高速公路交通事故现场区划安全测度研究
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摘要
高速公路发生交通事故以后,事故现场处部分或全部车道封闭,交通警察在事故现场进行勘查工作,事故现场的合理处置是交通警察和现场其他人员人身安全的基本保证。近年来频发的高速公路二次交通事故,一方面说明交通警察和现场其他人员缺乏安全意识,另一方面也说明事故现场处置规范还不够完善。为了提高交通事故现场区域安全性,预防二次交通事故,本文从分析二次交通事故的致因因素出发,调研事故现场区域的交通特性,进行事故现场危险区域划分,并研究交通事故现场路段限速方案和安全标志设置。
应用系统动力学方法建立高速公路交通事故现场安全系统模型,得出模型中各因素的重要度。从系统安全性的角度分析驾驶员、交通警察和其他人员行为特性与事故现场安全性的关系。调研事故现场上游路段各特征点断面运行车速和车头时距,并确定各样本的分布函数,为事故现场区域划分提供数据支持。
根据运行车速空间分布特征以及驾驶员行为特征对高速公路交通事故现场进行区域划分,建立各区域长度计算模型。基于交通事故现场的信息多维特征建立区域限速值计算模型,并开发了限速值辅助决策系统。为了验证限速值计算模型的可行性,利用微观交通流仿真软件将推荐的限速方案与不限速方案比对,考查影响交通事故现场安全性的指标,从而得到双向四车道、双向六车道和双向八车道高速公路典型交通事故现场划分区域的限速方案。
基于驾驶员对交通标志的视认过程,建立高速公路交通事故现场标志设置前置距离和设置方式的计算模型,提出双向四车道、双向六车道和双向八车道高速公路典型交通事故现场以及特殊条件下的事故现场的限速标志、警示标志和指示标志等设置方案。
Freeway is a kind of main line of road with restricted entrances for automobile to run in different direction and in respective lane. And its mileage is a sign of national and regional economic development level. Freeway has outstanding advantages in transportation efficiency, convenience and comfort. But the growing transportation demand brings great traffic flow. In such background, traffic accidents would occur if mismanagement or lack of safty awareness for traffic participants. Traffic accidents result in accident scenes, which are the basis of accidents reconstruction and causations judgement.
After traffic accidents occur, it is necessary to wait for traffic police coming to enclose the accident scenes. Due to sudden changes of traffic flow and speed dispersion, traffic police, irrelevant personnel, damaged vehicles and passing vehicles constitute an extremely complex and dangerous traffic environment. Sections around traffic accident scenes are most dangerous during accident scenes formation and rescission. In order to protect traffic police and irrelevant personnel, and avoid vehicles rushing into accident scenes, Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Public Security have formulated many laws and regulations,which regulate the behavior of scene investigation, equipments and scheme of scene disposal for traffic police. But owing to randomicity of accident locations and high speed of passing vehicles, secondary accidents frequently happen.
Occurrence of secondary traffic accidents has single or various causations inluding unsuitable disposal of scenes, negligence of traffic police and hamartia of drivers. Compared with the initial accidents, the secondary accidents inducing more casualty and property loss are more preventable. This paper analyzes the safety factors in accident scenes, studies traffic characteristics around accident scenes, puts forward speed limitation suggestions and conducts reasonable setting of traffic signs in the scenes. Detailed descriptions are as follows.
(1) Aiming at the statistical absence of secondary accidents, the concept of the secondary accidents is put forward in this paper, and characteristics factors are regulated. Based on the processes and results of the secondary accidents, classifications and forms of the secondary traffic accidents are proposed. The causations of the secondary traffic accidents including person factors, vehicle factors, road and environment factors and management factors are analyzed. And the relationship between state evolution of various factors and safety of traffic accident scenes is studied. In order to obtain the important degree of various factors and propose effective measurements, the initial traffic accident scenes are regarded as dynamics system. Casualty graph and dynamics flow graph involving variable definition, horizontal equation, auxiliary equation, rate equation, the initial value equation and constant equation, are established. After every parameter is defined, dynamics system model is simulated to analyze the importance of factors.
(2) In order to divide the regions for traffic accident scenes and propose the suitable speed limits suggestion, personnel behavior characteristics in accident scenes, passing vehicles speed characteristics and traffic flow characteristics are analyzed. According to drivers cognitive pattern of SOR, drivers disposal information model is established, which is combined with information characteristics in accident scenes and utilized driving reliability theory. Behavior purpose, behavior approach and behavior contence of traffic police are investigated. In order to research onlooker psychology, realize onlooking time and onlooking region, questionnaires are made. The questions involve onlooking tendency, watching time and region. Investigation results are made to statistical graphs and charts. For obtaining speed distribution along accident scenes section, radar speed indicator and traffic flow capturing and processing equipment are applied to detect speed at certain points. Probability distribution of speed sample is achieved by means of maximum likelihood estimation. Time headway sample in normal section, single lane enclosing section and multi lanes enclosing section is analyzed to acquire distributed parameters. Based on the speed and time headway distribution, length model of confluence zone is established in different traffic flow.
(3) According to speed distribution and relevant regulations, the regions of traffic accident scenes are divided, speed limits model and simulating models are established. Traffic accident scenes are divided into warning zone, confluence zone, buffering zone, accident zone, diffluence zone and termination zone. Vehicles speed charateristics in various zone and drivers behavior charateristics are helpful to calculate length of each zone. Considering large quantity of information and ability of drivers information disposal, speed limit value model in warning zone and confluence zone are established, which aid to develop the decision support system. The system includes modules according to information classification in accident scenes. To verify models and support system, microscopic simulation software of traffic flow is employed to check index involving standard deviation of speed sample, maximum queue length, traffic capacity and mean speed. Speed limits suggestions are proposed for typical accident scenes of four-lane double way, six-lane double way and eight-lane double way.
(4) Based on the ergonomics, classifications and location of traffic signs in each zone are put forward according to analyzing the process of drivers reading signs. Means of traffic signs and characteristics of drivers behaviors are contributed to establish distance model of reading signs. Consequently, preposing distance of traffic sings locations and repeating distances are obtained. Referencing speed limits suggestions, setting locations of signs and proposal chemes are proposed for four-lane double way, six-lane double way, eight-lane double way and simple accident scenes. At the same time, full-lane enclosed accident scenes, special climate, special sections and accident scenes in night are anayzed and traffic signs setting schemes are proposed.
Research results are valuable theoretically and practically for regulating disposal scheme of traffic accident scenes, ensuring personal safety of traffic police and irrelevant personnel in accident scenes.
应用系统动力学方法建立高速公路交通事故现场安全系统模型,得出模型中各因素的重要度。从系统安全性的角度分析驾驶员、交通警察和其他人员行为特性与事故现场安全性的关系。调研事故现场上游路段各特征点断面运行车速和车头时距,并确定各样本的分布函数,为事故现场区域划分提供数据支持。
根据运行车速空间分布特征以及驾驶员行为特征对高速公路交通事故现场进行区域划分,建立各区域长度计算模型。基于交通事故现场的信息多维特征建立区域限速值计算模型,并开发了限速值辅助决策系统。为了验证限速值计算模型的可行性,利用微观交通流仿真软件将推荐的限速方案与不限速方案比对,考查影响交通事故现场安全性的指标,从而得到双向四车道、双向六车道和双向八车道高速公路典型交通事故现场划分区域的限速方案。
基于驾驶员对交通标志的视认过程,建立高速公路交通事故现场标志设置前置距离和设置方式的计算模型,提出双向四车道、双向六车道和双向八车道高速公路典型交通事故现场以及特殊条件下的事故现场的限速标志、警示标志和指示标志等设置方案。
Freeway is a kind of main line of road with restricted entrances for automobile to run in different direction and in respective lane. And its mileage is a sign of national and regional economic development level. Freeway has outstanding advantages in transportation efficiency, convenience and comfort. But the growing transportation demand brings great traffic flow. In such background, traffic accidents would occur if mismanagement or lack of safty awareness for traffic participants. Traffic accidents result in accident scenes, which are the basis of accidents reconstruction and causations judgement.
After traffic accidents occur, it is necessary to wait for traffic police coming to enclose the accident scenes. Due to sudden changes of traffic flow and speed dispersion, traffic police, irrelevant personnel, damaged vehicles and passing vehicles constitute an extremely complex and dangerous traffic environment. Sections around traffic accident scenes are most dangerous during accident scenes formation and rescission. In order to protect traffic police and irrelevant personnel, and avoid vehicles rushing into accident scenes, Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Public Security have formulated many laws and regulations,which regulate the behavior of scene investigation, equipments and scheme of scene disposal for traffic police. But owing to randomicity of accident locations and high speed of passing vehicles, secondary accidents frequently happen.
Occurrence of secondary traffic accidents has single or various causations inluding unsuitable disposal of scenes, negligence of traffic police and hamartia of drivers. Compared with the initial accidents, the secondary accidents inducing more casualty and property loss are more preventable. This paper analyzes the safety factors in accident scenes, studies traffic characteristics around accident scenes, puts forward speed limitation suggestions and conducts reasonable setting of traffic signs in the scenes. Detailed descriptions are as follows.
(1) Aiming at the statistical absence of secondary accidents, the concept of the secondary accidents is put forward in this paper, and characteristics factors are regulated. Based on the processes and results of the secondary accidents, classifications and forms of the secondary traffic accidents are proposed. The causations of the secondary traffic accidents including person factors, vehicle factors, road and environment factors and management factors are analyzed. And the relationship between state evolution of various factors and safety of traffic accident scenes is studied. In order to obtain the important degree of various factors and propose effective measurements, the initial traffic accident scenes are regarded as dynamics system. Casualty graph and dynamics flow graph involving variable definition, horizontal equation, auxiliary equation, rate equation, the initial value equation and constant equation, are established. After every parameter is defined, dynamics system model is simulated to analyze the importance of factors.
(2) In order to divide the regions for traffic accident scenes and propose the suitable speed limits suggestion, personnel behavior characteristics in accident scenes, passing vehicles speed characteristics and traffic flow characteristics are analyzed. According to drivers cognitive pattern of SOR, drivers disposal information model is established, which is combined with information characteristics in accident scenes and utilized driving reliability theory. Behavior purpose, behavior approach and behavior contence of traffic police are investigated. In order to research onlooker psychology, realize onlooking time and onlooking region, questionnaires are made. The questions involve onlooking tendency, watching time and region. Investigation results are made to statistical graphs and charts. For obtaining speed distribution along accident scenes section, radar speed indicator and traffic flow capturing and processing equipment are applied to detect speed at certain points. Probability distribution of speed sample is achieved by means of maximum likelihood estimation. Time headway sample in normal section, single lane enclosing section and multi lanes enclosing section is analyzed to acquire distributed parameters. Based on the speed and time headway distribution, length model of confluence zone is established in different traffic flow.
(3) According to speed distribution and relevant regulations, the regions of traffic accident scenes are divided, speed limits model and simulating models are established. Traffic accident scenes are divided into warning zone, confluence zone, buffering zone, accident zone, diffluence zone and termination zone. Vehicles speed charateristics in various zone and drivers behavior charateristics are helpful to calculate length of each zone. Considering large quantity of information and ability of drivers information disposal, speed limit value model in warning zone and confluence zone are established, which aid to develop the decision support system. The system includes modules according to information classification in accident scenes. To verify models and support system, microscopic simulation software of traffic flow is employed to check index involving standard deviation of speed sample, maximum queue length, traffic capacity and mean speed. Speed limits suggestions are proposed for typical accident scenes of four-lane double way, six-lane double way and eight-lane double way.
(4) Based on the ergonomics, classifications and location of traffic signs in each zone are put forward according to analyzing the process of drivers reading signs. Means of traffic signs and characteristics of drivers behaviors are contributed to establish distance model of reading signs. Consequently, preposing distance of traffic sings locations and repeating distances are obtained. Referencing speed limits suggestions, setting locations of signs and proposal chemes are proposed for four-lane double way, six-lane double way, eight-lane double way and simple accident scenes. At the same time, full-lane enclosed accident scenes, special climate, special sections and accident scenes in night are anayzed and traffic signs setting schemes are proposed.
Research results are valuable theoretically and practically for regulating disposal scheme of traffic accident scenes, ensuring personal safety of traffic police and irrelevant personnel in accident scenes.
引文
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