蓝靛果忍冬生态适应性及高效繁育体系的研究
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摘要
蓝靛果忍冬(Lonicera caerulea Linn.)具有极高的食用、医疗保健、药用和观赏价值,倍受俄罗斯、日本及美国等国家的高度重视,是一种新兴的绿色果树资源,具有广阔的发展前景。我国野生蓝靛果忍冬资源丰富,但在群落、种群生态学方面的研究尚属空白,在栽培生理生态基础、品种选育和定量化的培育技术方面的研究才刚刚起步。基于以上认识,本研究从2004年到2009年,以长白山北坡野生蓝靛果忍冬分布区为主要研究地点,以吉林省蛟河实验管理局苗圃和北华大学树木园为辅助研究地点。在个体、种群和群落三个层次上,从微观到宏观入手,运用物候学、生态学、植物解剖学和森林培育学等多学科的原理和方法,进行野外样地调查,定点观测,对蓝靛果忍冬在海拔梯度上生态适应性及高效繁育体系进行了系统研究。目的在于通过此项研究,为蓝靛果忍冬引种驯化,遗传多样保护,植物资源可持续利用,提高种群的生产力等方面的决策和实践提供科学依据。
本研究基于大量的野外调查工作,对长白山北坡海拔梯度上的蓝靛果忍冬物种多样性,种间联结性,干扰对群落多样性的影响开展了深入研究;并获得了种群生命表,绘制了种群的存活曲线,深入地研究的蓝靛果忍冬种群的结构与动态,剖析了种群的空间分布格局。
长白山北坡蓝靛果忍冬群落13个样地的调查表明,这些样地共有植物187种,其中:乔木42种、灌木37种、草本108种。群落生活型组成复杂,其中:高位芽植物77种(41.2%)、地上芽植物6种(3.2%)、地面芽植物54种(28.9%)、隐芽植物47种(25.1%)、一年生植物3中(1.6%)。蓝靛果忍冬是其所在群落中灌木层的优势种群,亚优势种为越橘、大叶蔷薇、牛皮杜鹃和单花忍冬等。其盖度在海拔1200 m左右甚至达到90%以上,灌丛高度在0.2～2 m范围内波动。
通过对海拔梯度上蓝靛果忍冬形态变异,叶片形态学指标、生态学指标、解剖构造、热值及主要物质含量的综合研究,并将叶片特征指标与环境气象因子、土壤因子及林分因子进行相关分析和多元统计分析,剖析了叶片特征指标变化的真正原因,深入研究了蓝靛果忍冬海拔梯度上生态适应性。随海拔高度变化,各环境因子也发生了相应的变化,这对蓝靛果忍冬形态结构和生态学特性产生了不同程度的影响。在海拔梯度上蓝靛果忍冬的不同组织发生的多种形式的变化,这既是环境因子影响的结果,也是对环境变化的适应结果。为适应高山环境,蓝靛果忍冬调整了自身结构,其形态、生态指标、热值和主要物质含量也发生了相应的变化。
蓝靛果忍冬生物学零度为0.3℃,花序初现时花中GA含量较高,而后呈现逐步下降的趋势。高含量的GA不利于花的形成;低比值ABA/IAA有利于花的形成。果实生长后期,低含量的IAA、GA、ZR,高含量的ABA导致了蓝靛果忍冬落果。
通过芽体和愈伤组织两种途径对蓝靛果忍冬的组织培养技术进行综合研究,结果表明,初代培养的适宜培养方案是MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 0.2 mg/L,继代增殖培养的适宜培养方案是MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+IBA 0.3 mg/L+KT 1.5 mg/L,诱导愈伤组织最佳培养基:MS+6-BA0.10 mg/L+NAA1.0 mg/L,愈伤组织分化的最佳培养基:MS+6-BA3.0mg/L+NAA0.01mg/L+KT1.5 mg/L。生根培养的适宜培养方案是1/4MS+IBA 1.5 mg/L;生根试管苗在驯化、移栽后成活率可达97.8%。发现6-BA、IBA和KT配合使用,可以增加蓝靛果忍冬继代培养的丛生芽数量;MS培养基中大量元素、微量元素、铁盐及有机物质浓度降低,有利于蓝靛果忍冬生根培养。6-BA与IBA配合使用有利于芽体诱导,而NAA与6-BA配合使用有利于愈伤组织诱导。并对蓝靛果忍冬的硬枝扦插技术及插穗生根机理进行了系统研究,为该树种快速繁殖提供了一条有效的途径。
蓝靛果忍冬种子萌发的最佳环境温度为21℃,浸种时间为4 d。赤霉素处理对发芽率没有明显作用,而对发芽势有极显著作用(P＜0.01),适合提高蓝靛果忍冬发芽势的赤霉素含量为100～500 mg/L。层积处理对发芽率和发芽势都有显著影响,春季播种前常温层积10 d种子的发芽势达最高(44.3%),发芽率也比较高(84.0%)。
Blue honeysuckle(Lonicera caerulea Linn.) has a high consumption,health care,medicinal and ornamental value.Russia,Japan,the United States and other countries attach great importance to this new green fruit resource,which has broadened the prospects for further development.China is rich in wild blue honeysuckle,however,no researches have been conducted on its communities or population ecology.And researches into physiological and ecological basis in cultivation,breeding,and quantitative cultivation technology have just begun.Based on the above understanding,this study was conducted from 2004 to 2009,with the wild blue honeysuckle distribution area on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain as the main research sites,and Jilin Province Jiaohe Experimentation Administration Bureau and Tree Garden of Beihua University as the supporting research sites.At individual,population and community levels,from micro to macro,systematic studies were carried out on high efficiency propagation system of blue honeysuckle and its ecological adaptability by using phenology,ecology,botany,silviculture and other multi-disciplinary principles and methods in sample field investigation and point observations.The studies were aimed at providing a scientific basis for the practice and decision-making concerning blue honeysuckle domestication,genetic diversity conservation,sustainable use of plant resources and the enhancement of population productivity.
In this research,based on a large number of field investigations on elevation gradients of the northern slope of Changbai Mountain,in-depth studies were carded out on blue honeysuckle species diversity,interspecific association,and the impact of disturbance on community diversity,which led to population life table,population survival curve,in-depth study of blue honeysuckle population structure and dynamics,and analysis of the spatial distribution pattern of the population.
The total of blue honeysuckle community on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain was 187,of which there were 42 species of trees,37 species of shrubs,and 108 species of herbs.Community life-form was complex,including 77 phanerophytes(41.2%),6 chamaephytes(3.2%),54 hemicryptophytes(28.9%),47 geopnytes(25.1%),and 3 therophytes(1.6%).Blue honeysuckle was the dominant species in the shrub layer in its community,sub-dominant species were blueberries,big-leaf rose,kraft azalea and single-flower honeysuckle and so on.Its coverage reached more than 90%at about 1200 m above sea level,shrub height ranging from 0.2 to 2 m.
Through comprehensive study on blue honeysuckle morphological variation,leaf morphology indicators,ecological indicators,anatomical structure,thermal value and the main substances at elevation gradients,together with correlation analysis and multivariate statistical analysis of leaf characteristics of indicators and environmental meteorological factors,soil factors and stand factors,the real cause for indicator changes in leaf characteristics was analyzed,and in-depth study on ecological adaptation of blue honeysuckle at elevation gradients was made.With the changes of elevation, corresponding changes occurred in every environmental factors,which to some degree affected blue honeysuckle morphological structure and ecological characteristics.At altitude gradients changes in various forms occurred in different organs of blue honeysuckle,which was the result of the impact of environmental factors as well as the adaptation to environmental changes.Blue honeysuckle had adjusted its structure,its morphological,ecological indicators,caloric value and the main substance content to the high mountain environments.
Biological zero degree of blue honeysuckle was 0.3℃.There was a high level of GA at the beginning of blue honeysuckle inflorescence,which then progressively declined.High levels of GA were not conducive to the formation of flowers;low ratio of ABA/IAA is conducive to the formation of flowers.In the latter part of fruit growth,low levels of IAA,GA,ZR,high levels of ABA resulted in blue honeysuckle fruit drop.
A comprehensive study on blue honeysuckle in vitro culture techniques through the shoot and callus found that 6-BA,IBA and KT,used in conjunction,could increase the number of rosette buds of blue honeysuckle subculture.Decrease in the macroelements,microelements,iron salts and organic matter concentration in MS medium was conducive to blue honeysuckle rooting culture.6-BA and IBA, used in conjunction,was conducive to bud induction,while the NAA used in conjunction with the 6-BA was conducive to callus induction.The results showed that appropriate program for the culture of early generation was MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 0.2 mg/L,appropriate program for subculture was MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+IBA 0.3 mg/L+KT 1.5 mg/L,the best medium for callus was MS+6-BA0.10 mg/L+ NAA1.0 mg/L,the best medium for callus differentiation was MS+6-BA3.0mg/L+NAA0.01 mg/L+ KT1.5 mg/L.,appropriate program for rooting culture was 1/4MS+IBA 1.5 mg/L,survival rate of rooting plantlets,after domestication and transplantation,was up to 97.8%.Systematic studies on blue honeysuckle hardwood cuttings technology and cuttings rooting mechanism were made,therefore, provided an effective way for the rapid propagation of this tree species.
The best environment temperature for blue honeysuckle seed germination was 21℃,soaking time 4 d.Gibberellin had no obvious effects on the germination rate,while it had a very significant effect on seed germinating potential(P＜0.01).Desirable gibberellin content for improving blue honeysuckle germination was 100-500 mg/L.Stratification had a significant effect on both germination rate and germinating potential.Temperature stratification being 10 d before planting in spring,the seed germinating potential reached the highest(44.3%),and the germination rate was relatively high (84.0%).
本研究基于大量的野外调查工作,对长白山北坡海拔梯度上的蓝靛果忍冬物种多样性,种间联结性,干扰对群落多样性的影响开展了深入研究;并获得了种群生命表,绘制了种群的存活曲线,深入地研究的蓝靛果忍冬种群的结构与动态,剖析了种群的空间分布格局。
长白山北坡蓝靛果忍冬群落13个样地的调查表明,这些样地共有植物187种,其中:乔木42种、灌木37种、草本108种。群落生活型组成复杂,其中:高位芽植物77种(41.2%)、地上芽植物6种(3.2%)、地面芽植物54种(28.9%)、隐芽植物47种(25.1%)、一年生植物3中(1.6%)。蓝靛果忍冬是其所在群落中灌木层的优势种群,亚优势种为越橘、大叶蔷薇、牛皮杜鹃和单花忍冬等。其盖度在海拔1200 m左右甚至达到90%以上,灌丛高度在0.2～2 m范围内波动。
通过对海拔梯度上蓝靛果忍冬形态变异,叶片形态学指标、生态学指标、解剖构造、热值及主要物质含量的综合研究,并将叶片特征指标与环境气象因子、土壤因子及林分因子进行相关分析和多元统计分析,剖析了叶片特征指标变化的真正原因,深入研究了蓝靛果忍冬海拔梯度上生态适应性。随海拔高度变化,各环境因子也发生了相应的变化,这对蓝靛果忍冬形态结构和生态学特性产生了不同程度的影响。在海拔梯度上蓝靛果忍冬的不同组织发生的多种形式的变化,这既是环境因子影响的结果,也是对环境变化的适应结果。为适应高山环境,蓝靛果忍冬调整了自身结构,其形态、生态指标、热值和主要物质含量也发生了相应的变化。
蓝靛果忍冬生物学零度为0.3℃,花序初现时花中GA含量较高,而后呈现逐步下降的趋势。高含量的GA不利于花的形成;低比值ABA/IAA有利于花的形成。果实生长后期,低含量的IAA、GA、ZR,高含量的ABA导致了蓝靛果忍冬落果。
通过芽体和愈伤组织两种途径对蓝靛果忍冬的组织培养技术进行综合研究,结果表明,初代培养的适宜培养方案是MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 0.2 mg/L,继代增殖培养的适宜培养方案是MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+IBA 0.3 mg/L+KT 1.5 mg/L,诱导愈伤组织最佳培养基:MS+6-BA0.10 mg/L+NAA1.0 mg/L,愈伤组织分化的最佳培养基:MS+6-BA3.0mg/L+NAA0.01mg/L+KT1.5 mg/L。生根培养的适宜培养方案是1/4MS+IBA 1.5 mg/L;生根试管苗在驯化、移栽后成活率可达97.8%。发现6-BA、IBA和KT配合使用,可以增加蓝靛果忍冬继代培养的丛生芽数量;MS培养基中大量元素、微量元素、铁盐及有机物质浓度降低,有利于蓝靛果忍冬生根培养。6-BA与IBA配合使用有利于芽体诱导,而NAA与6-BA配合使用有利于愈伤组织诱导。并对蓝靛果忍冬的硬枝扦插技术及插穗生根机理进行了系统研究,为该树种快速繁殖提供了一条有效的途径。
蓝靛果忍冬种子萌发的最佳环境温度为21℃,浸种时间为4 d。赤霉素处理对发芽率没有明显作用,而对发芽势有极显著作用(P＜0.01),适合提高蓝靛果忍冬发芽势的赤霉素含量为100～500 mg/L。层积处理对发芽率和发芽势都有显著影响,春季播种前常温层积10 d种子的发芽势达最高(44.3%),发芽率也比较高(84.0%)。
Blue honeysuckle(Lonicera caerulea Linn.) has a high consumption,health care,medicinal and ornamental value.Russia,Japan,the United States and other countries attach great importance to this new green fruit resource,which has broadened the prospects for further development.China is rich in wild blue honeysuckle,however,no researches have been conducted on its communities or population ecology.And researches into physiological and ecological basis in cultivation,breeding,and quantitative cultivation technology have just begun.Based on the above understanding,this study was conducted from 2004 to 2009,with the wild blue honeysuckle distribution area on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain as the main research sites,and Jilin Province Jiaohe Experimentation Administration Bureau and Tree Garden of Beihua University as the supporting research sites.At individual,population and community levels,from micro to macro,systematic studies were carried out on high efficiency propagation system of blue honeysuckle and its ecological adaptability by using phenology,ecology,botany,silviculture and other multi-disciplinary principles and methods in sample field investigation and point observations.The studies were aimed at providing a scientific basis for the practice and decision-making concerning blue honeysuckle domestication,genetic diversity conservation,sustainable use of plant resources and the enhancement of population productivity.
In this research,based on a large number of field investigations on elevation gradients of the northern slope of Changbai Mountain,in-depth studies were carded out on blue honeysuckle species diversity,interspecific association,and the impact of disturbance on community diversity,which led to population life table,population survival curve,in-depth study of blue honeysuckle population structure and dynamics,and analysis of the spatial distribution pattern of the population.
The total of blue honeysuckle community on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain was 187,of which there were 42 species of trees,37 species of shrubs,and 108 species of herbs.Community life-form was complex,including 77 phanerophytes(41.2%),6 chamaephytes(3.2%),54 hemicryptophytes(28.9%),47 geopnytes(25.1%),and 3 therophytes(1.6%).Blue honeysuckle was the dominant species in the shrub layer in its community,sub-dominant species were blueberries,big-leaf rose,kraft azalea and single-flower honeysuckle and so on.Its coverage reached more than 90%at about 1200 m above sea level,shrub height ranging from 0.2 to 2 m.
Through comprehensive study on blue honeysuckle morphological variation,leaf morphology indicators,ecological indicators,anatomical structure,thermal value and the main substances at elevation gradients,together with correlation analysis and multivariate statistical analysis of leaf characteristics of indicators and environmental meteorological factors,soil factors and stand factors,the real cause for indicator changes in leaf characteristics was analyzed,and in-depth study on ecological adaptation of blue honeysuckle at elevation gradients was made.With the changes of elevation, corresponding changes occurred in every environmental factors,which to some degree affected blue honeysuckle morphological structure and ecological characteristics.At altitude gradients changes in various forms occurred in different organs of blue honeysuckle,which was the result of the impact of environmental factors as well as the adaptation to environmental changes.Blue honeysuckle had adjusted its structure,its morphological,ecological indicators,caloric value and the main substance content to the high mountain environments.
Biological zero degree of blue honeysuckle was 0.3℃.There was a high level of GA at the beginning of blue honeysuckle inflorescence,which then progressively declined.High levels of GA were not conducive to the formation of flowers;low ratio of ABA/IAA is conducive to the formation of flowers.In the latter part of fruit growth,low levels of IAA,GA,ZR,high levels of ABA resulted in blue honeysuckle fruit drop.
A comprehensive study on blue honeysuckle in vitro culture techniques through the shoot and callus found that 6-BA,IBA and KT,used in conjunction,could increase the number of rosette buds of blue honeysuckle subculture.Decrease in the macroelements,microelements,iron salts and organic matter concentration in MS medium was conducive to blue honeysuckle rooting culture.6-BA and IBA, used in conjunction,was conducive to bud induction,while the NAA used in conjunction with the 6-BA was conducive to callus induction.The results showed that appropriate program for the culture of early generation was MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 0.2 mg/L,appropriate program for subculture was MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+IBA 0.3 mg/L+KT 1.5 mg/L,the best medium for callus was MS+6-BA0.10 mg/L+ NAA1.0 mg/L,the best medium for callus differentiation was MS+6-BA3.0mg/L+NAA0.01 mg/L+ KT1.5 mg/L.,appropriate program for rooting culture was 1/4MS+IBA 1.5 mg/L,survival rate of rooting plantlets,after domestication and transplantation,was up to 97.8%.Systematic studies on blue honeysuckle hardwood cuttings technology and cuttings rooting mechanism were made,therefore, provided an effective way for the rapid propagation of this tree species.
The best environment temperature for blue honeysuckle seed germination was 21℃,soaking time 4 d.Gibberellin had no obvious effects on the germination rate,while it had a very significant effect on seed germinating potential(P＜0.01).Desirable gibberellin content for improving blue honeysuckle germination was 100-500 mg/L.Stratification had a significant effect on both germination rate and germinating potential.Temperature stratification being 10 d before planting in spring,the seed germinating potential reached the highest(44.3%),and the germination rate was relatively high (84.0%).
引文
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