the Total Environment,331,143-155.
Waisberg, M., Joseph, P., Hale, B., Beyersmann, D.,2003. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology,192,95-117.
Wang, C.R., Wang, X.R., Tian, Y., Yu, H.X., Gu, X.Y., Du, W.C., Zhou, H.,2008. Oxidative stress, defense response, and early biomarkers for lead-contaminated soil in Vicia faba seedlings. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,27,970-977.
Wang, Y., Jiang, G., Lam, P.K.S. Li, A..2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ether in the East Asian environment:A critical review. Environment International,33,963-973.
Wang, Z., Ma, X.D., Lin, Z.S., Na, G.S., Yao, Z.W.2009. Congener specific distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and mussel (Mytilus edulis) of the Bo Sea, China. Chemosphere,74:896-901.
Watanabe, I. Sakai, S.I.2003. Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants. Environment International,29,665-682.
Watanabe, K., Senthilkumar, K., Masunaga, S., Takasuga, T., Iseki, N. Morita, M.2004. Brominated organic contaminants in the liver and egg of the common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Japan. Environmental Science & Technology,38,4071-4077.
Whyte, J.J., Jung, R.E., Schmitt, C.J., Tillitt, D.E.,2000. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) Activity in Fish as a Biomarker of Chemical Exposure. Critical Reviews in Toxicology,30, 347-570.
Winston, G.W., Di Giulio, R.T.,1991. Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms. Aquatic Toxicology 19,137-161.
Wurl, O. Obbard, J.P.2005. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Singapore's coastal marine sediments. Chemosphere,58, 925-933.
Xiang, C.H., Luo, X.J., Chen, S.J., Yu, M., Mai, B.X. Zeng, E.Y.2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in biota and sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,26,616-623.
Xu, L., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Cheung, C.C., Lam, P.K.,2001. Biomarker studies on gold-lined sea bream (Rhabdosargus sarba) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. Water Science and Technology,43, 155-160.
Yalin, S., Comelekoglu, U., Bagis, S., Sahin, N.O., Ogenler, O., Hatungil, R.,2006. Acute effect of single-dose cadmium treatment on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in ovariectomized rats. Ecotoxicological Environmental Safety,65,140-144.
Yu, D.Y., Li, W.F., Deng, B., Mao, X.,2008. Effects of lead on hepatic antioxidant status and transcription of superoxide dismutase gene in pigs. Biological Trace Element Research,126, 121-128.
Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R.H., Goyette, D., Sylvestre, S.,2002. PAHs in the Fraser River basin:a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic Geochemistry,33,489-515.
Zegers, B.N., Lewis, W.E., Booij, K., Smittenberg, R.H., Boer, W., De Boer, J. Boon, J.P.2003. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in sediment cores from Western Europe. Environmental Science & Technology,37,3803-3807.
Zhang, P., Song, J., Liu, Z., Zheng, G., Zhang, N. He, Z.2007. PCBs and its coupling with eco-environments in Southern Yellow Sea surface sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin,54, 1105-1115.
Zhu, L.Y. Hites, R.A.2005. Brominated flame retardants in sediment cores from lakes Michigan and Erie. Environmental Science & Technology,39,3488-3494.
Zikic, R.V., Stajn, A., Saicic, Z.S., Spasic, M.B., Ziemnicki, K., Petrovic, V.M.,1996. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbic acid content in the liver of goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch.) exposed to cadmium. physiological research,45,479-481.
Zucchi, S., Corsi, I., Trisciani, A., Baroni, D., Focardi, S.,2008. Potential involvement of MDR1/ABCB1-like gene (P-glycoprotein) of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in the heavy metal response:Correlation with biotransformation phase Ⅱ enzymes (GST and UDPGT), lysosomal membrane stability and Cr levels. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology a-Molecular & Integrative Physiology,151, S29-S29.
蔡立哲,马丽,高阳,杨丽,2005.蒽、菲、芘、[艹屈]混合液对菲律宾蛤仔抗氧化酶活性的影响.海洋科学,29,47-52.
陈大健,2006.鲫鱼肝微粒体细胞色素P450酶系的初步研究[D].南京农业大学,1-85.
陈加杰,杨琛,卢锐泉,洪昭锐,2009.广州大学城珠江水域多环芳烃的污染特征.中国环境监测25,86-89.
陈加平,徐立红,吴振斌,张甬元,林群声,1999.苯并(a)芘致毒的鱼的分子生态毒理学指标研究.中国环境科学,19,417-420.
陈静生,周家义,1992.中国水环境重金属研究.中国环境科学出版社,1-230.
陈君慧,2006.苯并(a)芘对养殖黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus) CYP1A1基因表达及酶活性的诱导研究[D].厦门大学,1-62.
陈荣,刘辉,李东晓,陈颖,2006.水生动物谷胱甘肽硫转移酶研究进展.厦门大学学报,45,176-184.
陈沈良,周菊珍,古国传,2001.长江河口主要重金属元素的分布和迁移.广州环境科学,16,9-13.
陈细香,2007.重金属污染对可口革囊星虫的毒性效应[D].厦门大学,1-176.
陈振楼,许世远,柳林,余佳,俞立中,2000.上海滨岸潮滩沉积物重金属元素的空间分布与累积.地理学报,55,641-651.
程远梅,祝凌燕,田胜艳,梁贤伟,2009.海河及渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与来源.环境科学学报,29,2420-2426.
戴纪翠,宋金明,李学刚,袁华茂,郑国侠,李宁,2006.人类活动影响下的胶州湾近百年来环境演变的沉积记录.地质学报,80,1770-1778.
丁竹红,谢标,王晓蓉,2002.生物标志物及其在环境中的应用.农业环境保护,21,465-467.
段丽琴,宋金明,许思思,2009.海洋沉积物中的钒、钼、铊、镓及其环境指示意义.地质论评,55,420-427.
冯士榨,李凤歧,李少菁,1999.海洋科学导论.高等教育出版社.
冯涛,郏微云,郭祥群,林游宇,2001.苯并(a)芘对大弹涂鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响.台湾海峡,20,182-196.
何勇田,熊先哲,1994.复合污染研究进展.环境科学,15,79-84.
何志强,2008.重金属(铜、锌和汞)对中华倒刺鲃生物毒性效应[D].西南大学,1-43.
贺志鹏,2007.南黄海重金属的演变特征及控制因素[D].中国科学院海洋研究所,1-126.
贺志鹏,宋金明,张乃星,徐亚岩,郑国侠,张蓬,2008.南黄海表层海水重金属的变化特征及影响因素.环境科学,29,1193-1202.
洪有为,2008.典型多环芳烃在红树林湿地模拟系统中的迁移规律及毒性效应研究[D].厦门大学,1-150.
黄长江,胡晓蓉,董巧香,2006.苯并(a)芘对罗非鱼肝脏抗氧化防御系统的影响.汕头大学学报(自然科学版),21,51-56.
黄进,魏世强,2003.多环芳烃的环境效应及其生物标志物在环境风险评价中的应用.河南预防医学杂志,14,370-374.
黄向青,张顺枝,霍振海,2005.深圳大鹏湾、珠江口海水有害重金属分布特征.海洋湖沼通 报,38-44.
李康,周忠良,陈立侨,孟艳玲,吴鹰,1999.苯并(a)芘致毒的鱼的分子生态毒理学指标研究.中国环境科学,19,417-420.
李康,周忠良,陈立侨,孟艳玲,吴鹰,2006，苯并[a]芘对鲫鱼生物标志物的影响研究.环境科学研究,19,91-96.
李康,周忠良,王明山,殷浩文,2003.苯并(a)芘对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)肝脏抗氧化酶的影响.应用与环境生物学报,10,88-91.
李先国,张庆红,刘思敏,东野长旭,2009.多环芳烃的海洋环境行为及其代谢产物的研究进展.中国海洋大学学报,39,467-475.
李玉,2005.胶州湾主要重金属和有机污染物的分布及特征研究[D].中国科学院海洋研究所,1-125.
林秀梅,刘文新,陈江麟,许姗姗,陶澍,2005.渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与生态风险评价.环境科学学报,25,70-75.
刘睿智,2006.多环芳烃对褐菖鲉成体及其胚胎幼体毒性效应的初步研究[D].厦门大学,1-82.
刘宇红,于晓英,韩宁,2008.苯并[a]芘(BaP)的毒性作用与致毒机理研究现状.内蒙古农业大学学报,29,184-188.
刘志,2005.重金属离子对褐牙鲆毒性效应的研究[D].中国海洋大学,1-53
鲁言波,蔡明招,洪榕,李倩,2008.重金属复合污染在环境水质监测中的急性毒性效应研究.广东化工,35,112-114.
吕金妹,2008.崇明东滩沉积物腐殖酸与重金属生物地球化学研[D].华东师范大学,1-112.
罗孝俊,2004.珠江三角洲河流、河口和邻近南海海域水体、沉积物中多环芳烃与有机氯农药研究[D].中国科学院广州地化所,1-114.
马英军,万国江,1999.湖泊沉积物-水界面微量重金属扩散作用及其水质影响研究.环境科学20,7-11.
孟昭福,薛澄泽,张增强,唐新保,1999.土壤中重金属复合污染的表征.农业环境保护,18,87-91.
穆景利,王新红,林建清,林小龙,洪华生,2009.苯并[a]芘对黑鲷肝脏GST活性的影响及其与肝脏代谢酶和胆汁代谢产物之间的变化关系.生态毒理学报,4,516-523.
穆景利,王新红,王淑红,林建清,王克坚,洪华生,2009.苯并(a)芘影响黑鲷肝脏EROD活性变化的动力学研究.海洋科学,33,68-72.
聂继盛,刘慧君,张勤丽,牛侨,2007.苯并(a)芘对神经元的细胞活性和脂质过氧化的影响.山西医科大学学报,38,1060-1063.
欧冬妮,2007.长江口滨岸多环芳烃(PAHs)多相分布特征与源解析研究[D].华东师范大学,1-131.
潘小川,王黎华,1990.亚硒酸钠对大鼠肺脏中苯并(a)芘(BP)一些代谢酶活性的影响.北京医科大学学报,22,373-375.
齐凤霞,2004.渤海典型海岸带(天津海域)水质与底质重金属污染调查研究[D].北京化工大学,1-126.
丘耀文,颜文,王肇鼎,张干,2005.大亚湾海水、沉积物和生物体中重金属分布及其生态危害.热带海洋学报,24,69-76.
任加云,潘鲁青,苗晶晶,2006.苯并(a)芘和苯并(k)荧蒽混合物对栉孔扇贝毒理学指标的影响.环境科学学报,26,1180-1186.
阮金山,吴立峰,罗冬莲,许翠娅,2004.泉州大港湾海水、沉积物及水产生物体内重金属的含量分布.海洋通报,23,41-45.
沈国清,陆贻通,周培,2005.土壤环境中重金属和多环芳烃复合污染研究进展.上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),23,102-106.
宋金明,马红波,李学刚,袁华茂,李宁,2004.渤海南部海域沉积物中吸附态无机氮的地球化学特征.海洋与湖沼,35,215-322.
宋金明,徐亚岩,张英,李学刚,袁华茂,2006.中国海洋生物地球化学过程研究的最新进展.海洋科学,30,69-77.
孙竹筠,周忠良,李康,殷浩文,顾建华,2005.苯并(a)芘对鲫鱼肝脏EROD活性的影响.生态学杂志,24,1295-1298.
田蕴,郑天凌，王新红,2004.厦门西港表层海水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、组成及来源.环境科学学报,24,50-56.
万斌,2000.生物毒理学中生物标志物研究进展.国外医学卫生学分册27,110-114.
王爱勇,万瑞景,金显仕,2010.渤海莱州湾春季鱼卵、仔稚鱼生物多样性的年代际变化.渔业科学进展31,19-24.
王长友,2008.东海Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd重金属环境生态效应评价及环境容量估算研究[D].中国海洋大学,1-149.
王春光,2006.苯并(a)芘暴露对真鲷(Pagrus major)细胞DNA的损伤及肝脏P4501A1的毒性效应[D].厦门大学,1-63.
王俊,张义生,1993.化学污染物与生态效应.中国环境科学出版社北京,1-342.
王丽平,郑丙辉,孟伟,2007.环境污染物对水生生物产生氧化压力的分子生物标志物.生态学报,27,380-388.
王泰,张祖麟,黄俊,胡洪营,余刚,李发生,2007.海河与渤海湾水体中溶解态多氯联苯和有机氯农药污染状况调查.环境科学,28,730-735.
王晓宇,杨洪生,王清,2009.重金属污染胁迫对双壳贝类生态毒理效应研究进展.海洋科学,33，112-118.
王云,2007.苯并(a)芘、三丁基锡及混合物对褐菖鲉的毒性效应[D].厦门大学,1-103.
王震,2007.辽宁地区土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源及致癌风险[D].大连理工大学,1-129.
王重刚,郑微云,余群,赵扬,陈纪新,2002.苯并(a)芘和芘对梭鱼肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性的影响.海洋科学，26，35-38.
魏俊飞,吴家强,焦文娟,2008.多环芳烃的毒性及其治理技术研究.污染防治技术,21,65—70.
文一,2008.有机磷农药的联合毒性及其毒理学机理研究[D].中国农业科学院,1-113.
吴瑜瑞,曾继业,1983.河口、港湾和近岸海域重金属的污染程度与背景值.海洋环境科学,4-12.
徐永江,柳学周，马爱军，2004.重金属对鱼类毒性效应及分子机理的研究概况.海洋科学,28，67-70.
杨丽华,2003.重金属(镉、铜、锌和铬)对鲫鱼的生物毒性研究[D].华南师范大学,1-63.
杨青,罗素，刘学泽,詹承烈,1996.青石棉加苯并(a)芘气管染尘大鼠肺组织中SOD和LPO变化的研究.华西医大学报,27,266-269.
英姿,陈锋,2006.铅诱导细胞凋亡的作用机制研究进展.南华大学学报,34,667-679.
于涛,2003.南海海水中溶解态铜、铅、锌、镉环境背景值的初步研究.台湾海峡,22,329-333.
岳宏伟,2009.基于酶活性的海洋环境中多环芳烃-重金属复合污染的生物毒性效应研究[D].国家海洋局第三海洋研究所,1-72.
曾丽璇,陈桂珠,余日清,李耀初,杰卢,2003.水体重金属污染生物监测的研究进展.环境监测管理与技术,15,12-15.
张传永,刘庆,陈燕妮,2008.重金属对水生生物毒性作用研究进展.生命科学仪器,6，3-7.
张春玲,胡俊峰,王丕文,王桂亭,刘国庆,于素芳,韩惠芬,2004.苯并(a)芘对鲫鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力的影响.环境与健康杂志,21,325-326.
张蓬,2009,渤黄海沉积物中的多环芳烃和多氯联苯及其与生态环境的耦合解析[D].中国科学院海洋研究所,1-140.
张蓬,宋金明,刘志刚,2008,海洋沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的来源与微生物降解.海洋环境科学,27,91-96.
张首临,李泽林,1993.东海—图们江水中Zn,Cd,Pb,Cu的形式分析.海洋与湖沼,24,609-615.
张栩嘉,2008.Cu、Zn与硝基苯类化合物对发光菌的联合毒性研究[D].东北师范大学,1-49.
张远辉,杜俊民,2005.南海表层沉积物中主要污染物的环境背景值.海洋学报,27,161-166.
赵健,周怀东,陆瑾,王雨春,2009.河北王快水库沉积物多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价.湖泊科学,21,647-653.
赵云英,马永安,1998.天然环境中多环芳烃的迁移转化及其对生态环境的影响.海洋环境科学,17,68-72.
郑国侠,2007.南黄海浮游植物的固碳强度与污染物胁迫下海水碳源／汇格局的变化[D].中国科学院海洋研究所,1-139.
中国科学院海洋研究所海洋地质研究室,1985.渤海地质.科学出版社,北京,1-207.
周启星,1995.复合污染生态学.中国环境科学出版社,北京,1-443.
朱毅,胡小玲,1998.重金属对鱼类毒性效应研究进展.水产养殖,22-23.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |