论“科学技术是第一生产力”的经济学基础
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摘要
探寻生产发展的动力和划分生产发展阶段及由生产模式、支配关系分析分配关系和经济规律是经济学中药研究方向。科学技术在经济中的作用和规律成为研究的热点。以科学技术发展为主线,研究生产力、生产模式及分配关系能够帮着我们认清经济发展规律。分析农业生产中科学技术发展轨迹,比较工业典型生产发展阶段特征,用技术系数矩阵反映科学技术状态及生产模式反映社会经济发展规律。在研究中认识到科学技术作为反映人类总体改造自然能力水平的指标应当纳入经济学研究范畴。科学技术决定生产力发展水平,表现在科学技术和生产要素之间的领导被领导关系上。科技水平飞跃导致生产力和生产模式发生突变,生产模式突变形处使社会飞跃式发展。科技飞跃和科技水平不变是经济飞跃和均衡发展的原因和前提条件。经济飞跃和经济均衡发展交替出现构成经济波动式发展。利用中国农业发展史的完整性实证考察科技发展与生产飞跃的对应关系,划分经济和社会发展阶段。分析不同生产模式中各要素之间的地位和支配、被支配关系确立分配关系,建立生产模式和分配关系对应内在联系。根据不同生产规律下的生产模式和分配关系的相似性研究,寻找生产模式和分配关系的发展规律,推断后工业社会经济体制发展的未来趋势。利用技术系数行列式反映某个技术水平的技术特征,比较不同科技水平之间技术行列式之间的区别,以此反映科学技术的变化,建立反映科技水平飞跃的模型。科学技术在经济中的动因地位一旦明确,经济飞跃和经济循环或者经济飞跃和经济均衡的关系基本清楚,一系列的经济和社会问题也就迎刃而解。
Science and Technology has great affects on human daily lives, for almost all the goods we need have been altered by Science and Technology. The more Science and Technology we have, the more power we get to change the nature, and the more implications we can find in Science and Technology, which interest us to study the importance of Science and Technology in economy.
If we include Science and Technology in our economic research, and analyze the problem from the relationship between Science and Technology and those essential questions in economics, it is quite clear that Science and Technology determines a series of fundamental economic factors, directly or indirectly. Thus Science and Technology is topic both in modern economics and Marxism economics. Science and Technology determines the level of productive forces, which is the fundamental topic in economics.
The dominance among Science and Technology with productive forces, production mode, in production, together with the relationship among distribution, determines that the development in Science and Technology cause not only economics development, but also corresponding development in economic level, economic structure, and basic economic relationship. Science and Technology dominate production factors. The labor is just the combination of Science and Technology and human who participate in production and production tools consists of Science and Technology and physical factors, and thus the former two become the productivity. According to history, in a quite long time, there was little change in tools used in production, but productive forces developed greatly. If we exclude those factors that did not change, we are confirmed that the reason for these changes is the great development in Science and Technology. The rapid changes in productive forces can be reflected through the working objects, which enable human to change objects not only at the outer level, but also at the inner level, even the atomic level. Science and Technology determines productive forces, which causes the changes in production mode, and the combination of factors, and even the relative position of factor owners, which in turn alters distribution relationship. It is convenient to study the combination relationship among factors through production mode which also reflects the combination relationship among factors. In agriculture, it is possible to reach the conclusion that Science and Technology are determinant in production mode and dominant in agricultural production mode through the analysis of the changes in agricultural production mode in the progress of agriculture development, because there are obvious causal relationship and edge between Science and Technology. From these conclusions and the similarity in the relationship between different production modes, it is certain that there are similar development tracks in industry.
Economic development modes are corresponding to the development mode of Science and Technology, which can be divided into‘leaping development’and‘circular development’with constant Science and Technology. Leaping development comes from leaping technology and capital accumulation. Circular development involves only capital accumulation, because Science and Technology remain constant. Although Science and Technology remain constant and only capital is accumulating, Science and Technology is still accumulating. Once creative technology appears, development can leap into a higher level. These two development modes together become a complete economic development circulation.
Economic development modes determine there is similarity in economic theories. Equilibrium theories and developments theories are all under the assumptions that technology remains constant, which reflects the relationship among factors and product under equilibrium. Advances in Science and Technology lead to leaping development. In Schumpeter’s theory, creative activities are the only reason for economic development. Leaping development and circular development are two parts of a continuous development, which become the basis of supply theory and demand theory.
By using input-output coefficients, characteristics of different technology and development can be found. Comparing these coefficients, the direction of can be confirmed. Including the former two, together with profit-normalization, and the relationship between each input and total inputs, a economic model which determined by a certain level of technology can be established. The coefficient, reflect the changes in technology and production mode, uncover the changes in which leaping development of Science and Technology cause leaping economic development.
The new creation of this paper lies in that Science and Technology are not excluded from economics, but on the contrary, are the determinant factor of economic development. Comparing those laws in production mode and major economic relationships, we can divide economic development into two phrases: leaping development and circular development, which become a complete progress of economic development. Different phrases of development correspond to different economic theories. By comparing the coefficients in different input-output models statically, it is concluded that the leaping changes in technology leads to the model of economic growth.
Science and Technology has great affects on human daily lives, for almost all the goods we need have been altered by Science and Technology. The more Science and Technology we have, the more power we get to change the nature, and the more implications we can find in Science and Technology, which interest us to study the importance of Science and Technology in economy.
If we include Science and Technology in our economic research, and analyze the problem from the relationship between Science and Technology and those essential questions in economics, it is quite clear that Science and Technology determines a series of fundamental economic factors, directly or indirectly. Thus Science and Technology is topic both in modern economics and Marxism economics. Science and Technology determines the level of productive forces, which is the fundamental topic in economics.
The dominance among Science and Technology with productive forces, production mode, in production, together with the relationship among distribution, determines that the development in Science and Technology cause not only economics development, but also corresponding development in economic level, economic structure, and basic economic relationship. Science and Technology dominate production factors. The labor is just the combination of Science and Technology and human who participate in production and production tools consists of Science and Technology and physical factors, and thus the former two become the productivity. According to history, in a quite long time, there was little change in tools used in production, but productive forces developed greatly. If we exclude those factors that did not change, we are confirmed that the reason for these changes is the great development in Science and Technology. The rapid changes in productive forces can be reflected through the working objects, which enable human to change objects not only at the outer level, but also at the inner level, even the atomic level. Science and Technology determines productive forces, which causes the changes in production mode, and the combination of factors, and even the relative position of factor owners, which in turn alters distribution relationship. It is convenient to study the combination relationship among factors through production mode which also reflects the combination relationship among factors. In agriculture, it is possible to reach the conclusion that Science and Technology are determinant in production mode and dominant in agricultural production mode through the analysis of the changes in agricultural production mode in the progress of agriculture development, because there are obvious causal relationship and edge between Science and Technology. From these conclusions and the similarity in the relationship between different production modes, it is certain that there are similar development tracks in industry.
Economic development modes are corresponding to the development mode of Science and Technology, which can be divided into‘leaping development’and‘circular development’with constant Science and Technology. Leaping development comes from leaping technology and capital accumulation. Circular development involves only capital accumulation, because Science and Technology remain constant. Although Science and Technology remain constant and only capital is accumulating, Science and Technology is still accumulating. Once creative technology appears, development can leap into a higher level. These two development modes together become a complete economic development circulation.
Economic development modes determine there is similarity in economic theories. Equilibrium theories and developments theories are all under the assumptions that technology remains constant, which reflects the relationship among factors and product under equilibrium. Advances in Science and Technology lead to leaping development. In Schumpeter’s theory, creative activities are the only reason for economic development. Leaping development and circular development are two parts of a continuous development, which become the basis of supply theory and demand theory.
By using input-output coefficients, characteristics of different technology and development can be found. Comparing these coefficients, the direction of can be confirmed. Including the former two, together with profit-normalization, and the relationship between each input and total inputs, a economic model which determined by a certain level of technology can be established. The coefficient, reflect the changes in technology and production mode, uncover the changes in which leaping development of Science and Technology cause leaping economic development.
The new creation of this paper lies in that Science and Technology are not excluded from economics, but on the contrary, are the determinant factor of economic development. Comparing those laws in production mode and major economic relationships, we can divide economic development into two phrases: leaping development and circular development, which become a complete progress of economic development. Different phrases of development correspond to different economic theories. By comparing the coefficients in different input-output models statically, it is concluded that the leaping changes in technology leads to the model of economic growth.
引文
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