心智游移现象及其脑机制研究
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摘要
人类个体的意识经常被一些看似自发产生、与当前即时环境刺激和当前任务无关的内部表征过程占据,我们将这个过程称为心智游移。心智游移是一个非常普遍的意识现象,它表明个体认知系统不仅只用来应对外部刺激和当前任务,一些不受控制的、非随意性(非自主)的内部过程在认知体系中也占有重要的地位。研究心智游移现象对深入探索意识结构和机制,更好地理解个体认知系统和内部精神世界的运作方式具有重要的意义。同时,考察心智游移现象对应的脑机制,特别是心智游移与静息态脑活动以及默认网络的关系,将促进对脑的工作方式的全面了解。
当前,对心智游移现象及其脑机制研究的最大不足,是忽视对心智游移本质特征的分析,在心智游移对应神经活动的研究中,缺乏对心智游移内部结构的了解,实验设计过于粗糙且缺乏控制。本研究针对以往研究中的不足,对心智游移采用新的研究角度和研究方式,在系统分析心智游移认知成分和相应特性的基础上,针对主要的心智游移成分,分别开展模拟心智游移的fMRⅠ实验,在一定程度上得到心智游移各主要成分的脑活动模式。在此基础上整合各心智游移子成分的实验结果,得到对心智游移相关脑机制的综合理解,并进一步探讨心智游移活动中默认网络的确切作用。
本研究主要包含四个部分,首先通过经验取样研究对自然情境和实验室静息态情境下的心智游移进行取样分析,得到心智游移的主要成分和相应特征。在此基础上构建三个模拟心智游移子成分:非自主情景想象、非自主内部言语以及非自主视觉表象,对每一个成分分别进行fMRⅠ实验。
本研究获得以下主要结论:
1)心智游移现象是一个普遍现象,超过30%的自然情境下的意识体验和80%以上的静息态意识流经验都被心智游移占据,任务和周围情境都不能完全阻止心智游移的发生。表明个体具有不断地进行非自主内源性信息加工的趋势。自然情境下和静息态情境下的心智游移具有类似的特征,主要包括:
a.心智游移是一个由多种认知成分组成的复合认知过程,根据表征方式的不同,心智游移的成分主要包括了非自主情景想象、非自主内部言语和非自主视觉表象。其中,一半以上心智游移体验来自非自主情景想象,是心智游移的优势成分;
b.心智游移的发生是有原因的,可以由外部事物或内部表征诱发;
c.心智游移和个体经历密切相关,只有那些对个体有意义的心理事件,才会进入意识成为心智游移。
2)参与心智游移过程的脑区:
a.扣带回后部,双侧海马旁回和左侧楔前叶参与了非自主情景想象过程;
b.左侧楔前叶和扣带回后部的交叉区域与非自主内部言语过程有关;
c.枕叶联合皮层(19区)、左侧楔前叶和扣带回后部参与了非自主视觉表象过程。
d.扣带回后部在内源性信息的非自主涌现上具有重要作用。
3)默认网络与心智游移的关系
静息时活跃而注意外投任务中受抑制的默认网络相关脑区,其静息时的活跃与丰富的心智游移体验有关。其中,作为默认网络关键节点的扣带回后部的活动,与心智游移各子成分均有关,我们推测其参与了内源性信息的非自主涌现,而以海马旁回为代表的颞叶内侧系统的活动,与心智游移的优势成分——非自主情景想象有关。
We individuals' mind are always occupied with some internal representations,which generate involuntarily and unrelated to the immediate environment and the task we are doing. We call this process "Mind Wandering". Mind wandering is a very universal conscious phenomenon, and it's existence show that besides reacting to the external world and the immediate task, the individual's cognitive system has many spontaneous and involuntary internal processing and which play a big role in mind. The research about mind wandering has important meaning in exploring the structure and mechanism of consciousness and understanding the operation manner of our cognitve system and internal spirit world. Furthermore, the study about the neural correlats of mind wandering ,especially its relationship to the resting brain and the Default Network of brain, will facilitate the understanding of the working manner of brain.
Ignoring the nature of mind wandeing and studing its corresponding brain work without the understanding of its characteristic is the most dinstinct shortcoming in the research about mind wandering . We study mind wandering from a new point of view and adopt some new method, deconstructing the mind wandering and analyzing its core feature, and developing simulative mind wandeing experiments corresponding to its main elements, and reaching to the brain activation map of every element. We integrate the result of these simultive experiment and come to the general understanding about the neural correlats of mind wandering , and discuss the role of the Default Network during mind wandering.
Our study include four parts. First, we sample the experience of mind wandering in nature circumstance and resting state by experience-sampled method, and obtain the main components and its corresponding feature of mind wandering. Then we design three simultative mind wandering fMRI experiments corresponding to its main components: involuntary episodici thinking, involuntary inner speech and involuntary visual imagery.
The main findings of this study are as follows:
1) Mind wanding is an universal phenomenon. More than 30% conscious experience in nature circumstance and more than 80% conscious experience in resting state are occupied with mind wandering, and task and other environmental stimuli can not prevent its happening. Human individuals have the tendency to process the internal information spontaneously, involuntarily and constantly. Mind wandering in daily lift and resting state have similar characteristic:
a) Mind wandering is a compound cogntitive process composed of multiple elements, and the main components are involuntary episodic thinkng, involuntary inner speech and involuntary visual imaery. And involuntary episodic thinking is the predominate process;
b) There is some clue causing mind wandering including external stimuli and internal processing;
c) There is close relationship between mind wandering and individuls experience.
2) The brain regions activated in our simulative mind wandering are as follows:
a) PCC, parahippocamal gyrus and left precuneus are activated in involuntary episodic thinking;
b) The region between left precuneus and PCC is activated during involuntary inner speech;
c) Occipital asscioatve cortex(BA19), left precuneus and PCC are activated in involuntary visual imagery;
d) PCC has important role in the involuntary emergence of internal information.
3) The Default Network and mind wandering
The activation of brain's default network during resting state is related to mind wandering. The core hub of default network-PCC-particpates in the main components of mind wandering and we suggest that PCC is important in the involuntary emergence of internal information, and the parahippocampal gyrus participates the predominant process of mind wandering-episodicthinking.
当前,对心智游移现象及其脑机制研究的最大不足,是忽视对心智游移本质特征的分析,在心智游移对应神经活动的研究中,缺乏对心智游移内部结构的了解,实验设计过于粗糙且缺乏控制。本研究针对以往研究中的不足,对心智游移采用新的研究角度和研究方式,在系统分析心智游移认知成分和相应特性的基础上,针对主要的心智游移成分,分别开展模拟心智游移的fMRⅠ实验,在一定程度上得到心智游移各主要成分的脑活动模式。在此基础上整合各心智游移子成分的实验结果,得到对心智游移相关脑机制的综合理解,并进一步探讨心智游移活动中默认网络的确切作用。
本研究主要包含四个部分,首先通过经验取样研究对自然情境和实验室静息态情境下的心智游移进行取样分析,得到心智游移的主要成分和相应特征。在此基础上构建三个模拟心智游移子成分:非自主情景想象、非自主内部言语以及非自主视觉表象,对每一个成分分别进行fMRⅠ实验。
本研究获得以下主要结论:
1)心智游移现象是一个普遍现象,超过30%的自然情境下的意识体验和80%以上的静息态意识流经验都被心智游移占据,任务和周围情境都不能完全阻止心智游移的发生。表明个体具有不断地进行非自主内源性信息加工的趋势。自然情境下和静息态情境下的心智游移具有类似的特征,主要包括:
a.心智游移是一个由多种认知成分组成的复合认知过程,根据表征方式的不同,心智游移的成分主要包括了非自主情景想象、非自主内部言语和非自主视觉表象。其中,一半以上心智游移体验来自非自主情景想象,是心智游移的优势成分;
b.心智游移的发生是有原因的,可以由外部事物或内部表征诱发;
c.心智游移和个体经历密切相关,只有那些对个体有意义的心理事件,才会进入意识成为心智游移。
2)参与心智游移过程的脑区:
a.扣带回后部,双侧海马旁回和左侧楔前叶参与了非自主情景想象过程;
b.左侧楔前叶和扣带回后部的交叉区域与非自主内部言语过程有关;
c.枕叶联合皮层(19区)、左侧楔前叶和扣带回后部参与了非自主视觉表象过程。
d.扣带回后部在内源性信息的非自主涌现上具有重要作用。
3)默认网络与心智游移的关系
静息时活跃而注意外投任务中受抑制的默认网络相关脑区,其静息时的活跃与丰富的心智游移体验有关。其中,作为默认网络关键节点的扣带回后部的活动,与心智游移各子成分均有关,我们推测其参与了内源性信息的非自主涌现,而以海马旁回为代表的颞叶内侧系统的活动,与心智游移的优势成分——非自主情景想象有关。
We individuals' mind are always occupied with some internal representations,which generate involuntarily and unrelated to the immediate environment and the task we are doing. We call this process "Mind Wandering". Mind wandering is a very universal conscious phenomenon, and it's existence show that besides reacting to the external world and the immediate task, the individual's cognitive system has many spontaneous and involuntary internal processing and which play a big role in mind. The research about mind wandering has important meaning in exploring the structure and mechanism of consciousness and understanding the operation manner of our cognitve system and internal spirit world. Furthermore, the study about the neural correlats of mind wandering ,especially its relationship to the resting brain and the Default Network of brain, will facilitate the understanding of the working manner of brain.
Ignoring the nature of mind wandeing and studing its corresponding brain work without the understanding of its characteristic is the most dinstinct shortcoming in the research about mind wandering . We study mind wandering from a new point of view and adopt some new method, deconstructing the mind wandering and analyzing its core feature, and developing simulative mind wandeing experiments corresponding to its main elements, and reaching to the brain activation map of every element. We integrate the result of these simultive experiment and come to the general understanding about the neural correlats of mind wandering , and discuss the role of the Default Network during mind wandering.
Our study include four parts. First, we sample the experience of mind wandering in nature circumstance and resting state by experience-sampled method, and obtain the main components and its corresponding feature of mind wandering. Then we design three simultative mind wandering fMRI experiments corresponding to its main components: involuntary episodici thinking, involuntary inner speech and involuntary visual imagery.
The main findings of this study are as follows:
1) Mind wanding is an universal phenomenon. More than 30% conscious experience in nature circumstance and more than 80% conscious experience in resting state are occupied with mind wandering, and task and other environmental stimuli can not prevent its happening. Human individuals have the tendency to process the internal information spontaneously, involuntarily and constantly. Mind wandering in daily lift and resting state have similar characteristic:
a) Mind wandering is a compound cogntitive process composed of multiple elements, and the main components are involuntary episodic thinkng, involuntary inner speech and involuntary visual imaery. And involuntary episodic thinking is the predominate process;
b) There is some clue causing mind wandering including external stimuli and internal processing;
c) There is close relationship between mind wandering and individuls experience.
2) The brain regions activated in our simulative mind wandering are as follows:
a) PCC, parahippocamal gyrus and left precuneus are activated in involuntary episodic thinking;
b) The region between left precuneus and PCC is activated during involuntary inner speech;
c) Occipital asscioatve cortex(BA19), left precuneus and PCC are activated in involuntary visual imagery;
d) PCC has important role in the involuntary emergence of internal information.
3) The Default Network and mind wandering
The activation of brain's default network during resting state is related to mind wandering. The core hub of default network-PCC-particpates in the main components of mind wandering and we suggest that PCC is important in the involuntary emergence of internal information, and the parahippocampal gyrus participates the predominant process of mind wandering-episodicthinking.
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