中国长三角入境旅游流西向梯度扩散研究
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摘要
入境旅游流的空间流动是旅游地理学界研究的重要论题之一。随着入境旅游的发展,我国入境旅游发展的东西不平衡态势日渐突出,东西部区域间的旅游流扩散及流动引起了学界越来越多的关注。传统的旅游流扩散均是基于“推—拉”理论的视角,来研究旅游客源地和目的地之间的客流规律和动态变化,而对旅游流中转地(Transit Depot)的作用及影响则关注很少,实际上在任何国家,大型中转口岸对入境旅游流的流向和流量都起着关键性的控制作用。
本文依托国家自然科学基金项目《中国典型区域入境旅游流东—西递进空间演化机理研究》,以扩散理论、区域发展理论、空间相互作用理论、竞争理论和梯度推移理论等为基础,以旅游流的西向扩散为研究主线,基于项目课题组2004年、2008年的“第一手”旅游市场调查资料和国家旅游统计数据,将定性与定量研究方法相结合,理论研究和实证分析相结合,通过对以往旅游流扩散及流动研究文献的分析,结合长三角入境旅游流西向扩散的现实状况,利用提出的“旅游流中转地”的概念,揭示我国长三角地区入境旅游流的扩散规律和动态变化趋势,可为入境旅游市场拓展、旅游管理、旅游规划等服务。
本文的研究内容主要有以下几方面:
第一,通过对中转口岸长三角的入境旅游流西向扩散的流向、流量、流速、扩散密度、空间分布集中性、竞争态等数量化要素的计算分析,对长三角入境旅游流主要流向的典型区域进行了划分.并以课题组的市场调研资料为依据,对长三角入境旅游流西向扩散的行为差异进行了描述性分析。
第二,在总结传统旅游流流动模式的基础上,通过对旅游流在扩散过程中所受的自身内推力、目的地拉力、两地间摩擦力及中转口岸的中转力等的影响因素进行分析,构建基于中转视角的入境旅游流扩散流动模式。
第三,结合市场调研资料,对入境旅游流的扩散过程进行梯度划分,计算各典型旅游区的扩散域;并基于推力、拉力、摩擦力、中转力的综合作用分析,构建不同梯度的入境旅游流扩散数量化模型。
最后,文章对长三角与西部典型区域入境旅游流的相关性及其空间网络进行了分析,并阐述了西部典型旅游区与长三角的旅游关系及其未来调整的方向。
通过研究,得出以下主要结论:
(1)长三角入境旅游流主要流向大西安旅游区、川渝旅游区和云桂旅游区。不同旅游区由于其旅游特色不同,因而吸引的入境客流有着明显的行为差异,具有各不相同的出游动机,其性别、年龄、职业、学历和家庭结构等人口统计学特征也各不相同。
(2)长三角入境旅游流在扩散流动过程中,除受到推—拉两种作用力的影响外,还受到中转地与目的地间的摩擦力、中转地的中转力等作用力的综合作用,其合力的大小和方向决定入境旅游流是否西向扩散。通过对作用力的分析,构建了基于中转视角的旅游流扩散流动模式。
(3)入境旅游流的扩散可以划分为三个梯度:以上海为中心向长三角区域内扩散的第一梯度、以长三角为中心向西部典型区域扩散的第二梯度和从西部典型旅游区中心城市向周边地区扩散的第三梯度。不同梯度的入境旅游流具有各不相同的扩散数量化模型。
(4)长三角入境旅游流除与大西安旅游区的日本旅游流呈显著的负相关外,与其它地区的入境游客流呈显著或高度相关;西部典型区域间除大西安旅游区与川渝旅游区的日本入境旅游流呈显著的负相关、与云桂旅游区的日本入境旅游流不相关、泰国入境旅游流低相关外,其它入境旅游流均呈显著或高度相关。
本文的创新点主要有:
(1)传统的旅游流扩散理论认为,旅游流在扩散过程中,受到推力、拉力的影响,并在这两种力的作用下向旅游目的地流动,本文认为旅游流扩散的机理除受到推力、拉力、摩擦力的影响外,还受到另一个重要作用力的影响——中转力。
(2)本文对旅游流研究的方法进行了一定的创新,从物理学中力学角度对旅游者扩散的受力情况进行了分析,认为随着旅游者扩散空间距离的不断增加及游览目的地的增多,其所具有的旅游势能不断降低,并转化为旅游者的旅游体验。
(3)本文对旅游者内在推动力、目的地拉力、两地间摩擦力、中转地中转力等因素进行分析的基础上,构建了中转型入境旅游流扩散的O-T-D模式,并针对不同梯度的入境旅游流扩散提出了相应的数量化模型。
(4)传统的旅游流研究更多地从省际层面分析其相关性,本文则从实践层面,更宏观、中观的层面来分析四大板块(长三角、大西安区、川渝区、云桂区)间的相关性,并提出了未来旅游关系调整的新方向。
The spatial flow of inbound tourists flow is an important case in tourism geography research. With the development of inbound tourism, the unbalanced situation between the east and the west of China's inbound tourism industry becomes more obvious. The tourists flow's diffusion in these areas has drawn more attention from academic field. All of the traditional researches on the rule and the dynamic change of tourists flow's diffusion between the tourism origination and the tourism destination base themselves on the "push and pull" theory, neglecting the effects and influences of tourists flow's Transit Depot. Actually, in any country, the large transit depot plays a critical and dominant role on the inbound tourists flow's direction and flux.
Referring to the National Science Fund Case's The Research on Tourism Flow's East-West Space Evolvement Mechanism in Typical Areas of China, the thesis is based on the diffusion theory, the district development theory, the space reciprocity theory, the competition theory, the grads process theory and the national tourism Stat. data and the "First-hand" marketing investigation of tourists by the research group. It takes the tourism flow's westward diffusion as the main line, combining the fix quality with the fix quantity research method, integrating the theory research and the demonstration analysis, analyzing the past researches on the flow and diffusion of the tourism flow, combining the actual situation of the inbound tourists flow's westward diffusion of Yangtze delta area, applying the conception of "tourism flow's transit depot", to expose the diffusion rule and the dynamic change trend of the Yangtze delta area's inbound tourism flow. It will serve the inbound tourism marketing expansion, the tourism management and the tourism planning.
The main research includes the following aspects:
First, the thesis calculates and analyzes the direction, flux, velocity, density, time and spatial dynamic change, equilibrium, competition state etc. and the quantity elements of inbound tourism flow's westward diffusion in the Yangtze delta area, and classifies the typical tourism areas to which tourism flow's main diffusion moves. And then it makes the descriptive analysis of behavior difference of inbound tourism flow's west diffusion in the Yangtze delta area through basing itself on the marketing investigation of typical tourism area.
Second, the thesis establishes the origination-transit-destination mode of inbound tourism flow's diffusion on the transferring perspective of view through relying on summary and evaluation of the traditional tourism flow's flowing mode, and analyzing the influential factors of the tourists' self-push power, pull power from the destination, the transit power from the transit depot and the friction between the transit depot and the destination, the thesis establishes the origination-transit-destination mode of inbound tourism flow's diffusion on the transferring perspective of view.
Third, the thesis makes grads classification of the inbound tourism flow's west diffusion by combining with the marketing investigation data, and then calculating the typical tourism areas' diffusion fields. Meanwhile it also establishes the fix quantity model of different grads inbound tourism flow with analyzing synthetic effects of the push power, the pull power, the transit power, and the friction power.
The last, the thesis analyzes the relativity and the interspace network of the inbound tourism flow between the Yangtze Delta Area and the typical western areas, and men indicates the tourism relationship between them and its future direction.
The followings are conclusions from this research:
(1) The Yangtze Delta Area's inbound tourists mainly flow to the big Xi'an tourism area, the Chuan-Yu tourism area, and the Yun-Gui tourism area. Because of different tourism features in different tourism areas, the tourism flows have different behavior differences. They have different tourism motivations, and different sex, age, occupations, education level, and family structures.
(2) The Yangtze area's inbound tourism flow is not only influenced by the push and pull power, but also the transit depot's transit power, the friction power between the transit depot and the destination. The resultant force's magnitude and direction determine the inbound tourism flow's westward diffusion. The thesis establishes the diffusion mode from the perspective of transit through analyzing the power exerting on tourist
(3) The diffusion of the Yangtze Delta Area's inbound tourism flow can be classified into three grads: the first is centered on Shanghai and diffuses to the Yangtze delta area, the second on the Yangtze Delta Area and diffuses to the typical western tourism area and the third on the typical western area's core city and diffuses to the peripheral western area. Different grads inbound tourism flows have different diffusion quantitative models.
(4) Except that the Yangtze delta area's inbound tourism flow has minus relativity with the big Xi'an tourism area's Japan tourism flow, it has high correlation with other tourism flews. In the typical western areas, big Xi'an tourism area shows high correlation with the Chuan-Yu tourism area in Japan's tourism flow, non-relativity with Yun-Gui tourism area in Thailand's tourism flow, and other tourism flows all show high correlation.
The followings are the innovations of the thesis:
(1) The traditional tourism flow's diffusion theory considers that the tourism flow diffusion is influenced by the push and pull power, but the thesis thinks that besides of the influences of the push, pull and friction power, the transit power is another important power.
(2) The thesis makes innovations with the method of tourism flow research. It analyzes the power situation of tourist diffusion from the perspective of power in physics, as the space distance of tourist diffusion and tourism destinations increase, its tourism energy continuously reduces, and then changes into work (tourism experience).
(3) The thesis establishes the O-T-D diffusion mode through analyzing tourist's push power, pull power, friction power between the transit depot and the destination, the transit power of transit depot, and then puts forward corresponding quantitative model of different grads inbound tourism flows.
(4) Most traditional tourism flows are analyzed from the provincial layer. However, the thesis analyzes the relativity of the four typical tourism areas (the Yangtze Delta Area, the big Xi'an Area, the Chuan-Yu Area, and the Yun-Gui Area) on the macroscopical and middlescopical layers, putting forward the future direction of inbound tourism.
本文依托国家自然科学基金项目《中国典型区域入境旅游流东—西递进空间演化机理研究》,以扩散理论、区域发展理论、空间相互作用理论、竞争理论和梯度推移理论等为基础,以旅游流的西向扩散为研究主线,基于项目课题组2004年、2008年的“第一手”旅游市场调查资料和国家旅游统计数据,将定性与定量研究方法相结合,理论研究和实证分析相结合,通过对以往旅游流扩散及流动研究文献的分析,结合长三角入境旅游流西向扩散的现实状况,利用提出的“旅游流中转地”的概念,揭示我国长三角地区入境旅游流的扩散规律和动态变化趋势,可为入境旅游市场拓展、旅游管理、旅游规划等服务。
本文的研究内容主要有以下几方面:
第一,通过对中转口岸长三角的入境旅游流西向扩散的流向、流量、流速、扩散密度、空间分布集中性、竞争态等数量化要素的计算分析,对长三角入境旅游流主要流向的典型区域进行了划分.并以课题组的市场调研资料为依据,对长三角入境旅游流西向扩散的行为差异进行了描述性分析。
第二,在总结传统旅游流流动模式的基础上,通过对旅游流在扩散过程中所受的自身内推力、目的地拉力、两地间摩擦力及中转口岸的中转力等的影响因素进行分析,构建基于中转视角的入境旅游流扩散流动模式。
第三,结合市场调研资料,对入境旅游流的扩散过程进行梯度划分,计算各典型旅游区的扩散域;并基于推力、拉力、摩擦力、中转力的综合作用分析,构建不同梯度的入境旅游流扩散数量化模型。
最后,文章对长三角与西部典型区域入境旅游流的相关性及其空间网络进行了分析,并阐述了西部典型旅游区与长三角的旅游关系及其未来调整的方向。
通过研究,得出以下主要结论:
(1)长三角入境旅游流主要流向大西安旅游区、川渝旅游区和云桂旅游区。不同旅游区由于其旅游特色不同,因而吸引的入境客流有着明显的行为差异,具有各不相同的出游动机,其性别、年龄、职业、学历和家庭结构等人口统计学特征也各不相同。
(2)长三角入境旅游流在扩散流动过程中,除受到推—拉两种作用力的影响外,还受到中转地与目的地间的摩擦力、中转地的中转力等作用力的综合作用,其合力的大小和方向决定入境旅游流是否西向扩散。通过对作用力的分析,构建了基于中转视角的旅游流扩散流动模式。
(3)入境旅游流的扩散可以划分为三个梯度:以上海为中心向长三角区域内扩散的第一梯度、以长三角为中心向西部典型区域扩散的第二梯度和从西部典型旅游区中心城市向周边地区扩散的第三梯度。不同梯度的入境旅游流具有各不相同的扩散数量化模型。
(4)长三角入境旅游流除与大西安旅游区的日本旅游流呈显著的负相关外,与其它地区的入境游客流呈显著或高度相关;西部典型区域间除大西安旅游区与川渝旅游区的日本入境旅游流呈显著的负相关、与云桂旅游区的日本入境旅游流不相关、泰国入境旅游流低相关外,其它入境旅游流均呈显著或高度相关。
本文的创新点主要有:
(1)传统的旅游流扩散理论认为,旅游流在扩散过程中,受到推力、拉力的影响,并在这两种力的作用下向旅游目的地流动,本文认为旅游流扩散的机理除受到推力、拉力、摩擦力的影响外,还受到另一个重要作用力的影响——中转力。
(2)本文对旅游流研究的方法进行了一定的创新,从物理学中力学角度对旅游者扩散的受力情况进行了分析,认为随着旅游者扩散空间距离的不断增加及游览目的地的增多,其所具有的旅游势能不断降低,并转化为旅游者的旅游体验。
(3)本文对旅游者内在推动力、目的地拉力、两地间摩擦力、中转地中转力等因素进行分析的基础上,构建了中转型入境旅游流扩散的O-T-D模式,并针对不同梯度的入境旅游流扩散提出了相应的数量化模型。
(4)传统的旅游流研究更多地从省际层面分析其相关性,本文则从实践层面,更宏观、中观的层面来分析四大板块(长三角、大西安区、川渝区、云桂区)间的相关性,并提出了未来旅游关系调整的新方向。
The spatial flow of inbound tourists flow is an important case in tourism geography research. With the development of inbound tourism, the unbalanced situation between the east and the west of China's inbound tourism industry becomes more obvious. The tourists flow's diffusion in these areas has drawn more attention from academic field. All of the traditional researches on the rule and the dynamic change of tourists flow's diffusion between the tourism origination and the tourism destination base themselves on the "push and pull" theory, neglecting the effects and influences of tourists flow's Transit Depot. Actually, in any country, the large transit depot plays a critical and dominant role on the inbound tourists flow's direction and flux.
Referring to the National Science Fund Case's The Research on Tourism Flow's East-West Space Evolvement Mechanism in Typical Areas of China, the thesis is based on the diffusion theory, the district development theory, the space reciprocity theory, the competition theory, the grads process theory and the national tourism Stat. data and the "First-hand" marketing investigation of tourists by the research group. It takes the tourism flow's westward diffusion as the main line, combining the fix quality with the fix quantity research method, integrating the theory research and the demonstration analysis, analyzing the past researches on the flow and diffusion of the tourism flow, combining the actual situation of the inbound tourists flow's westward diffusion of Yangtze delta area, applying the conception of "tourism flow's transit depot", to expose the diffusion rule and the dynamic change trend of the Yangtze delta area's inbound tourism flow. It will serve the inbound tourism marketing expansion, the tourism management and the tourism planning.
The main research includes the following aspects:
First, the thesis calculates and analyzes the direction, flux, velocity, density, time and spatial dynamic change, equilibrium, competition state etc. and the quantity elements of inbound tourism flow's westward diffusion in the Yangtze delta area, and classifies the typical tourism areas to which tourism flow's main diffusion moves. And then it makes the descriptive analysis of behavior difference of inbound tourism flow's west diffusion in the Yangtze delta area through basing itself on the marketing investigation of typical tourism area.
Second, the thesis establishes the origination-transit-destination mode of inbound tourism flow's diffusion on the transferring perspective of view through relying on summary and evaluation of the traditional tourism flow's flowing mode, and analyzing the influential factors of the tourists' self-push power, pull power from the destination, the transit power from the transit depot and the friction between the transit depot and the destination, the thesis establishes the origination-transit-destination mode of inbound tourism flow's diffusion on the transferring perspective of view.
Third, the thesis makes grads classification of the inbound tourism flow's west diffusion by combining with the marketing investigation data, and then calculating the typical tourism areas' diffusion fields. Meanwhile it also establishes the fix quantity model of different grads inbound tourism flow with analyzing synthetic effects of the push power, the pull power, the transit power, and the friction power.
The last, the thesis analyzes the relativity and the interspace network of the inbound tourism flow between the Yangtze Delta Area and the typical western areas, and men indicates the tourism relationship between them and its future direction.
The followings are conclusions from this research:
(1) The Yangtze Delta Area's inbound tourists mainly flow to the big Xi'an tourism area, the Chuan-Yu tourism area, and the Yun-Gui tourism area. Because of different tourism features in different tourism areas, the tourism flows have different behavior differences. They have different tourism motivations, and different sex, age, occupations, education level, and family structures.
(2) The Yangtze area's inbound tourism flow is not only influenced by the push and pull power, but also the transit depot's transit power, the friction power between the transit depot and the destination. The resultant force's magnitude and direction determine the inbound tourism flow's westward diffusion. The thesis establishes the diffusion mode from the perspective of transit through analyzing the power exerting on tourist
(3) The diffusion of the Yangtze Delta Area's inbound tourism flow can be classified into three grads: the first is centered on Shanghai and diffuses to the Yangtze delta area, the second on the Yangtze Delta Area and diffuses to the typical western tourism area and the third on the typical western area's core city and diffuses to the peripheral western area. Different grads inbound tourism flows have different diffusion quantitative models.
(4) Except that the Yangtze delta area's inbound tourism flow has minus relativity with the big Xi'an tourism area's Japan tourism flow, it has high correlation with other tourism flews. In the typical western areas, big Xi'an tourism area shows high correlation with the Chuan-Yu tourism area in Japan's tourism flow, non-relativity with Yun-Gui tourism area in Thailand's tourism flow, and other tourism flows all show high correlation.
The followings are the innovations of the thesis:
(1) The traditional tourism flow's diffusion theory considers that the tourism flow diffusion is influenced by the push and pull power, but the thesis thinks that besides of the influences of the push, pull and friction power, the transit power is another important power.
(2) The thesis makes innovations with the method of tourism flow research. It analyzes the power situation of tourist diffusion from the perspective of power in physics, as the space distance of tourist diffusion and tourism destinations increase, its tourism energy continuously reduces, and then changes into work (tourism experience).
(3) The thesis establishes the O-T-D diffusion mode through analyzing tourist's push power, pull power, friction power between the transit depot and the destination, the transit power of transit depot, and then puts forward corresponding quantitative model of different grads inbound tourism flows.
(4) Most traditional tourism flows are analyzed from the provincial layer. However, the thesis analyzes the relativity of the four typical tourism areas (the Yangtze Delta Area, the big Xi'an Area, the Chuan-Yu Area, and the Yun-Gui Area) on the macroscopical and middlescopical layers, putting forward the future direction of inbound tourism.
引文
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