变压器油纸绝缘典型局部放电发展过程的研究
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摘要
变压器作为电网的核心设备之一,它的健康状况直接关系到整个电网的运行安全,因此寻找有效的途径和方法对变压器的内部早期故障状态进行评估显得尤为重要。利用局部放电研究油纸绝缘变压器内部绝缘放电的发展过程,并对放电严重程度进行状态评估,目前在国内外尚未开展,故此,本文对油纸绝缘变压器典型局部放电的发展过程和特征进行了研究。
为了研究变压器油纸绝缘典型局部放电的发展过程和特征,本文建立了一套能够模拟变压器运行环境试验平台,用五种典型的电极结构,采用恒压法对绕组匝间模型进行了长期试验,采用升压法对针板垂直结构模型、针板平行结构模型、圆柱平板模型、油楔模型进行了长期试验,观测了各模型放电发生、发展、闪络击穿的过程。在试验过程中对模型纸板进行了拍照,记录纸板表面的放电痕迹,获得了不同典型局部放电模型的常规脉冲电流信号、特高频信号、宽带脉冲电流信号随时间发展的趋势图以及散点图、柱状图、灰度图、时频分析图等多种统计谱图,提出了可以利用放电相位分布特点以及各种统计谱图的形貌特征作为变压器设备放电严重程度划分的依据。
根据五类典型局部放电模型的试验现象和相应的统计特征,本文将放电严重程度划分为三个阶段即放电起始阶段、放电发展阶段、放电危险阶段；放电初始阶段一般放电次数较少,放电能量小,放电相位的分布也较窄,在360。附近一般不会有放电出现；放电发展阶段放电次数开始增多,放电能量增强幅值变大,所观测到的纸板表面痕迹更加明显,在360°附近开始出现大量放电,放电危险阶段放电相位几乎布满整个周期,放电能量增加。
根据试验情况和所观测到的试验现象,本文认为在模型放电发展过程中主要存在三种类型的放电即油中电晕放电、纸板表面放电、纸板内部放电；这三种放电类型在不同的模型不同的放电发展阶段有不同的体现。
本文对匝间模型除了进行正常油温和微水的研究外,还进行了异常油温、异常微水的研究,对柱板结构放电模型进行了正常油温和异常油温的对比研究。通过不同油温及不同油中微水含量的研究发现,这两个因素对放电发展过程的影响较大,温度升高和微水含量增加,将会降低起始局放电压,加速放电的发展过程,缩短从出现局放到最后闪络击穿的时间。表明微水含量的升高可能会降低绝缘强度,加速放电的发展；温度升高会使电子自身的固有动能加大,活性增强,加速放电的发展。
The power transformer has become to be one of the core apparatus for the power grid, and its healthy status has an immediatet relationship to the safety for the grid. A great need is therefore in existence to search for an effective way in assessing the internal and inceptive fault for power transforms. But at the same time, it is a research gap to use partial discharge (PD) to study the evolution process for the oil-paper insulation and to evaluate the severity for discharges in power transformers. The present research is thereby designed to study the evolution processes and its characteristics of typical PD in oil-paper insulated transformers.
An experiment platform was set up and five typical partial discharge models were established in simulation of the operation conditions for power transformers. Long-term tests were undertaken on the established experiment platform to observe the entire evolution process of PD in transformers during its inceptive initiation, gradual development and final flashover or breakdown, with application of constant voltage for the PD models between interturn windings and gradually-stepped voltage for the other four PD models. During the tests, the pressboard models were taken photos to present the trace of discharges. The trend curve of the conventional impulse current (CIC) signals, ultra frequency (UHF) signals, and ultra wide-band current (UWB) signals as a result of test time were presented and analyzed. So were the scatter plot, histogram, grey-scale map and the time-frequency (T-F) map of these outputs and signals. It is suggested that both the phase distribution characteristics and spectrum changes can be used as criterion to infer the evolution stage and severity grade of PD in oil-paper insulated transformer.
According to the observed discharge phenomenon and the corresponding statistical features, the present research concludes that partial discharges in transformer undertakes three evolution stages, i.e. initiating stage, developing stage and threatening stage. The initiating stage observes weak discharge of low frequency. Phase distribution of the discharge at this stage is rather narrow with little discharges observed around 360°. The developing stage witnesses increasing discharge in higher frequency. The amplitude and energy of discharges strengthen notable and the discharge traces becomes more obvious. A lot of discharges appear around 360°. At the threatening stage, discharges almost appear at 0°～360°, and discharge energy augments clearly.
With reference to different discharge features and phenomenon of the evolution stages, the present research summarizes that in power transformers, the discharges follow three different patterns, namely, corona discharge in oil, discharge along paper surface and internal discharge in paper. These mentioned discharges incarnate in different discharge models and different discharge evolution stage.
The present research also studied discharge evolution process under abnormal oil temperature and different moisture, and carried out comparative studies under different temperatures for column-plate discharge model. Based on these studies, it is summarized that the discharge evolution process is more greatly affected by these two factors mentioned above. As the oil temperature and moisture increase, the inception voltage declines, the evolution speedups, and the duration from its inception till final breakdown shortens. Therefore, it can be concluded that the increasing moisture could reduce the insulation strength, the increasing temperature could reinforce the electron's natural motion energy and enhance its heat activity. Both of these factors would accelerate the evolution process for oil-paper insulation.
为了研究变压器油纸绝缘典型局部放电的发展过程和特征,本文建立了一套能够模拟变压器运行环境试验平台,用五种典型的电极结构,采用恒压法对绕组匝间模型进行了长期试验,采用升压法对针板垂直结构模型、针板平行结构模型、圆柱平板模型、油楔模型进行了长期试验,观测了各模型放电发生、发展、闪络击穿的过程。在试验过程中对模型纸板进行了拍照,记录纸板表面的放电痕迹,获得了不同典型局部放电模型的常规脉冲电流信号、特高频信号、宽带脉冲电流信号随时间发展的趋势图以及散点图、柱状图、灰度图、时频分析图等多种统计谱图,提出了可以利用放电相位分布特点以及各种统计谱图的形貌特征作为变压器设备放电严重程度划分的依据。
根据五类典型局部放电模型的试验现象和相应的统计特征,本文将放电严重程度划分为三个阶段即放电起始阶段、放电发展阶段、放电危险阶段；放电初始阶段一般放电次数较少,放电能量小,放电相位的分布也较窄,在360。附近一般不会有放电出现；放电发展阶段放电次数开始增多,放电能量增强幅值变大,所观测到的纸板表面痕迹更加明显,在360°附近开始出现大量放电,放电危险阶段放电相位几乎布满整个周期,放电能量增加。
根据试验情况和所观测到的试验现象,本文认为在模型放电发展过程中主要存在三种类型的放电即油中电晕放电、纸板表面放电、纸板内部放电；这三种放电类型在不同的模型不同的放电发展阶段有不同的体现。
本文对匝间模型除了进行正常油温和微水的研究外,还进行了异常油温、异常微水的研究,对柱板结构放电模型进行了正常油温和异常油温的对比研究。通过不同油温及不同油中微水含量的研究发现,这两个因素对放电发展过程的影响较大,温度升高和微水含量增加,将会降低起始局放电压,加速放电的发展过程,缩短从出现局放到最后闪络击穿的时间。表明微水含量的升高可能会降低绝缘强度,加速放电的发展；温度升高会使电子自身的固有动能加大,活性增强,加速放电的发展。
The power transformer has become to be one of the core apparatus for the power grid, and its healthy status has an immediatet relationship to the safety for the grid. A great need is therefore in existence to search for an effective way in assessing the internal and inceptive fault for power transforms. But at the same time, it is a research gap to use partial discharge (PD) to study the evolution process for the oil-paper insulation and to evaluate the severity for discharges in power transformers. The present research is thereby designed to study the evolution processes and its characteristics of typical PD in oil-paper insulated transformers.
An experiment platform was set up and five typical partial discharge models were established in simulation of the operation conditions for power transformers. Long-term tests were undertaken on the established experiment platform to observe the entire evolution process of PD in transformers during its inceptive initiation, gradual development and final flashover or breakdown, with application of constant voltage for the PD models between interturn windings and gradually-stepped voltage for the other four PD models. During the tests, the pressboard models were taken photos to present the trace of discharges. The trend curve of the conventional impulse current (CIC) signals, ultra frequency (UHF) signals, and ultra wide-band current (UWB) signals as a result of test time were presented and analyzed. So were the scatter plot, histogram, grey-scale map and the time-frequency (T-F) map of these outputs and signals. It is suggested that both the phase distribution characteristics and spectrum changes can be used as criterion to infer the evolution stage and severity grade of PD in oil-paper insulated transformer.
According to the observed discharge phenomenon and the corresponding statistical features, the present research concludes that partial discharges in transformer undertakes three evolution stages, i.e. initiating stage, developing stage and threatening stage. The initiating stage observes weak discharge of low frequency. Phase distribution of the discharge at this stage is rather narrow with little discharges observed around 360°. The developing stage witnesses increasing discharge in higher frequency. The amplitude and energy of discharges strengthen notable and the discharge traces becomes more obvious. A lot of discharges appear around 360°. At the threatening stage, discharges almost appear at 0°～360°, and discharge energy augments clearly.
With reference to different discharge features and phenomenon of the evolution stages, the present research summarizes that in power transformers, the discharges follow three different patterns, namely, corona discharge in oil, discharge along paper surface and internal discharge in paper. These mentioned discharges incarnate in different discharge models and different discharge evolution stage.
The present research also studied discharge evolution process under abnormal oil temperature and different moisture, and carried out comparative studies under different temperatures for column-plate discharge model. Based on these studies, it is summarized that the discharge evolution process is more greatly affected by these two factors mentioned above. As the oil temperature and moisture increase, the inception voltage declines, the evolution speedups, and the duration from its inception till final breakdown shortens. Therefore, it can be concluded that the increasing moisture could reduce the insulation strength, the increasing temperature could reinforce the electron's natural motion energy and enhance its heat activity. Both of these factors would accelerate the evolution process for oil-paper insulation.
引文
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