模板组装聚合物胶囊及其性能研究
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摘要
模板法组装得到的聚合物微纳米胶囊由于其性质的可调控性(例如大小、组成、壁厚、稳定性以及表面功能性等),已经在合成化学、生物技术、制药以及诊断学等领域得到了广泛的应用,并引起了科学家的高度重视。聚合物胶囊已经逐渐发展成为一个基于化学、生物和工程等交叉学科的研究领域。为了满足聚合物胶囊的更多功能和应用需求,本文以寻找新的模板和壁材组装新型的聚合物微胶囊为目的,详细研究了模板法组装得到的微胶囊的性质及功能。具体研究内容如下：
第一章：概述了聚合物胶囊的各种组装方法；详细讨论了模板法特别是层层组装(layer-by-layer, LbL)法构筑聚合物胶囊的具体内容,包括模板与壁材的选择,组装过程的驱动力,LbL法的优缺点等；然后归纳了聚合物微胶囊在功能物质的封装、微容器、生物矿化以及药物释放等方面的应用；最后总结了聚合物微胶囊的研究现状和展望,阐述了论文的选题目的和意义。
第二章：以二甲基二乙氧基硅烷(DMDES)形成的乳液为模板,利用多巴胺聚合的方法构筑胶囊的囊壁,乙醇除掉模板后得到了单分散的聚多巴胺胶囊；研究了控制胶囊大小和壁厚的条件,探索了聚多巴胺胶囊在封装方面的应用。研究结果发现：得到的聚多巴胺胶囊具有很好的单分散性,在水溶液中没有发生聚集现象。在制备乳液时,通过改变DMDES的浓度或者乳液的陈化时间,均能改变乳液模板的粒径大小,从而可以在400 nm到2.4μm范围内控制胶囊的大小；通过控制乳液模板的浓度,可以在10-30 nm范围内控制胶囊的壁厚,通过增加乳液表面多巴胺的聚合次数,胶囊的壁厚可以达到140 nm。在乳液的形成过程中加入疏水的纳米颗粒(如有机物修饰的Fe304纳米颗粒和量子点)或者疏水药物(thiocoraline)，就可以得到封装功能性物质的乳液模板,在其表面聚合多巴胺,利用乙醇除掉乳液模板后得到了封装有功能性物质的聚多巴胺胶囊。封装有Fe304纳米颗粒的聚多巴胺胶囊,可以被磁铁分离；通过对量子点的封装,我们发现胶囊的囊壁对光有很强的吸收作用。本文使用乳液为模板组装得到了粒径和壁厚可控的单分散聚合物胶囊,方法简单,除核条件温和,并且利用预封装的方法实现了功能性物质在聚合物胶囊中的封装,丰富了多巴胺化学和聚合物胶囊的制备方法,有望在器件组装、生物技术和药物传输领域发现新的应用。
第三章：以商品化的三聚氰胺甲醛树脂微球为模板,使用LbL技术将多壁碳纳米管组装到聚电解质微胶囊中,并利用循环伏安法研究了其电化学性质。透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)的表征表明,酸化处理过的碳纳米管可以均匀地组装到聚电解质微胶囊的壁层中,激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)下可以观察到该微胶囊没有聚集现象产生；渗透压法证明含有碳纳米管的微胶囊的机械性能得到了提高；此外,该微胶囊在不同的外界条件下(例如溶液中pH值和盐的浓度)呈现了丰富的电化学行为,在磷酸缓冲溶液中,在-0.05 V处有一对氧化还原峰；随着溶液中pH值的升高,峰电位逐渐减小；其电化学行为基本不受溶液中离子强度的影响。含有碳纳米管的聚电解质微胶囊连同其电化学行为有望在生物传感和催化领域发现新的应用。
第四章：选用聚电解质和金属杂多酸盐{Mo72Fe30}为壁材,利用LbL技术组装得到了有机-无机杂化的磁性微胶囊。由于无机组分的掺杂,即使在透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)下该胶囊仍然能够自由站立。由于金属杂多酸盐均匀的粒径和表面电荷以及纳米级的尺寸,与其他无机纳米颗粒掺杂的微胶囊相比,可以在纳米尺度上更精确地控制含有金属杂多酸盐胶囊的壁厚。尽管{Mo72Fe30}是顺磁性分子,但是含有{Mo72Fe30}的微胶囊在外界磁场作用下可以被分离或排列。这种含有金属杂多酸盐的聚电解质微胶囊在生物分离和药物传输领域有着潜在的应用。
第五章：据报道,大约有40%的活性物质不溶于水,因此如何在水体系中传输这些疏水物质成了科学界的一个挑战。本章发明了一种简单而有效的方法,实现了疏水药物在微胶囊中的封装以及细胞内的传输。在有机溶剂中将疏水药物预封装在介孔SiO2球中,利用LbL技术在其表面组装多层氨基酸,除掉模板后得到了疏水药物封装的氨基酸微胶囊。含有疏水药物的氨基酸微胶囊在水溶液中具有很好的胶体稳定性。MTT实验证明封装有疏水药物的微胶囊具有与单纯药物相似的细胞杀伤率。相关研究结果为封装和传输疏水药物提供了一条新的途径,并为以后临床应用中传输疏水物质提供了可能,既具有理论意义,又具有潜在的应用价值。
Template-mediated polymer capsules have been found applications in various fields including synthetic chemistry, biotechnology, pharmaceutics, and diagnostics because of their tailored properties (e.g., size, composition, shell thickness, stability, and surface functionality), which have attracted particular interests of scientists. They have been becoming an interdisciplinary field among chemistry, biology and engineering. To fulfill more functionalities and applications of polymer capsules, in this thesis, novel polymer capsules using new templates and shell materials have been fabricated. The properties and functionalities of these capsules have also been explored. The outline and contents of this doctoral dissertation are as follows:
Chapter 1 is a brief introduction of the research background of template-mediated polymer capsules in which assembly methods and applications of polymer capsules are reviewed. In this chapter, the details of the templating method especially layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, including templates and shell materials, driving forces, pros and cons of LbL method, and the applications of capsules in encapsulation, microreactor, biomimetic mineralization, and drug release, are mainly demonstrated. Finally, the current and future research in polymer capsule field is concluded. The purpose and significance of this thesis are also demonstrated.
In Chapter 2, the preparation of monodisperse polymer (polydopamine, PDA) capsules have been studied by a one-step interfacial polymerization of dopamine onto dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDES) emulsion droplets and removal of the DMDES templates with ethanol. The results demonstrated that the diameters of the PDA capsules can be tailored from 400 nm to 2.4μm by varying either the DMDES emulsion condensation time or the emulsion concentration used for templating. Further, capsules with defined nanometer-scale shell thicknesses (ranging from～10 to 30 nm) can be prepared by adjusting the emulsion concentration. The shell thickness can be increased by repeated interfacial polymerization of dopamine, with three cycles yielding capsules with a shell thickness of up to 140 nm (for a 0.6% v/v suspension). The results also demonstrated that functional substances, such as organically-stabilized magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, quantum dots (CdSe/CdS), and hydrophobic drugs (thiocoraline), can be preloaded in the emulsion droplets, and following PDA coating and DMDES removal, these materials remain encapsulated in the polymer capsules. All of the unloaded and loaded PDA capsules were monodisperse and did not aggregate. This work not only enriches the chemistry of dopamine-based melanins (eumelanins), but also provides new avenues for the preparation of polymer capsules with defined size and shell thickness and for the encapsulation of a range of hydrophobic substances, leading to possible applications in devices, biotechnology, and drug delivery systems.
In Chapter 3, multiwalled carbon-nanotube (MWCNT)-embedded microcapsules were fabricated by the stepwise deposition of polyelectrolytes and oxidized MWCNTs using the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique based on electrostatic interaction. Electrochemical behaviors of the MWCNT-embedded microcapsules were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to characterize the morphology of the microcapsules. The results revealed that MWCNTs were homogeneously assembled in the microcapsule shells to form a netlike structure. Mechanical properties of the MWCNT-embedded microcapsules were enhanced. CV measurements indicate that MWCNT-embedded microcapsules exhibit different electrochemical behaviors by changing surrounding conditions, such as pH and salt concentration. MWCNT-embedded microcapsules show a well-defined reversible voltammogram at-0.05 V. The peak potential decreased with increasing pH of support eclectrolyte. However, salt concentration in the support electrolyte has little influence on the peak current. The MWCNT-embedded microcapsules, combined with the electrochemical behaviors, are envisaged to be utilized in applications for biosensors and catalysis.
In Chapter 4, magnetic microcapsules were constructed by fabricating nano-meter scaled C60-like "Keplerate" type{Mo72Fe30} with molecular formula [Mo72ⅥFe30ⅢO252(CH3COO)12Mo2O7(H2O)｝2｛H2Mo2O8(H2O)｝(H2O)91]·ca. 150H2O into nanocapsule shells using the LbL technique. The morphology of the obtained hybrid microcapsules were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Shell thickness of the {Mo72Fe3o}-embedded microcapsules can be tailored at the nanometer level more precisely than other nanoparticle-embedded capsules due to the homogeneous diameter and surface charges of{Mo72Fe30}. Interestingly, the{Mo72Fe30}-embedded microcapsules could be separated and aligned under a circumstance of magnetic field, though{Mo72Fe30} is a paramagnetic molecule. To our best knowledge, this is the first time to fabricate hybrid magnetic materials containing{Mo72Fe3o} using LbL technique. The obtained microcapsules can be a good candidate for bioseparation as well as targeted delivery.
In Chapter 5, as well-known, more than 40% of active compounds identified through combinational screening programs are poorly water-soluble and are frequently abandoned for further development to drug products, as they can not be delivered using conventional formulation techniques, In this chapter, a general and facile approach of encapsulating water-insoluble compounds in polymer capsules was reported through mesoporous silica (MS) nanoparticle-mediated drug loading and subsequent generation of the polymer shell templated assembly using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. After removal of the MS particle, the water-insoluble compounds were retained in the polymer capsules. The drug-encapsulated capsules exhibited excellent colloidal stability in water. MTT experiments proved that the drug encapsulated in the capsules maintained their high cancer cell killing potency. Given the tunability of particle sizes and pore sizes of MS particles, as well as the versatility and controllability of the LbL technique, this novel approach constitutes a facile and promising route to translate water-insoluble compounds to relevant clinical applications.
第一章：概述了聚合物胶囊的各种组装方法；详细讨论了模板法特别是层层组装(layer-by-layer, LbL)法构筑聚合物胶囊的具体内容,包括模板与壁材的选择,组装过程的驱动力,LbL法的优缺点等；然后归纳了聚合物微胶囊在功能物质的封装、微容器、生物矿化以及药物释放等方面的应用；最后总结了聚合物微胶囊的研究现状和展望,阐述了论文的选题目的和意义。
第二章：以二甲基二乙氧基硅烷(DMDES)形成的乳液为模板,利用多巴胺聚合的方法构筑胶囊的囊壁,乙醇除掉模板后得到了单分散的聚多巴胺胶囊；研究了控制胶囊大小和壁厚的条件,探索了聚多巴胺胶囊在封装方面的应用。研究结果发现：得到的聚多巴胺胶囊具有很好的单分散性,在水溶液中没有发生聚集现象。在制备乳液时,通过改变DMDES的浓度或者乳液的陈化时间,均能改变乳液模板的粒径大小,从而可以在400 nm到2.4μm范围内控制胶囊的大小；通过控制乳液模板的浓度,可以在10-30 nm范围内控制胶囊的壁厚,通过增加乳液表面多巴胺的聚合次数,胶囊的壁厚可以达到140 nm。在乳液的形成过程中加入疏水的纳米颗粒(如有机物修饰的Fe304纳米颗粒和量子点)或者疏水药物(thiocoraline)，就可以得到封装功能性物质的乳液模板,在其表面聚合多巴胺,利用乙醇除掉乳液模板后得到了封装有功能性物质的聚多巴胺胶囊。封装有Fe304纳米颗粒的聚多巴胺胶囊,可以被磁铁分离；通过对量子点的封装,我们发现胶囊的囊壁对光有很强的吸收作用。本文使用乳液为模板组装得到了粒径和壁厚可控的单分散聚合物胶囊,方法简单,除核条件温和,并且利用预封装的方法实现了功能性物质在聚合物胶囊中的封装,丰富了多巴胺化学和聚合物胶囊的制备方法,有望在器件组装、生物技术和药物传输领域发现新的应用。
第三章：以商品化的三聚氰胺甲醛树脂微球为模板,使用LbL技术将多壁碳纳米管组装到聚电解质微胶囊中,并利用循环伏安法研究了其电化学性质。透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)的表征表明,酸化处理过的碳纳米管可以均匀地组装到聚电解质微胶囊的壁层中,激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)下可以观察到该微胶囊没有聚集现象产生；渗透压法证明含有碳纳米管的微胶囊的机械性能得到了提高；此外,该微胶囊在不同的外界条件下(例如溶液中pH值和盐的浓度)呈现了丰富的电化学行为,在磷酸缓冲溶液中,在-0.05 V处有一对氧化还原峰；随着溶液中pH值的升高,峰电位逐渐减小；其电化学行为基本不受溶液中离子强度的影响。含有碳纳米管的聚电解质微胶囊连同其电化学行为有望在生物传感和催化领域发现新的应用。
第四章：选用聚电解质和金属杂多酸盐{Mo72Fe30}为壁材,利用LbL技术组装得到了有机-无机杂化的磁性微胶囊。由于无机组分的掺杂,即使在透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)下该胶囊仍然能够自由站立。由于金属杂多酸盐均匀的粒径和表面电荷以及纳米级的尺寸,与其他无机纳米颗粒掺杂的微胶囊相比,可以在纳米尺度上更精确地控制含有金属杂多酸盐胶囊的壁厚。尽管{Mo72Fe30}是顺磁性分子,但是含有{Mo72Fe30}的微胶囊在外界磁场作用下可以被分离或排列。这种含有金属杂多酸盐的聚电解质微胶囊在生物分离和药物传输领域有着潜在的应用。
第五章：据报道,大约有40%的活性物质不溶于水,因此如何在水体系中传输这些疏水物质成了科学界的一个挑战。本章发明了一种简单而有效的方法,实现了疏水药物在微胶囊中的封装以及细胞内的传输。在有机溶剂中将疏水药物预封装在介孔SiO2球中,利用LbL技术在其表面组装多层氨基酸,除掉模板后得到了疏水药物封装的氨基酸微胶囊。含有疏水药物的氨基酸微胶囊在水溶液中具有很好的胶体稳定性。MTT实验证明封装有疏水药物的微胶囊具有与单纯药物相似的细胞杀伤率。相关研究结果为封装和传输疏水药物提供了一条新的途径,并为以后临床应用中传输疏水物质提供了可能,既具有理论意义,又具有潜在的应用价值。
Template-mediated polymer capsules have been found applications in various fields including synthetic chemistry, biotechnology, pharmaceutics, and diagnostics because of their tailored properties (e.g., size, composition, shell thickness, stability, and surface functionality), which have attracted particular interests of scientists. They have been becoming an interdisciplinary field among chemistry, biology and engineering. To fulfill more functionalities and applications of polymer capsules, in this thesis, novel polymer capsules using new templates and shell materials have been fabricated. The properties and functionalities of these capsules have also been explored. The outline and contents of this doctoral dissertation are as follows:
Chapter 1 is a brief introduction of the research background of template-mediated polymer capsules in which assembly methods and applications of polymer capsules are reviewed. In this chapter, the details of the templating method especially layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, including templates and shell materials, driving forces, pros and cons of LbL method, and the applications of capsules in encapsulation, microreactor, biomimetic mineralization, and drug release, are mainly demonstrated. Finally, the current and future research in polymer capsule field is concluded. The purpose and significance of this thesis are also demonstrated.
In Chapter 2, the preparation of monodisperse polymer (polydopamine, PDA) capsules have been studied by a one-step interfacial polymerization of dopamine onto dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDES) emulsion droplets and removal of the DMDES templates with ethanol. The results demonstrated that the diameters of the PDA capsules can be tailored from 400 nm to 2.4μm by varying either the DMDES emulsion condensation time or the emulsion concentration used for templating. Further, capsules with defined nanometer-scale shell thicknesses (ranging from～10 to 30 nm) can be prepared by adjusting the emulsion concentration. The shell thickness can be increased by repeated interfacial polymerization of dopamine, with three cycles yielding capsules with a shell thickness of up to 140 nm (for a 0.6% v/v suspension). The results also demonstrated that functional substances, such as organically-stabilized magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, quantum dots (CdSe/CdS), and hydrophobic drugs (thiocoraline), can be preloaded in the emulsion droplets, and following PDA coating and DMDES removal, these materials remain encapsulated in the polymer capsules. All of the unloaded and loaded PDA capsules were monodisperse and did not aggregate. This work not only enriches the chemistry of dopamine-based melanins (eumelanins), but also provides new avenues for the preparation of polymer capsules with defined size and shell thickness and for the encapsulation of a range of hydrophobic substances, leading to possible applications in devices, biotechnology, and drug delivery systems.
In Chapter 3, multiwalled carbon-nanotube (MWCNT)-embedded microcapsules were fabricated by the stepwise deposition of polyelectrolytes and oxidized MWCNTs using the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique based on electrostatic interaction. Electrochemical behaviors of the MWCNT-embedded microcapsules were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to characterize the morphology of the microcapsules. The results revealed that MWCNTs were homogeneously assembled in the microcapsule shells to form a netlike structure. Mechanical properties of the MWCNT-embedded microcapsules were enhanced. CV measurements indicate that MWCNT-embedded microcapsules exhibit different electrochemical behaviors by changing surrounding conditions, such as pH and salt concentration. MWCNT-embedded microcapsules show a well-defined reversible voltammogram at-0.05 V. The peak potential decreased with increasing pH of support eclectrolyte. However, salt concentration in the support electrolyte has little influence on the peak current. The MWCNT-embedded microcapsules, combined with the electrochemical behaviors, are envisaged to be utilized in applications for biosensors and catalysis.
In Chapter 4, magnetic microcapsules were constructed by fabricating nano-meter scaled C60-like "Keplerate" type{Mo72Fe30} with molecular formula [Mo72ⅥFe30ⅢO252(CH3COO)12Mo2O7(H2O)｝2｛H2Mo2O8(H2O)｝(H2O)91]·ca. 150H2O into nanocapsule shells using the LbL technique. The morphology of the obtained hybrid microcapsules were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Shell thickness of the {Mo72Fe3o}-embedded microcapsules can be tailored at the nanometer level more precisely than other nanoparticle-embedded capsules due to the homogeneous diameter and surface charges of{Mo72Fe30}. Interestingly, the{Mo72Fe30}-embedded microcapsules could be separated and aligned under a circumstance of magnetic field, though{Mo72Fe30} is a paramagnetic molecule. To our best knowledge, this is the first time to fabricate hybrid magnetic materials containing{Mo72Fe3o} using LbL technique. The obtained microcapsules can be a good candidate for bioseparation as well as targeted delivery.
In Chapter 5, as well-known, more than 40% of active compounds identified through combinational screening programs are poorly water-soluble and are frequently abandoned for further development to drug products, as they can not be delivered using conventional formulation techniques, In this chapter, a general and facile approach of encapsulating water-insoluble compounds in polymer capsules was reported through mesoporous silica (MS) nanoparticle-mediated drug loading and subsequent generation of the polymer shell templated assembly using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. After removal of the MS particle, the water-insoluble compounds were retained in the polymer capsules. The drug-encapsulated capsules exhibited excellent colloidal stability in water. MTT experiments proved that the drug encapsulated in the capsules maintained their high cancer cell killing potency. Given the tunability of particle sizes and pore sizes of MS particles, as well as the versatility and controllability of the LbL technique, this novel approach constitutes a facile and promising route to translate water-insoluble compounds to relevant clinical applications.
引文
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