高速铁路客车乘坐舒适度综合评价模型研究
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摘要
随着科技的发展,高速列车由于其安全、高速、准点、节能、环保、运量大的优点成为人们长途出行的理想交通工具。20世纪晚期,以日本新干线、法国TGV和德国ICE为代表的世界一流高速列车纷纷取得了巨大的经济效益和社会价值,各自为自己的国家树立了良好的科技与文化形象,其成功发展经验显示：客车提速是技术前提,安全运行是首要任务,而设施设计的优良则是市场保障。我国铁路在提高行车速度和保证旅客安全的基础上正在进一步改善列车乘坐环境,以优良配套设施和人性化服务提高客车乘坐环境和舒适度,以不断完善的客车设施吸引大量旅客。并在市场竞争和设施研发过程中及时总结和建立起一整套标准化、系列化的设计体系,为列车产品升级提供可靠经验和依据,促成设施研发走上品质国际化和制造国产化的良性循环。
随着旅客对交通工具乘坐舒适度的要求日渐上升,乘坐舒适度开始成为影响高速列车设计和保障客运市场的重要因素。近年来,各国高速列车乘坐舒适性能都在快速提升,但对客车乘坐舒适度的评价,目前在国际上还没有统一的模式,我国现阶段从车厢的振动、声环境、热环境、光环境、压力波、空气品质6个方面确立了舒适度设计标准,而对影响舒适度的其它方面,如空间环境、设施功能、服务效率等因素尚未系统研究,因此客车还不能完全满足旅客对乘坐舒适的要求。而目前国内对舒适度研究仍偏重于列车运行物理指标层面的探索,忽视了人的心理和行为的需求,对舒适度的概念和本质的研究也十分匮乏。本文以此为切入点,围绕以下5个问题展开研究：(1)舒适度研究对象与现实意义；(2)旅客评价的心理过程和一般规律；(3)影响舒适度评价的因素；(4)舒适度影响因子及其权重模型的建立、结果验证与指导意义；(5)针对模型评价结果对影响舒适度因素提出改进方案和设计建议。
为了解决上述问题,在吸收过去研究成果的基础上,总结了国内外高速列车发展的历史、现状和特点,从乘坐舒适设计的角度出发,分析了铁路客车的发展趋势、舒适度提升的背景、原因、现状及其意义。借鉴国外铁路客车舒适度提升的经验,在研究高速列车设施与车厢环境的基础上,辨析了高速列车乘坐舒适度的概念和研究的本质,认识了舒适度评价的来源是旅客的主观感受。提出了满足旅客“乘坐需求、生理感受与心理感受”的综合舒适度的定义。通过对舒适度相关学科理论成果的纵向比较和对国内外舒适设计现状及影响因素横向比较,寻找到以往研究的不足和缺憾,提出“满足需求”和“营造空间”两条新的理念进行分析研究,并对目前舒适度研究的方法与现状进行了总结。
在充分阅读、分析文献和理论推演的基础上,以舒适度影响因素的主要变量为研究主线,深入寻找了旅客需求、空间设计与乘坐舒适的相关性和密切性。并提出舒适度调查问卷的初步设想。问卷设计基于人体心理和生理的主观感受以及车厢物理状况的考察,围绕高速列车乘坐舒适度综合评价而展开。通过专家访谈和先后4次试调查、6组焦点小组访谈的综合结果对问卷的信度与效度进行了双项验证和修正,最终制订了舒适度调查正式问卷,然后在北京-四方区间运行的CRH2型动车组对745位旅客进行了有效问卷调查。根据此次调查实验的数据进行了整理分析,首先通过因子分析对舒适度影响因素进行降维,然后利用AHP构建乘坐舒适度评价模型,得出了舒适度影响因子的权重的降序排列为：物理刺激、椅背曲面、就餐需求、情绪刺激、休息需求、其他需求、认知刺激、行为刺激、座椅尺寸、辅助功能、娱乐需求、空间需求。并对结果进行实车分析验证,得出模型评价结果与实车验证结果一致,证明该方法的真实性和可行性。并根据模型评价结果和旅客主观感觉,针对影响舒适度评价因素提出了列车设计改进建议：1.优化座椅设计；2.改进车厢空间布局；3.完善座椅周边服务设施；4.丰富灯光照明模式。最后在研究展望中提出了客车车厢创新氛围设计模式和未来研究方向,为今后列车设计和改进车辆提供理论参考。
With the development of technology, high-speed trains, due to their advantages of safety, high speed, punctuality, energy conservation and environmental protection, have become the ideal means of transport that people travel for long distances. In the late 20th century, the world-class high-speed trains, represented by Japanese Shinkansen, French TGV and German ICE, have made tremendous economic and social value, setting a good image of technology and culture to their own country. Their successful development experiences indicate that speeding up is the technical prerequisite, safe operation is the priority, but better design for facilities is crucial to win the market. Besides speed increase and safety guarantee, China's railway is now appealing to more and more passengers by further improvement on the car riding environment and comfort through equipping the cars with the excellent supporting facilities and people-oriented services. Faced with the market competition and in the process of facilities R&D, China' s railway has timely established a full set of standardized serialized design system to provide a reliable experience and foundation for train services upgrading, aiming at a virtuous cycle of R&D internationalization and manufacturing localization.
As human scientific and technological level and standard of living improved, traveler's requirements on the ride comfort towards transportation vehicles are increased accordingly. The ride comfort gradually becomes an important factor to influence the design of high-speed railway passenger cars and guarantee the passenger transport market. In recent years, the ride comfort of high-speed railway passenger cars in all countries has been improved rapidly, but the related evaluation is currently still has no uniform model internationally. Although the comfort design criteria in terms of six aspects such as train vibration, acoustic environment, thermal environment, light environment, pressure wave and air quality are established in China at the present stage, the passenger cars in China still can not fully meet all the requirements for ride comfort since other affecting aspects such as space environment, facilities function and service efficiency etc. have not yet been systematically studied. However, the comfort study in China is still focused on the exploration at the level of physical index of car running and neglects the human psychological and behavioral demand, the research on the concept and nature of the comfort is also very scarce. The article takes this as a breakthrough point and studies focus on the following issues:(1) Study object and significance of the comfort; (2)Passenger's psychological processes during evaluation and the general rule; (3) Factors that influence the comfort evaluation; (4) model establishment and test of comfort influencing factors and the weights; and (5) suggestion on improvement on affecting factors the comfort based on the model evolution.
In order to solve the above problem, the article summarizes the history, current situation and characteristics of the development of domestic and aboard high-speed railway passenger cars by absorbing the previous study results, and analyses the development trend of railway passenger cars, the background, reason, current status and significance of comfort improving from the ride comfort design point of view. In addition, borrowing the foreign countries'experience on the comfort improving of railway passenger car, on the basis of the research in facilities and compartment environment of high-speed railway passenger cars, the article analyses the ride comfort concept of high-speed railway passenger car and the essence of the research, indicates that the source of comfort evaluation lies in the traveler's subjective feelings, and also proposes a comprehensive comfort definition to meet the passenger's'ride needs, physiological and psychological sensations'. By longitudinal comparison of comfort related theoretical results and the horizontal comparison of the current status of domestic and abroad comfort design and influencing factors, the shortcomings and defects in previous studies are found. The article proposes two new concepts of'meet requirement'and'create space'to analysis and research, and summarizes the methods and current status of comfort study.
Based on the full reading, analysis of literature and theoretical deduction, take the main variables of influencing factors as the main line, the article deeply search the relativity between the passenger demand, space design and the ride comfort, and put forward a preliminary idea to make the comfort questionnaire. The questionnaire is designed based on human's psychologically and physiologically subjective feelings as well as the study on the physical condition around the car, developed focus on the ride comfort comprehensive evaluation of high-speed railway passenger cars, and verified and revised both on its reliability and validity through the comprehensive results collected from experts interview,4 times of pre-survey and 6 times of focusing group interviews, and then eventually officially established. The effective questionnaire is spread to 745 passengers on CRH2 EMU running on Beijing-Sifang line. According to the data collected from the questionnaire, the dimension reduction of comfort influencing factors is firstly taken, and then establishes the evaluation model for ride comfort with AHP. Thus, the descending order of weight of comfort influencing factors are:physical stimulation, curve degree of the seat back, dining needs, emotional stimulation, rest requirements, other requirements, cognitive stimulation, behavior stimulation, seat size, auxiliary function, entertainment needs, space requirements. The results are empirically analyzed which shows that the evaluation results derived from the model are consistent with the real situation, and thus prove the authenticity and feasibility of the method. The suggestions for train design improvement are proposed according to the model evaluation results and the passenger's subjective feelings:1. Optimize the seat design; 2. Improve the interior space arrangement; 3. Complete the service facilities around the seat; 4. Enrich the illumination mode. In the research prospects part of the article, the design mode for innovative atmosphere in the compartment and the future research direction are proposed which will provide theoretical references for the train design and improvement.
随着旅客对交通工具乘坐舒适度的要求日渐上升,乘坐舒适度开始成为影响高速列车设计和保障客运市场的重要因素。近年来,各国高速列车乘坐舒适性能都在快速提升,但对客车乘坐舒适度的评价,目前在国际上还没有统一的模式,我国现阶段从车厢的振动、声环境、热环境、光环境、压力波、空气品质6个方面确立了舒适度设计标准,而对影响舒适度的其它方面,如空间环境、设施功能、服务效率等因素尚未系统研究,因此客车还不能完全满足旅客对乘坐舒适的要求。而目前国内对舒适度研究仍偏重于列车运行物理指标层面的探索,忽视了人的心理和行为的需求,对舒适度的概念和本质的研究也十分匮乏。本文以此为切入点,围绕以下5个问题展开研究：(1)舒适度研究对象与现实意义；(2)旅客评价的心理过程和一般规律；(3)影响舒适度评价的因素；(4)舒适度影响因子及其权重模型的建立、结果验证与指导意义；(5)针对模型评价结果对影响舒适度因素提出改进方案和设计建议。
为了解决上述问题,在吸收过去研究成果的基础上,总结了国内外高速列车发展的历史、现状和特点,从乘坐舒适设计的角度出发,分析了铁路客车的发展趋势、舒适度提升的背景、原因、现状及其意义。借鉴国外铁路客车舒适度提升的经验,在研究高速列车设施与车厢环境的基础上,辨析了高速列车乘坐舒适度的概念和研究的本质,认识了舒适度评价的来源是旅客的主观感受。提出了满足旅客“乘坐需求、生理感受与心理感受”的综合舒适度的定义。通过对舒适度相关学科理论成果的纵向比较和对国内外舒适设计现状及影响因素横向比较,寻找到以往研究的不足和缺憾,提出“满足需求”和“营造空间”两条新的理念进行分析研究,并对目前舒适度研究的方法与现状进行了总结。
在充分阅读、分析文献和理论推演的基础上,以舒适度影响因素的主要变量为研究主线,深入寻找了旅客需求、空间设计与乘坐舒适的相关性和密切性。并提出舒适度调查问卷的初步设想。问卷设计基于人体心理和生理的主观感受以及车厢物理状况的考察,围绕高速列车乘坐舒适度综合评价而展开。通过专家访谈和先后4次试调查、6组焦点小组访谈的综合结果对问卷的信度与效度进行了双项验证和修正,最终制订了舒适度调查正式问卷,然后在北京-四方区间运行的CRH2型动车组对745位旅客进行了有效问卷调查。根据此次调查实验的数据进行了整理分析,首先通过因子分析对舒适度影响因素进行降维,然后利用AHP构建乘坐舒适度评价模型,得出了舒适度影响因子的权重的降序排列为：物理刺激、椅背曲面、就餐需求、情绪刺激、休息需求、其他需求、认知刺激、行为刺激、座椅尺寸、辅助功能、娱乐需求、空间需求。并对结果进行实车分析验证,得出模型评价结果与实车验证结果一致,证明该方法的真实性和可行性。并根据模型评价结果和旅客主观感觉,针对影响舒适度评价因素提出了列车设计改进建议：1.优化座椅设计；2.改进车厢空间布局；3.完善座椅周边服务设施；4.丰富灯光照明模式。最后在研究展望中提出了客车车厢创新氛围设计模式和未来研究方向,为今后列车设计和改进车辆提供理论参考。
With the development of technology, high-speed trains, due to their advantages of safety, high speed, punctuality, energy conservation and environmental protection, have become the ideal means of transport that people travel for long distances. In the late 20th century, the world-class high-speed trains, represented by Japanese Shinkansen, French TGV and German ICE, have made tremendous economic and social value, setting a good image of technology and culture to their own country. Their successful development experiences indicate that speeding up is the technical prerequisite, safe operation is the priority, but better design for facilities is crucial to win the market. Besides speed increase and safety guarantee, China's railway is now appealing to more and more passengers by further improvement on the car riding environment and comfort through equipping the cars with the excellent supporting facilities and people-oriented services. Faced with the market competition and in the process of facilities R&D, China' s railway has timely established a full set of standardized serialized design system to provide a reliable experience and foundation for train services upgrading, aiming at a virtuous cycle of R&D internationalization and manufacturing localization.
As human scientific and technological level and standard of living improved, traveler's requirements on the ride comfort towards transportation vehicles are increased accordingly. The ride comfort gradually becomes an important factor to influence the design of high-speed railway passenger cars and guarantee the passenger transport market. In recent years, the ride comfort of high-speed railway passenger cars in all countries has been improved rapidly, but the related evaluation is currently still has no uniform model internationally. Although the comfort design criteria in terms of six aspects such as train vibration, acoustic environment, thermal environment, light environment, pressure wave and air quality are established in China at the present stage, the passenger cars in China still can not fully meet all the requirements for ride comfort since other affecting aspects such as space environment, facilities function and service efficiency etc. have not yet been systematically studied. However, the comfort study in China is still focused on the exploration at the level of physical index of car running and neglects the human psychological and behavioral demand, the research on the concept and nature of the comfort is also very scarce. The article takes this as a breakthrough point and studies focus on the following issues:(1) Study object and significance of the comfort; (2)Passenger's psychological processes during evaluation and the general rule; (3) Factors that influence the comfort evaluation; (4) model establishment and test of comfort influencing factors and the weights; and (5) suggestion on improvement on affecting factors the comfort based on the model evolution.
In order to solve the above problem, the article summarizes the history, current situation and characteristics of the development of domestic and aboard high-speed railway passenger cars by absorbing the previous study results, and analyses the development trend of railway passenger cars, the background, reason, current status and significance of comfort improving from the ride comfort design point of view. In addition, borrowing the foreign countries'experience on the comfort improving of railway passenger car, on the basis of the research in facilities and compartment environment of high-speed railway passenger cars, the article analyses the ride comfort concept of high-speed railway passenger car and the essence of the research, indicates that the source of comfort evaluation lies in the traveler's subjective feelings, and also proposes a comprehensive comfort definition to meet the passenger's'ride needs, physiological and psychological sensations'. By longitudinal comparison of comfort related theoretical results and the horizontal comparison of the current status of domestic and abroad comfort design and influencing factors, the shortcomings and defects in previous studies are found. The article proposes two new concepts of'meet requirement'and'create space'to analysis and research, and summarizes the methods and current status of comfort study.
Based on the full reading, analysis of literature and theoretical deduction, take the main variables of influencing factors as the main line, the article deeply search the relativity between the passenger demand, space design and the ride comfort, and put forward a preliminary idea to make the comfort questionnaire. The questionnaire is designed based on human's psychologically and physiologically subjective feelings as well as the study on the physical condition around the car, developed focus on the ride comfort comprehensive evaluation of high-speed railway passenger cars, and verified and revised both on its reliability and validity through the comprehensive results collected from experts interview,4 times of pre-survey and 6 times of focusing group interviews, and then eventually officially established. The effective questionnaire is spread to 745 passengers on CRH2 EMU running on Beijing-Sifang line. According to the data collected from the questionnaire, the dimension reduction of comfort influencing factors is firstly taken, and then establishes the evaluation model for ride comfort with AHP. Thus, the descending order of weight of comfort influencing factors are:physical stimulation, curve degree of the seat back, dining needs, emotional stimulation, rest requirements, other requirements, cognitive stimulation, behavior stimulation, seat size, auxiliary function, entertainment needs, space requirements. The results are empirically analyzed which shows that the evaluation results derived from the model are consistent with the real situation, and thus prove the authenticity and feasibility of the method. The suggestions for train design improvement are proposed according to the model evaluation results and the passenger's subjective feelings:1. Optimize the seat design; 2. Improve the interior space arrangement; 3. Complete the service facilities around the seat; 4. Enrich the illumination mode. In the research prospects part of the article, the design mode for innovative atmosphere in the compartment and the future research direction are proposed which will provide theoretical references for the train design and improvement.
引文
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