产业生态网络模式研究
|
摘要
面对日益凸显的环境问题,以经济和环境协调发展为目标,以企业合作为途径的产业生态网络成为生态工业发展的主要载体。它突破了传统的副产品交换关系,在“绿色设计、清洁生产、污染预防、能源有效使用”等领域形成了丰富交互与合作,并成为工业体系中的“突变细胞”,对促进区域可持续发展起到举足轻重的作用。为此,本文回顾和归纳了产业生态网络的概念特征,以协同学为理论基点,从一体化与多元化的网络关系入手识别了产业生态网络的模式及其适用性,同时立足于产业生态网络模式,对产业生态网络的演化机理进行论述。在辨识产业生态网络实施效果的基础上,探究了产业生态网络模式与实施效果之间的对应关系,从而确定了产业生态网络形成的特征和形成机理。全文围绕产业生态网络模式、演化和实施效果以及形成四部分内容解析了产业生态网络形成、变化和发展的规律,为产业生态网络在实践中的发展提供政策建议和行动指南。
本文采用理论研究与实证研究、定性分析与定量分析相结合的研究方法,融合了协同学、网络组织理论、企业资源理论、核心能力理论、演化论等相关管理理论及思想,综合运用了回归分析、因子分析、方差分析、聚类分析、相关分析和案例分析的方法,对产业生态网络模式及形成等主要内容展开研究,主要包括：
第一,从网络合作特征出发识别产业生态网络模式,并分析不同产业生态网络模式与所在环境因素之间的适用关系。首先,从“一体化”与“多元化”的网络关系测量入手,提出产业生态网络模式识别的基本假设；其次,结合问卷调查和案例分析,验证了产业生态网络的基本模式；最后,基于共生理论提出并验证了共生环境和共生单元与产业生态网络模式间的适配关系。得出松散型、协同型、互动型和自主型构成了产业生态网络的四种基本模式,并与企业所有权性质、企业规模、行业等共生单元特征以及工业园区级别、性质等共生环境之间存在不同的适用关系。从而为处在不同共生环境下的企业选取适当的产业生态网络模式来参与合作提供决策支持。
第二,归纳并比较了基于“一体化”和“多元化”两种方式的演化途径,分析了我国产业生态网络的演化现状,论述并证实产业生态网络演化机理。首先,通过文献回顾,提出强化“一体化”关系,提高生态效率和发展“多元化”关系,降低环境治理的相对成本是产业生态网络演化的基本途径；其次,基于协同学理论和哈肯模型比较分析了我国产业生态网络演化的两种方式及现状,得到我国产业生态网络的发展仍处在早期的起步阶段,还不能够形成纵向、横向协调发展的机制。最后,结合统计分析数据得出一体化与多元化的协同发展是产业生态网络演化的基本模式。为后续产业生态网络形成研究提供理论依据。
第三,识别并分析了产业生态网络的实施效果,探究了产业生态网络对区域可持续发展的作用机理。首先,结合网络组织和可持续发展理论,提出产业生态网络作用区域可持续发展的理论研究框架；其次,通过因子分析归纳出产业生态网络的实施效果；第三,结合相关分析和案例研究,从功能效益和结构效益两个方面验证了产业生态网络对区域可持续发展的作用机理。研究表明结构开放性、价值增值、结构柔性和环境和谐是构成产业生态网络实施效果的四个主要因子,并提出“结构效益—功能效益—区域可持续发展”的框架模型用于阐释产业生态网络对于我国区域可持续发展的作用机理,从而为持续发挥产业生态网络的功能,有的放矢地解决区域环境问题提供指导,也为后续产业生态网络的形成提供了发展目标。
第四,在实证产业生态网络模式与结构效益关系的基础上,探究了产业生态网络的形成机理。首先,通过相关分析和方差分析得出一体化与多元化的协同发展能够显著提高产业生态网络结构效益,构成了产业生态网络形成的基本特征。其次,识别出直接经济利益、风险管理、技术因素、信任等内部环境因素以及环境保护、政策支持等外部环境因素影响产业生态网络一体化与多元化的发展并起到不同的影响作用。最后,通过山东鲁北企业集团的案例研究,分析鲁北工业共生网络的形成路径和形成机理。
本文的创新点包括：(1)首次将产业生态网络的概念引入我国产业生态化发展的路径选择之中,系统量化了产业生态网络一体化与多元化特征,进而提出并验证了产业生态网络的基本模式；(2)提出并识别了产业网络的结构效益并建立了产业生态网络作用于区域可持续发展的概念模型；(3)提出并阐述了基于协同发展的产业生态网络形成机理,并辨识了内外部环境因素对产业生态网络形成的影响差异。
With the increasingly prominent environmental issues, Eco-industrial networks (EIN) have become the main carrier in the development of eco-industry, to coordinate economic and environmental development by enterprises cooperation. It surpasses traditional by-product connection, and forms abundant interactions and cooperations in the fields of green design, cleaner production, pollution prevention, efficient use of energy, etc, which has played a decisive role in the development of regional sustainable development. Therefore, this article concludes the concepts and their characteristics of EIN, and identifies the pattern and their applicability starting from network relationships of integration and diversification, and then discusses EIN's evolvement mechanism. After distinguishing the implementation performance of EIN, it also explores the relationship between EIN's patterns and their corresponding performance, which confirms the forming principle and mechanism of EIN. The whole thesis making up of four parts with EIN's pattern, implementation performance, evolvement and formulation resolves the law of EIN's initiation, transformation and development, which provides a policy advices and action orientation in the practice of eco-industrial networks.
The paper applies theoretical and empirical analysis and qualitative and quantitative analysis referring to management theories and thoughts of synergy, network organization, enterprise resource, core competitive and evolving and with the methods of regression analysis, factor analysis, variance analysis, clustering analysis, correlation analysis and case study.
First, it identifies the pattern of eco-industrial networks considering the features of network cooperation and then analyzes the relationships between EIN pattern and environmental factors. Starting from measuring network connection in the points of integration and diversification, this paper sends out the basic assumptions, and then validates them by questionnaires and case study. At last, it advances the matching between EIN pattern and environments basing on symbiosis theory.
Second, it concludes two evolving ways and then makes comparison between them after which it analyzes the evolving status of eco-industrial networks in China, and approves the evolving mechanism of eco-industrial networks. This section begins with bringing forward the two evolving way arming at improving eco-efficiency and reducing relative cost in environmental administration. Then it concludes that it is still in the early stage for eco-industrial networks to develop in China, but synergic development with integration and diversification should be the basic path during the process.
Third, it recognizes the performance of eco-industrial networks and the effect mechanism from eco-industrial networks to regional sustainable development. Through providing a concept frame, functional and structural performances are extracted in explaining the effect mechanism.
Last but not the least, it explores the formulation mechanism of eco-industrial networks on the basis of the above research results. As the synergic development of integration and diversity would promote the performance of eco-industrial networks notably, the formulation of eco-industrial networks would consider this principle as a basic rule. And also, the functions between environmental factors during the development of eco-industrial networks are different. By the case study of Shando Lubei,Ltd. who develops eco-industrial networks, the paper concludes the formulation path and mechanism of eco-industrial networks.
The innovation of the research includes, (a) The concept of EIN is for the first time bringed into the analysis of eco-development path in China, which is basing on measuring the features of integration and diversification of EIN, and then the pattern of EIN is concluded;(b) The structural performance of EIN is indentifide and then the conceptual modol that EIN affecting regional sustainable development has been developed; (c) The formulation principal of synergic development within in the two feature of EIN is expatiate, and then the difference of inside and outside environmental factor worked on EIN's constuction are explored.
本文采用理论研究与实证研究、定性分析与定量分析相结合的研究方法,融合了协同学、网络组织理论、企业资源理论、核心能力理论、演化论等相关管理理论及思想,综合运用了回归分析、因子分析、方差分析、聚类分析、相关分析和案例分析的方法,对产业生态网络模式及形成等主要内容展开研究,主要包括：
第一,从网络合作特征出发识别产业生态网络模式,并分析不同产业生态网络模式与所在环境因素之间的适用关系。首先,从“一体化”与“多元化”的网络关系测量入手,提出产业生态网络模式识别的基本假设；其次,结合问卷调查和案例分析,验证了产业生态网络的基本模式；最后,基于共生理论提出并验证了共生环境和共生单元与产业生态网络模式间的适配关系。得出松散型、协同型、互动型和自主型构成了产业生态网络的四种基本模式,并与企业所有权性质、企业规模、行业等共生单元特征以及工业园区级别、性质等共生环境之间存在不同的适用关系。从而为处在不同共生环境下的企业选取适当的产业生态网络模式来参与合作提供决策支持。
第二,归纳并比较了基于“一体化”和“多元化”两种方式的演化途径,分析了我国产业生态网络的演化现状,论述并证实产业生态网络演化机理。首先,通过文献回顾,提出强化“一体化”关系,提高生态效率和发展“多元化”关系,降低环境治理的相对成本是产业生态网络演化的基本途径；其次,基于协同学理论和哈肯模型比较分析了我国产业生态网络演化的两种方式及现状,得到我国产业生态网络的发展仍处在早期的起步阶段,还不能够形成纵向、横向协调发展的机制。最后,结合统计分析数据得出一体化与多元化的协同发展是产业生态网络演化的基本模式。为后续产业生态网络形成研究提供理论依据。
第三,识别并分析了产业生态网络的实施效果,探究了产业生态网络对区域可持续发展的作用机理。首先,结合网络组织和可持续发展理论,提出产业生态网络作用区域可持续发展的理论研究框架；其次,通过因子分析归纳出产业生态网络的实施效果；第三,结合相关分析和案例研究,从功能效益和结构效益两个方面验证了产业生态网络对区域可持续发展的作用机理。研究表明结构开放性、价值增值、结构柔性和环境和谐是构成产业生态网络实施效果的四个主要因子,并提出“结构效益—功能效益—区域可持续发展”的框架模型用于阐释产业生态网络对于我国区域可持续发展的作用机理,从而为持续发挥产业生态网络的功能,有的放矢地解决区域环境问题提供指导,也为后续产业生态网络的形成提供了发展目标。
第四,在实证产业生态网络模式与结构效益关系的基础上,探究了产业生态网络的形成机理。首先,通过相关分析和方差分析得出一体化与多元化的协同发展能够显著提高产业生态网络结构效益,构成了产业生态网络形成的基本特征。其次,识别出直接经济利益、风险管理、技术因素、信任等内部环境因素以及环境保护、政策支持等外部环境因素影响产业生态网络一体化与多元化的发展并起到不同的影响作用。最后,通过山东鲁北企业集团的案例研究,分析鲁北工业共生网络的形成路径和形成机理。
本文的创新点包括：(1)首次将产业生态网络的概念引入我国产业生态化发展的路径选择之中,系统量化了产业生态网络一体化与多元化特征,进而提出并验证了产业生态网络的基本模式；(2)提出并识别了产业网络的结构效益并建立了产业生态网络作用于区域可持续发展的概念模型；(3)提出并阐述了基于协同发展的产业生态网络形成机理,并辨识了内外部环境因素对产业生态网络形成的影响差异。
With the increasingly prominent environmental issues, Eco-industrial networks (EIN) have become the main carrier in the development of eco-industry, to coordinate economic and environmental development by enterprises cooperation. It surpasses traditional by-product connection, and forms abundant interactions and cooperations in the fields of green design, cleaner production, pollution prevention, efficient use of energy, etc, which has played a decisive role in the development of regional sustainable development. Therefore, this article concludes the concepts and their characteristics of EIN, and identifies the pattern and their applicability starting from network relationships of integration and diversification, and then discusses EIN's evolvement mechanism. After distinguishing the implementation performance of EIN, it also explores the relationship between EIN's patterns and their corresponding performance, which confirms the forming principle and mechanism of EIN. The whole thesis making up of four parts with EIN's pattern, implementation performance, evolvement and formulation resolves the law of EIN's initiation, transformation and development, which provides a policy advices and action orientation in the practice of eco-industrial networks.
The paper applies theoretical and empirical analysis and qualitative and quantitative analysis referring to management theories and thoughts of synergy, network organization, enterprise resource, core competitive and evolving and with the methods of regression analysis, factor analysis, variance analysis, clustering analysis, correlation analysis and case study.
First, it identifies the pattern of eco-industrial networks considering the features of network cooperation and then analyzes the relationships between EIN pattern and environmental factors. Starting from measuring network connection in the points of integration and diversification, this paper sends out the basic assumptions, and then validates them by questionnaires and case study. At last, it advances the matching between EIN pattern and environments basing on symbiosis theory.
Second, it concludes two evolving ways and then makes comparison between them after which it analyzes the evolving status of eco-industrial networks in China, and approves the evolving mechanism of eco-industrial networks. This section begins with bringing forward the two evolving way arming at improving eco-efficiency and reducing relative cost in environmental administration. Then it concludes that it is still in the early stage for eco-industrial networks to develop in China, but synergic development with integration and diversification should be the basic path during the process.
Third, it recognizes the performance of eco-industrial networks and the effect mechanism from eco-industrial networks to regional sustainable development. Through providing a concept frame, functional and structural performances are extracted in explaining the effect mechanism.
Last but not the least, it explores the formulation mechanism of eco-industrial networks on the basis of the above research results. As the synergic development of integration and diversity would promote the performance of eco-industrial networks notably, the formulation of eco-industrial networks would consider this principle as a basic rule. And also, the functions between environmental factors during the development of eco-industrial networks are different. By the case study of Shando Lubei,Ltd. who develops eco-industrial networks, the paper concludes the formulation path and mechanism of eco-industrial networks.
The innovation of the research includes, (a) The concept of EIN is for the first time bringed into the analysis of eco-development path in China, which is basing on measuring the features of integration and diversification of EIN, and then the pattern of EIN is concluded;(b) The structural performance of EIN is indentifide and then the conceptual modol that EIN affecting regional sustainable development has been developed; (c) The formulation principal of synergic development within in the two feature of EIN is expatiate, and then the difference of inside and outside environmental factor worked on EIN's constuction are explored.
引文
[1]Alfred Posch. From'Industrial Symbiosis'to'Sustainability Network'[R]. The Environment and Sustainable Development in the New Central Europe:Austria and Its Neighbors, Spring.2002
[2]Fleig, Anja-Kathrin. Eco-Industrial Park as a strategy towards Industrial Ecology in developing and newly industrialized countries [R]. Report prepared for GTZ, Berlin. 2001:123-12
[3]Ed Cohen-Rosenthal and Thomas N. Mc Galliard. Designing Eco-industrial Parks:The United States Experience. United Nations Environment Programme, Industry and Enviroment, Vol.19, No.4,1996 Quarterly
[4]Murphy, D. F., Bendell, and J. Do-it-yourself or do-it-together:the implementation of sustainable timber purchasing policies by DIY retailers in the UK. In:Russell. (Ed.), Green Purchasing:Opportunities and Innovations. Greenleaf Publications, Sheffield (UK), pp:119-134
[5]Roberts, B. H. The application of industrial ecology principles and planning guidelines for the development of eco-industrial parks:an Australian case study. Journal of Cleaner Production.2004.12:997-1010
[6]Pellenbarg, P. H. Sustainable business sites in the Netherlands:a survey of policies and experience. Journal of Environment Planning and Management.2002.45 (1):59-84
[7]钟书华.工业生态学与生态工业园区.科技管理研究.2003(1)：58-60
[8]Chertow, Marian R. Industrial symbiosis:Literature and taxonomy. Annual Review of Energy and the Envionment.2000.25
[9]刘喜凤,罗宏,张征.21世纪的工业理念：生态工业[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2003(1)：51-55
[10]Chertow, M. R. The Eco-industrial Park Model Reconsidered [J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology.1999,2(3):8-10
[11]Cooke. P. Regional Innovation System:An Evolutionary Approach [M]. In Baraczyk H, Ciike P. and Heidenreich R (eds.) Regional Innovation Systems. London:University of London Press.1998
[12]Schwarz, E. K. Steininger. The Industrial Recycling-Network Enhancing Regional Development. Research Memorandum [J],1995, (4):96-100
[13]Ausubel, JesseH. The VirtualEcology of Industry [J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1997,1(1):1-11
[14]Wallner, H. P. Regional Embeddedness of Industrial Parks-Strategies for Sustainable Production Systems at the Regional Level. Journal of Cleaner Production [J].1997, 107-111.
[15]North, Giannini-Spohn. Strategies for Financing Eco-Industrial Parks. Commentary, 1999,32-33
[16]Cote P, Cohen-Rosenthal E. Designing eco-industrial parks:a synthesis of some experience [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production.1998, (6):181-188
[17]Cote P, Thereasa Smolenaars, Supporting pillars for industrial ecosystems [J], Journal of Cleaner Production.1997, (5):67-74
[18]Lowe, E. A.; J. L. Warren &.S. R. Moran. Discovering Industrial Ecology an executive briefing and sourcebook [M]. U. S:Battelle Press.1997
[19]A. J. D. Lambert, F.A.Boons. Eco-industrial parks:Stimulating Sustainable Development in Mixed Industrial Parks [J]. Technovation,2002, (22):471-484
[20]胡山鹰,李有润等,生态工业系统集成方法及应用[J],环境保护.2003,1
[21]Mary Schlarb, Eco-industrial development:a strategy for building sustainable communities[R].2001
[22]苗东升.系统科学原理[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,1990：517-566
[23]朱庆华,曲英,武春友.基于统计分析的绩效评价方法研究[J].基于统计分析的绩效评价方法.2006.9(5)：765-770
[24]宋金波.实施先进制造技术中的组织变革[M].大连理工大学出版社,2007：17-20
[25]Churchil G A. Aparadigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs. Journal of Marketing Research,1979,16(1):64-73
[26]Gaski J F. Interrelations among a channel entity's power sources:impact of the exercise of reward and coercion on expert, referent and legitimate power sources. Journal of Marketing Research.1986,8:62-77
[27]Ayres, R. U. On the life cycle metaphor:where ecology and economics diverge [J]. Ecological Economics.2004(48):425-438
[28]Daly, H. Reply to Solow/Stiglitz [J]. Ecological Economics.1997 (22):271-274
[29]Ring, I. Evolutionary strategies in environmental policy[J]. Ecological Economics, 1997.23:237-250
[30]Templet, P.H. Energy, diversity and development in economic systems; an empirical analysis [J]. Ecological Economics 1999.30:223-233.
[31]陈艺文.战略联盟的文化差异与文化融合探析[J].广东工业大学学报(社会科学版),2002,2(12)：27-30
[32]贾若祥,刘毅,侯晓丽.企业合作模式及其对区域经济发展的影响——以江苏省通州市企业为例[J].地理研究,2004,24(7)：641-651
[33]杜传忠.产业组织演进中的企业合作—兼论新经济条件下的产业组织合作范式[J].中国工业经济,2004(6)：14-21
[34]Raffaella Cagliano, Vittorio Chiesa, Raffaella Manzini. Differences and similarities in managing technological collaborations in research, development and manufacturing: a case study [J]. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,2000,17(6):193-224
[35]陶青,仲伟俊.合作伙伴关系中合作程度对其收益的影响研究[J].管理工程学报,2002,16(1)：35-37
[36]Minsoo Kim, Dongsoo Kim, Yong GU Ji, A Modeling Framework of Business Transactions for Enterprise Integration [J]. Lecture Notes in computer Science,2005, (5):1249-1258
[37]万筱宁,孙新宇,孙林岩.供应链中的信息共享与合作[J].工业工程与管理,2003(1)：30-33
[38]Jiang Wen, Shinichi Kobayashi. Exploring collaborative R&D network:some new evidence in Japan [J]. Research Policy,2001,30(10):1309-1319
[39]Ivan Chompalov, Joel Genuth, Wesley Shrum. The organization of scientific collaborations [J]. Research Policy,2002,31(6):749-767
[40]卢福财,胡平波.网络组织成员合作的声誉模型分析[J].中国工业经济,2005(2)：73-79
[41]Yoshino, Michael Y. and U. S. Rangan. Strategic Alliances:An Entrepreneurial Approach to Globalizatio [M]. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.1995
[42]Geoffrey, J. L. F. Hagelaar, Jack G. A. J. VAN DER VORST, Environmental Supply Chain Management:using Life Cycle Assessment to structure supply chains [J]. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review,2001,4 (4):399-412.
[43]贾东浇,唐任仲,丁祥海.供应链合作伙伴的选择和评价[J].高技术通讯,2004(9)：76-80
[44]樊耘,余宝琦,杨照鹏.基于激励性与公平性特征的企业文化模式研究[J].科研管理,2007,28(1)：110-117.
[45]袁纯清.共生理论及其对小型经济的应用研究(上)[J].改革,1998,2：101-105
[46]王兆华,尹建华.生态工业园中工业共生网络运作模式研究[J].中国软科学,2005,(2)：280-85
[47]王慧.资源外包网络模式大连理工大学硕士论文[D].2004,43-46
[48]郭翔,钟书华.基于循环链的生态工业园区模式[J].科技与管理,2005,30(2)：32-34
[49]李向东,阎洪,叶润强.建立绿色供应链中的协调关系[J].软科学,2001,15(4)：66-69
[50]Cooper, M. C.& L. M. Ell ram, Characteristics of SCM and the implications for purchasing and logistics strategy [J]. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 1993,4(2):13-24
[51]李守伟,钱省三.产业网络的复杂性研究与实证[J].科学学研究,2006,24(8)：529-533
[52]Cdte, Raymond P., E. Cohen-Rosenthal. Designing eco-industrial parks:a synthesis of some experiences [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,1998(6):181-188
[53]Raffaella Cagliano, Vittorio Chiesa, Raffaella Manzini. Differences and similarities in managing technological collaborations in research, development and manufacturing: a case study [J]. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,2000,17(6):193-224
[54]龚胜刚,彭华涛,吴桂萍.合作、不完备契约与准租[J].武汉理工大学学报,2002,14(12)：87-90
[55]Churchill, G. A. A Paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs [J]. Journal of Marketing Research,1979,16(2),64-73
[56]称毛林.城镇生态系统的因子分析[J].数理统计与管理,2002,21(1)：19-24
[57]马庆国.管理统计：数据获取、统计原理、SPSS工具于应用研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2002：315-334
[58]朱庆华,耿勇.企业绿色采购影响研究[J].中国管理科学,2004,12(6)：81-85.
[59]L. W. Baas, F. A. Boons, An Industrial Ecology Project in Practice:Exploring the Boundaries of Dccision-makingLevels in Regional Industrial Systems [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12:1073-1085
[60]Bernard Jamet能源服务公司(ESCO)在中东欧的投资[J].产业与环境,2001,3：31-33
[61]Kenneth M llersten, Peter Sandberg. Collaborative energy partnerships in relation to development of core business focus and competence:a study of Swedish pulp and paper companies and energy service companies [J]. Business strategy and the environment,2004, 13:78-95
[62]王震,杨凯.包装废弃物回收模式探讨[J]．上海环境科学,2001,20(1)：41-43
[63]Rikard Larsson, Int. Studies of Mgt.&org., M.E.Sharpe, Inc., vol.23, No.1,1993:60-115
[64]蒋峦,蓝海林,谢卫红.企业边界的渗透与模糊.中国软科学,2003,4：59-63
[65]Bjrn Stigson. Eco-efficiency:Creating more value with less impact. WBCSD,2000.5-36
[66]Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Eco-efficiency. OECD,1998. 7-11.
[67]European Environmental Agency. Making sustainability accountable:Eco-efficiency, resource productivity and innovation. http://glossary. cea. eu. int/.
[68]Peter Saling, Andreas Kicherer, and Brigitte Dittrich-Kramer, et al. Eco-efficiency Analysis by BASF:The Method. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2002, 7(4):1-15.
[69]International Finance Corporation. http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/ CleanerProduction
[70]United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Integrating Environmental and Financial Performance at the Enterprise level:A methodology for standardizing Eco-efficiency Indicators. United Nations Publication,2003.29-30
[71]Australian Government:Department of the Environment and Heritage. http://www. deh. gov. au/
[72]Industry Canada. Eco-efficiency:Good Business Sense.2002. http://strategis. Ic. gc. ca/epic/internet/inee-ee. nsf/
[73]Joost G Vogtlander, Arianne Bi jma, Han C Brezet. Communicating the eco-eff iciency of products and services by means of the eco-costs/value model. Journal of Cleaner Production,2002,10(1):57-67
[74]Evert Nieuwlaar, Geert Warringa, Corjan Brink, et al. Supply Curves for Eco-efficient Environmental Improvements Using Different Weighting Methods. Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005,9(4):85-96
[75]Hillary Ruth. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Environment:Business Imperatives. Sheffield:Greenleaf Publishing,2000.11-2
[76]Raymond C te, Aaron Booth, Bertha Louis. Eco-efficiency and SMEs in Nova Scotia, Canada [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2006,14(2-7):542-550
[77]Per Andersson, Susanne Sweet. Toward a fromework for ecological strategic change in business networks [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production.2002 (10):465-478
[78]Jouni Korhonen, Juha-Pekka Snakin. Analyzing the evolution of industrial ecosystems: concepts and application [J]. Ecological economics.2005. (52):169-186
[79]Dierickx I, Cool K. Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage. Management Science [J].1989,35:1504-1511
[80]Barney J B. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management [J].1991,17:99-120
[81]魏江.持续竞争优势：制度观、资源观与创新观.自然辩证法通论[J].1999,21(2)：39-45
[82]哈肯.协同学：自然成功的奥秘[M].上海：上海科学普及出版社,1988
[83]朱永大,张涛,李炳军.区域产业系统的演化机制和优化控制[J].管理科学学报.2001．6(3)：73-78
[84]Norton B, Costanza R, Bishop RC. The evolution of preferences-why'sovereign' preferences may not lead to sustainable policies and what to do about it. Ecol Econ [J].1997,24:193-211
[85]Kauppi PE, Mielika" inen K, Kuusela K. Biomass and the carbon budget of the European forests. Science 1992,256:70-4
[86]Korhonen J, Wihersaari M, Savolainen I. Industrial ecology of the Finnish forest industry. Unpublished manuscript.
[87]Chertow M. Eco-industrial park model reconsidered. Ind Ecol[J].1998; 2(3):8-10.
[88]Korhonen J, Wihersaari M, Savolainen I. Industrial ecology of a regional energy supply system-a case of Jyva "skyla" region. J Greener Mgmt Int[J].1999.26:57-67.
[89]Wallner HP. Towards sustainable development of industry:networking, complexity and eco-clusters. J Cleaner rod [J].1999.7(1):49-58.
[90]Igor Ansoff. Corporate Strategy, an Analytic Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion [M]. New York:Mcgraw Hill,1965
[91]安德鲁·坎贝尔等.战略协同[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000
[92]蒂姆·欣德尔.管理思想[M].北京：中信出版社,2004
[93]Mark L. Sirower. The Synergy Trap [M]. The Free Press, New York,1997.
[94]迈克尔·波特.竞争优势[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,1988
[95]S. Erkman. Industrial ecology:an historical view. J. Cleaner Prod [J].1997.5 (1-2): 1-10
[96]Paul Opdam, Eveliene Steingr " over, Sabine van Rooij. Ecological networks:A spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes. Landscape and urban planning [J].2006. (75):322-332
[97]邱国栋,白景坤.价值生成分析：一个协同效应的理论框架[J].中国工业经济.2007(6)：88-95
[98]Hannan, Michael T. and John Freeman. Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Pres.1989
[99]Allenby, Braden and D. J. Richards (eds.). The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems[M]. Washington:National Academy Press.1994
[100]Frosch, D. Gallopoulos, N. Strategies for Manufacturing [J]. Scientific American.1989, (261):94-102
[101]Desrochers P. Market processes and the closing of industrial loops-a historical reappraisal. Journal of Industrial Ecology.2000,4(1):29-43
[102]Desrochers P. Cities and industrial symbiosis:some historical perspectives and policy implications. Journal of Industrial Ecology.2002,5(4):29-44
[103]Ehrenfeld J, Gertler N. Industrial ecology in practice:the evolution of interdependence at Kalundborg. Journal of Industrial Ecology 1997:1(1):67-79
[104]Korhonen J, Wihersaari M, Savolainen I. Industrial ecology of a regional energy supply system:the case of Jyva " skyla " region [J]. Finland. Greener Management International.1999, (26):57-67
[105]Boons FAA, Baas LW. Types of industrial ecology:the problem of coordination. Journal of Cleaner Production 1997; 5 (1-2):79-86.
[106]Schwarz EJ, Steininger KW. Implementing nature's lesson:the industrial recycling network enhancing regional development. Journal of Cleaner Production 1997; 5(1-2): 47-56
[107]James Scott Baldwin, Keith Ridgeway. Modeling Industrial Ecosystems and the'Problem' of Evolution[J]. Progress in Industrial Ecology.2004, (1):39-60.
[108]Cohen-Rosenthal, Edward:"Handbook on Codes, Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions for Eco-Industrial Parks" (1999)
[109]Wallner HP, Norodoslawsky M, Moser F. Time and complexity in physical science. San Francisco:Freeman,1980.
[110]Heinz Peter Wallner. Towards sustainable development of industry:networking, complexity and eco-clusters [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production.1999, (7):49-58
[111]Osland, G. E & Yaprak. A. A process model on the formation of multinational strategic alliance.转引自李国津：《战略联盟》,天津人民出版社1997年版,66
[112]John H. Dunning. Reappraising the eclectic paradigm in an age of alliance capitalism in the changing boundaries of the firm. Rontledge London and New York,.1998
[113]Manju K. Ahuja & Kathleen M. Carley, Network Structure in Virtual Organization, www. ascuse. org.2002 [114] Provan, K.& Milward, H. B. A preliminary theory of interorganizational network effectiveness:a comparative study of four community metal health systems [J] Administrative science qurterly 1995,40:1-33 [115] Heide J B, John G. Do norms matter in marketing relationships? [J]. J Mark 1992, (56): 32-44 [116] S(?)ren Nors Nielsen. What has modern ecosystem theory to offer to cleaner production, industrial ecology and society? The views of an ecologist[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production.2006, (xx):1-15
[117]Williamson O E. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism [M].NewYork:The Free Press. 1985
[118]Mary Schlarb, Eco-industrial development:a strategy for building sustainable communities[R].2001
[119]Korhonen, Industrial ecosystems-some conditions for success. The International Journal of sustainable development and world ecology.2001, (8):29-39
[120]Jelinski, L. W., Graedel, T. E., Laudise, R. A., McCAll, D. W., Patel, C. K. N. Industrial ecology:concepts and approaches. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.1992. (89):793-797
[121]Boons, F., Roome, N. Industrial ecology as a cultural phenomenon-on objectivity as a normative position. Journal of industrial Ecology[J].2001. (4):49-54
[122]Hardy, C., Graedel T., Industrial ecosystems as food webs. Journal of Industrial Ecology.2002, (6):29-38
[123]Chertow, M. (Ed.), Developing Industrial Ecosystems:Approaches, Cases and Tools. Bulletin Series. Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.2002.460 pp.
[124]Templet, P.H. Energy, diversity and development in economic systems; an empirical analysis. Ecological Economics[J].1999, (30):223-233
[125]Costanza, R., Cumberland, J., Daly, H., Goodland, R., Norgaard, R. An Introduction to Ecological Economics. St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton, CA.1997.275 pp
[126]Daly, H. Beyond Growth:The Economics of Sustainable Development. Beacon Press, Boston. 1996.253 pp
[127]Korhonen, J. Two paths to industrial ecology:applying the product-based and geographical approaches. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management[J].2002, (45),39-57
[128]Heinz Peter Wallner. Towards sustainable development of industry:networking, complexity and eco-clusters [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production. Journal of Cleaner Production 1999: (7):49-58
[129]O'Rourke, D., Connelly, L., Koshland, C. Industrial ecology-a critical review. International Journal of Environment and Pollution [J].1996, (6):89-112
[130]Hannan, M. T&Freeman, J. H. Structural Inertia and Organizational Change, American Socilogical Review[J].1984,49(2):149-164
[131]Miller,D. The Icarus Paradox:How Exceptional Companies Bring about Their Own Downfall, New York,1990, Harper-Collins
[132]Astley, W. G.&Van de Ven, A. H. Central Perspective and Debates in Organization Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly[J],1983,28(2):245-273
[133]Aldrich, H. E. &Pfeffer, J. Environments of Organizations. Annual Review Sociology[J].1976(2):121-140
[134]DiMaggio, P.&Powel 1, W. The Iron Cage Revisited:Institutional Isomorphism and Collextive Rationality in Organization Fields. American Sociological Review [J]. 1983,48(2):147-160
[135]Abrahamson, E.&Fombrum, C. Macrocultures:Determinants and Consequences. Academy of Management Review [J].1994, (19):728-755
[136]Greenwood, R.&Hinings, and C. R. Understanding Radical Organizational Change: Bringing Together the Old and the New Institutional ism. Academy of Management Review [J].1996,21(4):1022-1054.
[137]Lewin, A. Y.&Volberda, H. W. Prolegomena on Coevolution:A Framework for Research on Strategy and New Organizational Forms. Organization ScienceJ].1999,10(5):519-534
[138]Mason, I. E. The current status of monopoly problem in the U. S. Harvard Law Review [J]. 1949,62(8)
[139]Bain, J.S. Industrial Organization. Wiley, NY.1959
[140]Porter, M. E. The Contributions of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management. Academy of Management Review [J].1981(6):609-620
[141]Grant, R. M. The Resource-based Theory of Competitive Advantage:Implications for Strategy Formulation. California Management Review [J].1991,32(3):114-135
[142]Tushman, M. L.&Romanelli, E. Organizational Evolution:A Metamorphosis Model of Convergence and Reorientation. B. M. Staw, L.L. Cummings, Eds. Research in Organizational Behavior.JAI, Greenwich, CT,1985.171-222
[143]Romanelli, E. The Evolution of New Organizational Forms. Annual Review of Sociology, 1991, (17):79-103
[144]Pettigrew, A. The Awakening Giant:Continuity and Change in Imperial Chemical Industries", Basil Blackwell, Oxford.1985
[145]Baden-Fuller, C.&Stopford, J. M. Rejuvenating the Mature Business:The Competitive Challenge. Routledge, NY.1992,
[146]Whittington, R., Pettigrew, A., Peck, S., Fenton, E.& Conyon, M. Change and Complementarities in the New Competitive Landscape:A European Panel Study,1992~1996. Organization Science [J].1999,10(5)
[147]Nelson, R. R. &Winter, S. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change", Cambridge, MA: Belknap.1982
[148]Miller, D&Chen, M.J. Source and Consequences of Competitive Inertia:A Study of the U.S. Airline Industry. Administrative Science Quarterly [J].1994.39(1)
[149]王兆华.基于交易费用理论的生态工业园中企业共生机理研究.科学学与科学技术管理.2002(8)：9-13
[150]Contractor, F. J. and P. Lorange, Why Should Firm Cooperate? The Strategy and Economics Basic for Cooperative Venture. In Contractor, F. J. and P. Lorange (ed), and Cooperative Strategic in International Business, Lexington:D. C. Heath and Company,1988
[151]王兆华,生态工业园工业共生网络研究[D].大连理工大学博士论文,2003,3,95-100
[152]Tsang, E. W. K.. Transaction Cost and Resource-based Explanations of Joint Ventures: A Comparison and Synthesis [J]. Organization Studies,2000,21(1):215-242.
[153]Forrest, J. E. and J. C. Martin, Strategic Alliances Large and Small Research Intensive Organization:Experiences in the Biotechnology Industry. R&D Management,1992,22(1): 41-51
[154]周建.企业战略联盟的竞争力研究：核心竞争能力的观点.南开管理评论(J).2000(1).
[155]Ayres R, Industrial metabolism:In Technology and the Environment, Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press,1989,23-49
[156]Zajac. E. J. and C. P. Olsen. From Tansaction Cost to Transactional Value Analysis: Implications for the Study of lnteroganizational Strategies. Journal of management studies,1993, (30):133-145
[157]Dyer, J. H. and H. Singh, The Relational View:Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Inter-organizational Competitive Advantage. Academy of Management Review,1998, (23): 660-679.
[158]黄少安,经济学研究重心的转移与“合作”经济学构想—对创建“中国经济学”的思考。经济研究,2000.5
[159]Anderson, M., The Role of Collaborative Integration in Industrial Organization: Observations from the Canadian Aerospace Industry. Economic Geography,1995,17:55-78.
[160]邓华.我国产业生态系统IES稳定性影响因素研究：(博士学位论文).大连：大连理工大学,2002
[161]Lai K H, Ngai E W T, Cheng T C E. Measures for evaluating supply chain performance in transport logistics. Transportation Research Part.2002,38:439-456.
[162]Ballester D, Elena, Alemn J L M et al. Development and validation of a brand trust scale. International Journal of Market Research.2003,45 (1):35-53.
[2]Fleig, Anja-Kathrin. Eco-Industrial Park as a strategy towards Industrial Ecology in developing and newly industrialized countries [R]. Report prepared for GTZ, Berlin. 2001:123-12
[3]Ed Cohen-Rosenthal and Thomas N. Mc Galliard. Designing Eco-industrial Parks:The United States Experience. United Nations Environment Programme, Industry and Enviroment, Vol.19, No.4,1996 Quarterly
[4]Murphy, D. F., Bendell, and J. Do-it-yourself or do-it-together:the implementation of sustainable timber purchasing policies by DIY retailers in the UK. In:Russell. (Ed.), Green Purchasing:Opportunities and Innovations. Greenleaf Publications, Sheffield (UK), pp:119-134
[5]Roberts, B. H. The application of industrial ecology principles and planning guidelines for the development of eco-industrial parks:an Australian case study. Journal of Cleaner Production.2004.12:997-1010
[6]Pellenbarg, P. H. Sustainable business sites in the Netherlands:a survey of policies and experience. Journal of Environment Planning and Management.2002.45 (1):59-84
[7]钟书华.工业生态学与生态工业园区.科技管理研究.2003(1)：58-60
[8]Chertow, Marian R. Industrial symbiosis:Literature and taxonomy. Annual Review of Energy and the Envionment.2000.25
[9]刘喜凤,罗宏,张征.21世纪的工业理念：生态工业[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2003(1)：51-55
[10]Chertow, M. R. The Eco-industrial Park Model Reconsidered [J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology.1999,2(3):8-10
[11]Cooke. P. Regional Innovation System:An Evolutionary Approach [M]. In Baraczyk H, Ciike P. and Heidenreich R (eds.) Regional Innovation Systems. London:University of London Press.1998
[12]Schwarz, E. K. Steininger. The Industrial Recycling-Network Enhancing Regional Development. Research Memorandum [J],1995, (4):96-100
[13]Ausubel, JesseH. The VirtualEcology of Industry [J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1997,1(1):1-11
[14]Wallner, H. P. Regional Embeddedness of Industrial Parks-Strategies for Sustainable Production Systems at the Regional Level. Journal of Cleaner Production [J].1997, 107-111.
[15]North, Giannini-Spohn. Strategies for Financing Eco-Industrial Parks. Commentary, 1999,32-33
[16]Cote P, Cohen-Rosenthal E. Designing eco-industrial parks:a synthesis of some experience [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production.1998, (6):181-188
[17]Cote P, Thereasa Smolenaars, Supporting pillars for industrial ecosystems [J], Journal of Cleaner Production.1997, (5):67-74
[18]Lowe, E. A.; J. L. Warren &.S. R. Moran. Discovering Industrial Ecology an executive briefing and sourcebook [M]. U. S:Battelle Press.1997
[19]A. J. D. Lambert, F.A.Boons. Eco-industrial parks:Stimulating Sustainable Development in Mixed Industrial Parks [J]. Technovation,2002, (22):471-484
[20]胡山鹰,李有润等,生态工业系统集成方法及应用[J],环境保护.2003,1
[21]Mary Schlarb, Eco-industrial development:a strategy for building sustainable communities[R].2001
[22]苗东升.系统科学原理[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,1990：517-566
[23]朱庆华,曲英,武春友.基于统计分析的绩效评价方法研究[J].基于统计分析的绩效评价方法.2006.9(5)：765-770
[24]宋金波.实施先进制造技术中的组织变革[M].大连理工大学出版社,2007：17-20
[25]Churchil G A. Aparadigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs. Journal of Marketing Research,1979,16(1):64-73
[26]Gaski J F. Interrelations among a channel entity's power sources:impact of the exercise of reward and coercion on expert, referent and legitimate power sources. Journal of Marketing Research.1986,8:62-77
[27]Ayres, R. U. On the life cycle metaphor:where ecology and economics diverge [J]. Ecological Economics.2004(48):425-438
[28]Daly, H. Reply to Solow/Stiglitz [J]. Ecological Economics.1997 (22):271-274
[29]Ring, I. Evolutionary strategies in environmental policy[J]. Ecological Economics, 1997.23:237-250
[30]Templet, P.H. Energy, diversity and development in economic systems; an empirical analysis [J]. Ecological Economics 1999.30:223-233.
[31]陈艺文.战略联盟的文化差异与文化融合探析[J].广东工业大学学报(社会科学版),2002,2(12)：27-30
[32]贾若祥,刘毅,侯晓丽.企业合作模式及其对区域经济发展的影响——以江苏省通州市企业为例[J].地理研究,2004,24(7)：641-651
[33]杜传忠.产业组织演进中的企业合作—兼论新经济条件下的产业组织合作范式[J].中国工业经济,2004(6)：14-21
[34]Raffaella Cagliano, Vittorio Chiesa, Raffaella Manzini. Differences and similarities in managing technological collaborations in research, development and manufacturing: a case study [J]. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,2000,17(6):193-224
[35]陶青,仲伟俊.合作伙伴关系中合作程度对其收益的影响研究[J].管理工程学报,2002,16(1)：35-37
[36]Minsoo Kim, Dongsoo Kim, Yong GU Ji, A Modeling Framework of Business Transactions for Enterprise Integration [J]. Lecture Notes in computer Science,2005, (5):1249-1258
[37]万筱宁,孙新宇,孙林岩.供应链中的信息共享与合作[J].工业工程与管理,2003(1)：30-33
[38]Jiang Wen, Shinichi Kobayashi. Exploring collaborative R&D network:some new evidence in Japan [J]. Research Policy,2001,30(10):1309-1319
[39]Ivan Chompalov, Joel Genuth, Wesley Shrum. The organization of scientific collaborations [J]. Research Policy,2002,31(6):749-767
[40]卢福财,胡平波.网络组织成员合作的声誉模型分析[J].中国工业经济,2005(2)：73-79
[41]Yoshino, Michael Y. and U. S. Rangan. Strategic Alliances:An Entrepreneurial Approach to Globalizatio [M]. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.1995
[42]Geoffrey, J. L. F. Hagelaar, Jack G. A. J. VAN DER VORST, Environmental Supply Chain Management:using Life Cycle Assessment to structure supply chains [J]. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review,2001,4 (4):399-412.
[43]贾东浇,唐任仲,丁祥海.供应链合作伙伴的选择和评价[J].高技术通讯,2004(9)：76-80
[44]樊耘,余宝琦,杨照鹏.基于激励性与公平性特征的企业文化模式研究[J].科研管理,2007,28(1)：110-117.
[45]袁纯清.共生理论及其对小型经济的应用研究(上)[J].改革,1998,2：101-105
[46]王兆华,尹建华.生态工业园中工业共生网络运作模式研究[J].中国软科学,2005,(2)：280-85
[47]王慧.资源外包网络模式大连理工大学硕士论文[D].2004,43-46
[48]郭翔,钟书华.基于循环链的生态工业园区模式[J].科技与管理,2005,30(2)：32-34
[49]李向东,阎洪,叶润强.建立绿色供应链中的协调关系[J].软科学,2001,15(4)：66-69
[50]Cooper, M. C.& L. M. Ell ram, Characteristics of SCM and the implications for purchasing and logistics strategy [J]. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 1993,4(2):13-24
[51]李守伟,钱省三.产业网络的复杂性研究与实证[J].科学学研究,2006,24(8)：529-533
[52]Cdte, Raymond P., E. Cohen-Rosenthal. Designing eco-industrial parks:a synthesis of some experiences [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,1998(6):181-188
[53]Raffaella Cagliano, Vittorio Chiesa, Raffaella Manzini. Differences and similarities in managing technological collaborations in research, development and manufacturing: a case study [J]. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,2000,17(6):193-224
[54]龚胜刚,彭华涛,吴桂萍.合作、不完备契约与准租[J].武汉理工大学学报,2002,14(12)：87-90
[55]Churchill, G. A. A Paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs [J]. Journal of Marketing Research,1979,16(2),64-73
[56]称毛林.城镇生态系统的因子分析[J].数理统计与管理,2002,21(1)：19-24
[57]马庆国.管理统计：数据获取、统计原理、SPSS工具于应用研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2002：315-334
[58]朱庆华,耿勇.企业绿色采购影响研究[J].中国管理科学,2004,12(6)：81-85.
[59]L. W. Baas, F. A. Boons, An Industrial Ecology Project in Practice:Exploring the Boundaries of Dccision-makingLevels in Regional Industrial Systems [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12:1073-1085
[60]Bernard Jamet能源服务公司(ESCO)在中东欧的投资[J].产业与环境,2001,3：31-33
[61]Kenneth M llersten, Peter Sandberg. Collaborative energy partnerships in relation to development of core business focus and competence:a study of Swedish pulp and paper companies and energy service companies [J]. Business strategy and the environment,2004, 13:78-95
[62]王震,杨凯.包装废弃物回收模式探讨[J]．上海环境科学,2001,20(1)：41-43
[63]Rikard Larsson, Int. Studies of Mgt.&org., M.E.Sharpe, Inc., vol.23, No.1,1993:60-115
[64]蒋峦,蓝海林,谢卫红.企业边界的渗透与模糊.中国软科学,2003,4：59-63
[65]Bjrn Stigson. Eco-efficiency:Creating more value with less impact. WBCSD,2000.5-36
[66]Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Eco-efficiency. OECD,1998. 7-11.
[67]European Environmental Agency. Making sustainability accountable:Eco-efficiency, resource productivity and innovation. http://glossary. cea. eu. int/.
[68]Peter Saling, Andreas Kicherer, and Brigitte Dittrich-Kramer, et al. Eco-efficiency Analysis by BASF:The Method. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2002, 7(4):1-15.
[69]International Finance Corporation. http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/ CleanerProduction
[70]United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Integrating Environmental and Financial Performance at the Enterprise level:A methodology for standardizing Eco-efficiency Indicators. United Nations Publication,2003.29-30
[71]Australian Government:Department of the Environment and Heritage. http://www. deh. gov. au/
[72]Industry Canada. Eco-efficiency:Good Business Sense.2002. http://strategis. Ic. gc. ca/epic/internet/inee-ee. nsf/
[73]Joost G Vogtlander, Arianne Bi jma, Han C Brezet. Communicating the eco-eff iciency of products and services by means of the eco-costs/value model. Journal of Cleaner Production,2002,10(1):57-67
[74]Evert Nieuwlaar, Geert Warringa, Corjan Brink, et al. Supply Curves for Eco-efficient Environmental Improvements Using Different Weighting Methods. Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005,9(4):85-96
[75]Hillary Ruth. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Environment:Business Imperatives. Sheffield:Greenleaf Publishing,2000.11-2
[76]Raymond C te, Aaron Booth, Bertha Louis. Eco-efficiency and SMEs in Nova Scotia, Canada [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2006,14(2-7):542-550
[77]Per Andersson, Susanne Sweet. Toward a fromework for ecological strategic change in business networks [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production.2002 (10):465-478
[78]Jouni Korhonen, Juha-Pekka Snakin. Analyzing the evolution of industrial ecosystems: concepts and application [J]. Ecological economics.2005. (52):169-186
[79]Dierickx I, Cool K. Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage. Management Science [J].1989,35:1504-1511
[80]Barney J B. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management [J].1991,17:99-120
[81]魏江.持续竞争优势：制度观、资源观与创新观.自然辩证法通论[J].1999,21(2)：39-45
[82]哈肯.协同学：自然成功的奥秘[M].上海：上海科学普及出版社,1988
[83]朱永大,张涛,李炳军.区域产业系统的演化机制和优化控制[J].管理科学学报.2001．6(3)：73-78
[84]Norton B, Costanza R, Bishop RC. The evolution of preferences-why'sovereign' preferences may not lead to sustainable policies and what to do about it. Ecol Econ [J].1997,24:193-211
[85]Kauppi PE, Mielika" inen K, Kuusela K. Biomass and the carbon budget of the European forests. Science 1992,256:70-4
[86]Korhonen J, Wihersaari M, Savolainen I. Industrial ecology of the Finnish forest industry. Unpublished manuscript.
[87]Chertow M. Eco-industrial park model reconsidered. Ind Ecol[J].1998; 2(3):8-10.
[88]Korhonen J, Wihersaari M, Savolainen I. Industrial ecology of a regional energy supply system-a case of Jyva "skyla" region. J Greener Mgmt Int[J].1999.26:57-67.
[89]Wallner HP. Towards sustainable development of industry:networking, complexity and eco-clusters. J Cleaner rod [J].1999.7(1):49-58.
[90]Igor Ansoff. Corporate Strategy, an Analytic Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion [M]. New York:Mcgraw Hill,1965
[91]安德鲁·坎贝尔等.战略协同[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000
[92]蒂姆·欣德尔.管理思想[M].北京：中信出版社,2004
[93]Mark L. Sirower. The Synergy Trap [M]. The Free Press, New York,1997.
[94]迈克尔·波特.竞争优势[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,1988
[95]S. Erkman. Industrial ecology:an historical view. J. Cleaner Prod [J].1997.5 (1-2): 1-10
[96]Paul Opdam, Eveliene Steingr " over, Sabine van Rooij. Ecological networks:A spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes. Landscape and urban planning [J].2006. (75):322-332
[97]邱国栋,白景坤.价值生成分析：一个协同效应的理论框架[J].中国工业经济.2007(6)：88-95
[98]Hannan, Michael T. and John Freeman. Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Pres.1989
[99]Allenby, Braden and D. J. Richards (eds.). The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems[M]. Washington:National Academy Press.1994
[100]Frosch, D. Gallopoulos, N. Strategies for Manufacturing [J]. Scientific American.1989, (261):94-102
[101]Desrochers P. Market processes and the closing of industrial loops-a historical reappraisal. Journal of Industrial Ecology.2000,4(1):29-43
[102]Desrochers P. Cities and industrial symbiosis:some historical perspectives and policy implications. Journal of Industrial Ecology.2002,5(4):29-44
[103]Ehrenfeld J, Gertler N. Industrial ecology in practice:the evolution of interdependence at Kalundborg. Journal of Industrial Ecology 1997:1(1):67-79
[104]Korhonen J, Wihersaari M, Savolainen I. Industrial ecology of a regional energy supply system:the case of Jyva " skyla " region [J]. Finland. Greener Management International.1999, (26):57-67
[105]Boons FAA, Baas LW. Types of industrial ecology:the problem of coordination. Journal of Cleaner Production 1997; 5 (1-2):79-86.
[106]Schwarz EJ, Steininger KW. Implementing nature's lesson:the industrial recycling network enhancing regional development. Journal of Cleaner Production 1997; 5(1-2): 47-56
[107]James Scott Baldwin, Keith Ridgeway. Modeling Industrial Ecosystems and the'Problem' of Evolution[J]. Progress in Industrial Ecology.2004, (1):39-60.
[108]Cohen-Rosenthal, Edward:"Handbook on Codes, Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions for Eco-Industrial Parks" (1999)
[109]Wallner HP, Norodoslawsky M, Moser F. Time and complexity in physical science. San Francisco:Freeman,1980.
[110]Heinz Peter Wallner. Towards sustainable development of industry:networking, complexity and eco-clusters [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production.1999, (7):49-58
[111]Osland, G. E & Yaprak. A. A process model on the formation of multinational strategic alliance.转引自李国津：《战略联盟》,天津人民出版社1997年版,66
[112]John H. Dunning. Reappraising the eclectic paradigm in an age of alliance capitalism in the changing boundaries of the firm. Rontledge London and New York,.1998
[113]Manju K. Ahuja & Kathleen M. Carley, Network Structure in Virtual Organization, www. ascuse. org.2002 [114] Provan, K.& Milward, H. B. A preliminary theory of interorganizational network effectiveness:a comparative study of four community metal health systems [J] Administrative science qurterly 1995,40:1-33 [115] Heide J B, John G. Do norms matter in marketing relationships? [J]. J Mark 1992, (56): 32-44 [116] S(?)ren Nors Nielsen. What has modern ecosystem theory to offer to cleaner production, industrial ecology and society? The views of an ecologist[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production.2006, (xx):1-15
[117]Williamson O E. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism [M].NewYork:The Free Press. 1985
[118]Mary Schlarb, Eco-industrial development:a strategy for building sustainable communities[R].2001
[119]Korhonen, Industrial ecosystems-some conditions for success. The International Journal of sustainable development and world ecology.2001, (8):29-39
[120]Jelinski, L. W., Graedel, T. E., Laudise, R. A., McCAll, D. W., Patel, C. K. N. Industrial ecology:concepts and approaches. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.1992. (89):793-797
[121]Boons, F., Roome, N. Industrial ecology as a cultural phenomenon-on objectivity as a normative position. Journal of industrial Ecology[J].2001. (4):49-54
[122]Hardy, C., Graedel T., Industrial ecosystems as food webs. Journal of Industrial Ecology.2002, (6):29-38
[123]Chertow, M. (Ed.), Developing Industrial Ecosystems:Approaches, Cases and Tools. Bulletin Series. Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.2002.460 pp.
[124]Templet, P.H. Energy, diversity and development in economic systems; an empirical analysis. Ecological Economics[J].1999, (30):223-233
[125]Costanza, R., Cumberland, J., Daly, H., Goodland, R., Norgaard, R. An Introduction to Ecological Economics. St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton, CA.1997.275 pp
[126]Daly, H. Beyond Growth:The Economics of Sustainable Development. Beacon Press, Boston. 1996.253 pp
[127]Korhonen, J. Two paths to industrial ecology:applying the product-based and geographical approaches. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management[J].2002, (45),39-57
[128]Heinz Peter Wallner. Towards sustainable development of industry:networking, complexity and eco-clusters [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production. Journal of Cleaner Production 1999: (7):49-58
[129]O'Rourke, D., Connelly, L., Koshland, C. Industrial ecology-a critical review. International Journal of Environment and Pollution [J].1996, (6):89-112
[130]Hannan, M. T&Freeman, J. H. Structural Inertia and Organizational Change, American Socilogical Review[J].1984,49(2):149-164
[131]Miller,D. The Icarus Paradox:How Exceptional Companies Bring about Their Own Downfall, New York,1990, Harper-Collins
[132]Astley, W. G.&Van de Ven, A. H. Central Perspective and Debates in Organization Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly[J],1983,28(2):245-273
[133]Aldrich, H. E. &Pfeffer, J. Environments of Organizations. Annual Review Sociology[J].1976(2):121-140
[134]DiMaggio, P.&Powel 1, W. The Iron Cage Revisited:Institutional Isomorphism and Collextive Rationality in Organization Fields. American Sociological Review [J]. 1983,48(2):147-160
[135]Abrahamson, E.&Fombrum, C. Macrocultures:Determinants and Consequences. Academy of Management Review [J].1994, (19):728-755
[136]Greenwood, R.&Hinings, and C. R. Understanding Radical Organizational Change: Bringing Together the Old and the New Institutional ism. Academy of Management Review [J].1996,21(4):1022-1054.
[137]Lewin, A. Y.&Volberda, H. W. Prolegomena on Coevolution:A Framework for Research on Strategy and New Organizational Forms. Organization ScienceJ].1999,10(5):519-534
[138]Mason, I. E. The current status of monopoly problem in the U. S. Harvard Law Review [J]. 1949,62(8)
[139]Bain, J.S. Industrial Organization. Wiley, NY.1959
[140]Porter, M. E. The Contributions of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management. Academy of Management Review [J].1981(6):609-620
[141]Grant, R. M. The Resource-based Theory of Competitive Advantage:Implications for Strategy Formulation. California Management Review [J].1991,32(3):114-135
[142]Tushman, M. L.&Romanelli, E. Organizational Evolution:A Metamorphosis Model of Convergence and Reorientation. B. M. Staw, L.L. Cummings, Eds. Research in Organizational Behavior.JAI, Greenwich, CT,1985.171-222
[143]Romanelli, E. The Evolution of New Organizational Forms. Annual Review of Sociology, 1991, (17):79-103
[144]Pettigrew, A. The Awakening Giant:Continuity and Change in Imperial Chemical Industries", Basil Blackwell, Oxford.1985
[145]Baden-Fuller, C.&Stopford, J. M. Rejuvenating the Mature Business:The Competitive Challenge. Routledge, NY.1992,
[146]Whittington, R., Pettigrew, A., Peck, S., Fenton, E.& Conyon, M. Change and Complementarities in the New Competitive Landscape:A European Panel Study,1992~1996. Organization Science [J].1999,10(5)
[147]Nelson, R. R. &Winter, S. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change", Cambridge, MA: Belknap.1982
[148]Miller, D&Chen, M.J. Source and Consequences of Competitive Inertia:A Study of the U.S. Airline Industry. Administrative Science Quarterly [J].1994.39(1)
[149]王兆华.基于交易费用理论的生态工业园中企业共生机理研究.科学学与科学技术管理.2002(8)：9-13
[150]Contractor, F. J. and P. Lorange, Why Should Firm Cooperate? The Strategy and Economics Basic for Cooperative Venture. In Contractor, F. J. and P. Lorange (ed), and Cooperative Strategic in International Business, Lexington:D. C. Heath and Company,1988
[151]王兆华,生态工业园工业共生网络研究[D].大连理工大学博士论文,2003,3,95-100
[152]Tsang, E. W. K.. Transaction Cost and Resource-based Explanations of Joint Ventures: A Comparison and Synthesis [J]. Organization Studies,2000,21(1):215-242.
[153]Forrest, J. E. and J. C. Martin, Strategic Alliances Large and Small Research Intensive Organization:Experiences in the Biotechnology Industry. R&D Management,1992,22(1): 41-51
[154]周建.企业战略联盟的竞争力研究：核心竞争能力的观点.南开管理评论(J).2000(1).
[155]Ayres R, Industrial metabolism:In Technology and the Environment, Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press,1989,23-49
[156]Zajac. E. J. and C. P. Olsen. From Tansaction Cost to Transactional Value Analysis: Implications for the Study of lnteroganizational Strategies. Journal of management studies,1993, (30):133-145
[157]Dyer, J. H. and H. Singh, The Relational View:Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Inter-organizational Competitive Advantage. Academy of Management Review,1998, (23): 660-679.
[158]黄少安,经济学研究重心的转移与“合作”经济学构想—对创建“中国经济学”的思考。经济研究,2000.5
[159]Anderson, M., The Role of Collaborative Integration in Industrial Organization: Observations from the Canadian Aerospace Industry. Economic Geography,1995,17:55-78.
[160]邓华.我国产业生态系统IES稳定性影响因素研究：(博士学位论文).大连：大连理工大学,2002
[161]Lai K H, Ngai E W T, Cheng T C E. Measures for evaluating supply chain performance in transport logistics. Transportation Research Part.2002,38:439-456.
[162]Ballester D, Elena, Alemn J L M et al. Development and validation of a brand trust scale. International Journal of Market Research.2003,45 (1):35-53.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |