马拉松训练方法的演变及其运动训练方法体系的构建
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摘要
本研究采用文献资料分析、调查访问为主要研究方法,以中长跑和马拉松发展历史的进程为主线,查阅不同时期世界及国内马拉松运动训练发展的相关文献及研究成果,围绕马拉松训练方法与运动水平发展之间的因果关系,对不同时期引领马拉松运动水平发展的训练方法进行总结分析；根据运动训练学理论以及马拉松专项训练理论对现代马拉松训练方法手段进行总结分析；访问国内在马拉松训练方面著名的教练员、专家和学者；通过上述研究,得出以下结论：
马拉松训练方法的演变与世界中长跑运动训练方法的发展相一致；二十世纪20年代之前,训练方法多采用持续跑的方法,其局限性表现为训练方法手段的单一性,即多采用与专项距离相近的距离跑；二十世纪20-40年代,是马拉松训练方法发展最快的时期,持续训练法已较为完善,间歇训练法和法特莱克训练法已运用到马拉松训练中,这一时期较好地认识到了训练量与强度的关系,跑的技术训练还没有引起足够的重视；二十世纪50-60年代,马拉松训练朝着多元方向发展,确定了各种练习方法和手段的比例关系,提出了一天两次训练,提高了马拉松的训练量,并把运动员营养与运动训练结合起来；二十世纪70年代以后,各种交叉学科的一些方法运用到运动员的训练中来,马拉松训练方法的选择和运用有了科学依据,高原训练开始运用到马拉松的训练中来,促进了马拉松运动更好的发展；现代马拉松训练方法,在整个世界呈现多元性,不同的教练员对马拉松训练有不同的理解,即有自己的方法体系,主要表现在训练量和训练强度上的差异以及练习手段安排的不同,但训练方法基本是一致的。强调跑的技术的经济性和有效性,更注重心理训练：
根据影响马拉松运动竞技能力的因素,运动训练过程的组织与控制,影响运动训练计划制定的因素等分析构建了多级结构的马拉松训练方法体系；马拉松训练方法是训练方法体系的核心内容,与“保障性软件内容”和“保障性硬件内容”一起构成一个完整的马拉松训练方法体系；马拉松训练方法体系的四级结构是运动训练方法体系的实质内容,解读了现代马拉松训练所涉及的前沿理论及训练理念,并给出了具体的可操作的参考实例。
马拉松训练方法和手段的选择要根据运动员个体特点进行优化组合,同时兼顾训练方法体系中软硬件内容要与训练方法的和谐统一,如运动员训练计划的制定,各种指标的监测,营养,鞋子服装等。
With the development and evolution of distance running and marathon running as the mainline, based on related data and researches on marathon training in different period in international and domestic China and first-hand observation of the domestic well-known coaches, experts and academics in the marathon training, this paper puts forwards its analysis of the cause and effect relationship between marathon training methods and the marathon performance; the development and evolution of the dominating marathon training methods in different periods of history. Based on the relationship between the sport training theory and the marathon training theory, this paper gives its analysis and summarization of modern marathon training methods Based on all of the above, the following results are obtained:
The development and evolution of marathon training methods is consistent with the development of middle and long distance running training methods.
Before the 1920s, the continuous running approach which running distance similar to marathon distance, was the mostly adopted training method. The limitation is its training method singleness.
In the 1920s and 1940s, the period of the fast developing marathon training methods, the continuous running approach became more reasonable and the interval training and fartleffk training methods were also applied to marathon training. People had better understanding of the relationship between training quantity and training intensity, while running technical training had not yet attracted sufficient attention in this period.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the marathon training methods shows plural development. Ratio of different training methods in training programs was set. Twice a day training method was recommended and adopted. Marathon training volume was increased, and people integrated the athlete nutrition to the marathon training.
After the 1970s, a variety of cross-disciplinary science which provides the scientific evidence in the selection and application of marathon training methods was applied to the athletes'training. Altitude training was introduced in marathon training, which promoted the development of marathon.
Modern marathon training methods show diversity throughout the world. Coaches are different in their training system, mainly in training volume and training intensity, nevertheless, the training methods are basically the same. The economy and effectiveness of running technique is stressed, and the mental training is emphasized.
The marathon training system is composed by the supporting software content, supporting hardware content, and Marathon training methods, in which Marathon training methods is the core in the system. The four-stage structure of the marathon training methods as its substance in the training system illustrates the modern cutting-edge theory and training philosophy, and gives concrete practical examples.
The adoption of marathon training methods for different athletes should be optimized according to individual athlete characteristics. Meanwhile, the supporting software and hardware content consistency should be considered, such as the training plan, monitoring, nutrition, shoes and clothing and so on.
马拉松训练方法的演变与世界中长跑运动训练方法的发展相一致；二十世纪20年代之前,训练方法多采用持续跑的方法,其局限性表现为训练方法手段的单一性,即多采用与专项距离相近的距离跑；二十世纪20-40年代,是马拉松训练方法发展最快的时期,持续训练法已较为完善,间歇训练法和法特莱克训练法已运用到马拉松训练中,这一时期较好地认识到了训练量与强度的关系,跑的技术训练还没有引起足够的重视；二十世纪50-60年代,马拉松训练朝着多元方向发展,确定了各种练习方法和手段的比例关系,提出了一天两次训练,提高了马拉松的训练量,并把运动员营养与运动训练结合起来；二十世纪70年代以后,各种交叉学科的一些方法运用到运动员的训练中来,马拉松训练方法的选择和运用有了科学依据,高原训练开始运用到马拉松的训练中来,促进了马拉松运动更好的发展；现代马拉松训练方法,在整个世界呈现多元性,不同的教练员对马拉松训练有不同的理解,即有自己的方法体系,主要表现在训练量和训练强度上的差异以及练习手段安排的不同,但训练方法基本是一致的。强调跑的技术的经济性和有效性,更注重心理训练：
根据影响马拉松运动竞技能力的因素,运动训练过程的组织与控制,影响运动训练计划制定的因素等分析构建了多级结构的马拉松训练方法体系；马拉松训练方法是训练方法体系的核心内容,与“保障性软件内容”和“保障性硬件内容”一起构成一个完整的马拉松训练方法体系；马拉松训练方法体系的四级结构是运动训练方法体系的实质内容,解读了现代马拉松训练所涉及的前沿理论及训练理念,并给出了具体的可操作的参考实例。
马拉松训练方法和手段的选择要根据运动员个体特点进行优化组合,同时兼顾训练方法体系中软硬件内容要与训练方法的和谐统一,如运动员训练计划的制定,各种指标的监测,营养,鞋子服装等。
With the development and evolution of distance running and marathon running as the mainline, based on related data and researches on marathon training in different period in international and domestic China and first-hand observation of the domestic well-known coaches, experts and academics in the marathon training, this paper puts forwards its analysis of the cause and effect relationship between marathon training methods and the marathon performance; the development and evolution of the dominating marathon training methods in different periods of history. Based on the relationship between the sport training theory and the marathon training theory, this paper gives its analysis and summarization of modern marathon training methods Based on all of the above, the following results are obtained:
The development and evolution of marathon training methods is consistent with the development of middle and long distance running training methods.
Before the 1920s, the continuous running approach which running distance similar to marathon distance, was the mostly adopted training method. The limitation is its training method singleness.
In the 1920s and 1940s, the period of the fast developing marathon training methods, the continuous running approach became more reasonable and the interval training and fartleffk training methods were also applied to marathon training. People had better understanding of the relationship between training quantity and training intensity, while running technical training had not yet attracted sufficient attention in this period.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the marathon training methods shows plural development. Ratio of different training methods in training programs was set. Twice a day training method was recommended and adopted. Marathon training volume was increased, and people integrated the athlete nutrition to the marathon training.
After the 1970s, a variety of cross-disciplinary science which provides the scientific evidence in the selection and application of marathon training methods was applied to the athletes'training. Altitude training was introduced in marathon training, which promoted the development of marathon.
Modern marathon training methods show diversity throughout the world. Coaches are different in their training system, mainly in training volume and training intensity, nevertheless, the training methods are basically the same. The economy and effectiveness of running technique is stressed, and the mental training is emphasized.
The marathon training system is composed by the supporting software content, supporting hardware content, and Marathon training methods, in which Marathon training methods is the core in the system. The four-stage structure of the marathon training methods as its substance in the training system illustrates the modern cutting-edge theory and training philosophy, and gives concrete practical examples.
The adoption of marathon training methods for different athletes should be optimized according to individual athlete characteristics. Meanwhile, the supporting software and hardware content consistency should be considered, such as the training plan, monitoring, nutrition, shoes and clothing and so on.
引文
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