深部岩体脆性破坏机理及相关问题研究
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摘要
地下洞室群在开挖时,洞室的高边墙和洞室之间的岩柱往往会发生剧烈的脆性变形破坏,出现纵向的劈裂裂缝甚至发生岩爆,这种类型的破坏对于洞室的稳定性会造成比较严重的威胁。尤其对于处于大埋深、高地应力的脆性围岩中的地下洞室,开挖时更容易发生这种破坏。少有学者针对这种现象展开深入研究。本文以该现象为研究对象,通过结合现场监测、实验室试验、理论分析以及数值计算分析等手段,深入地研究和探讨了深部岩体脆性破坏的机理,取得了一系列有意义的研究成果。
现场监测方面,通过分析瀑布沟水电站地下洞群的监测资料探究大型地下厂房边墙裂缝带的分布情况、发育程度和形成原因。监测结果表明,所采用的监测方法实施简便、快速,对测试松弛区或裂隙带颇为有效。
基于断裂损伤理论,采用共线裂纹模型,推导了多裂隙体在压剪应力作用下的裂纹扩展、损伤演化方程;考虑次生裂纹产生附加应变对岩体位移的影响。通过引入弱化指数来反应岩体在达到峰值强度后材料特性的变化,同时能够反映出围压变化(加卸载)对岩体强度的影响。
基于剪滞模型,从锚杆改善岩体应力状态的角度分析锚杆的加固作用。对于地下洞室边墙来说,锚杆的存在相当于增加了一部分围压。引入断裂韧度和围压的关系来反映锚杆的对围岩的加固作用。
结合有静力侧压荷载装置的霍普金森杆实验开展了动静力复合作用下的岩石裂隙扩展分析。研究了不同裂隙角度和不同围压条件下岩石附加侧向变形量。采用数值方法分析了复杂应力条件下动力扰动对深部岩体破坏模式的影响。
对洞室群边墙围岩,研究了施工爆破动荷载和开挖后应力重分布后增加的静荷载,在这双重复合荷载作用下的围岩应力状态的变化。计算出了双重荷载作用下的位移量、拉应力区的深度及最大拉应力值。
基于上述理论,结合数值软件FLAC~(3D),对大岗山地下洞室群围岩稳定性进行了分析。有效的判断了围岩的破坏区域,为洞室稳定性提供判别依据。采用优化的支护方案,加固好岩体以防止或减少脆性破坏区出现的可能。
While the underground openings are being excavated, the rock pillars between the caverns are apt to appear brittle failure, which constitute a threat to the stability of the caverns. Especially the deeply embedded caverns under high in situ stresses, they are more readily to appear longitudinal splitting cracks and even intense brittle deformation failure, like rock blast etc. Only a few scholars are interested in further studying these phenomena. This paper mainly studies these phenomena by means of the tools like experimental model tests, site monitoring, theory analysis, and numerical simulation and so on. This paper further studies and probes into the shape conditions and mechanism of the brittle failure, consequently attains a series of meaningful research achievements.
Through the analysis of monitoring data of Pubugou underground powerhouse, the distribution and the depth of brittle failure zone in the sidewall were obtained. Monitoring results showed that the method used to monitor was simple and rapid, which can test the brittle failure zone effectively.
Based on the fracture-damage mechanics, the collinear crack model was adopted for analyzing the critical length, interval and stress. The crack propagation, damage evolution equation of multi-crack rock mass in the pression-shearing stress field was derived. Moreover, the additional deformation due to the crack propagation was considered. The mechanical degradation index was introduced to reflect the degree of strength loss after attainment of the peak strength. The degradation index can also describe the postpeak degradation exhibited by a rock under different confining conditions (loading and unloading).
Based on the shear-lag model, the role of rockbolt was discussed from the point of view of changing the stress state of rock. The existence of rockbolt increased the confining pressure for the sidewall of underground opens. Relationship between fracture toughness and confining pressure was introduced to describe the anchoring effect.
Laboratory test based on SHPB(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)was carried out considering the stress state of multi-crack rock under with static-dynamic coupling load. The influence of crack angle and confining pressure condition on the additional lateral deformation of rock was discussed. The mechanical response of deep rock pillar, which is under complicated stress condition and then subjected to dynamic disturbance, is numerically simulated.
The static load in the sidewall increased after blasting and excavation. Changes of the stress state of rock under the complex load were investigated. The displacements, the depth of tensile stress zone and the maximum value of tensile stress under the complex load were calculated.
Based on the above theory, stability analysis of Dagangshan underground openings was carried out with numerical software FLAC~(3D). The position and depth of brittle failure zone were predicted effectively during rockmass excavation under high in-situ stress. Optimized support scheme was adopted to reduce the extent of brittle failure zone.
现场监测方面,通过分析瀑布沟水电站地下洞群的监测资料探究大型地下厂房边墙裂缝带的分布情况、发育程度和形成原因。监测结果表明,所采用的监测方法实施简便、快速,对测试松弛区或裂隙带颇为有效。
基于断裂损伤理论,采用共线裂纹模型,推导了多裂隙体在压剪应力作用下的裂纹扩展、损伤演化方程;考虑次生裂纹产生附加应变对岩体位移的影响。通过引入弱化指数来反应岩体在达到峰值强度后材料特性的变化,同时能够反映出围压变化(加卸载)对岩体强度的影响。
基于剪滞模型,从锚杆改善岩体应力状态的角度分析锚杆的加固作用。对于地下洞室边墙来说,锚杆的存在相当于增加了一部分围压。引入断裂韧度和围压的关系来反映锚杆的对围岩的加固作用。
结合有静力侧压荷载装置的霍普金森杆实验开展了动静力复合作用下的岩石裂隙扩展分析。研究了不同裂隙角度和不同围压条件下岩石附加侧向变形量。采用数值方法分析了复杂应力条件下动力扰动对深部岩体破坏模式的影响。
对洞室群边墙围岩,研究了施工爆破动荷载和开挖后应力重分布后增加的静荷载,在这双重复合荷载作用下的围岩应力状态的变化。计算出了双重荷载作用下的位移量、拉应力区的深度及最大拉应力值。
基于上述理论,结合数值软件FLAC~(3D),对大岗山地下洞室群围岩稳定性进行了分析。有效的判断了围岩的破坏区域,为洞室稳定性提供判别依据。采用优化的支护方案,加固好岩体以防止或减少脆性破坏区出现的可能。
While the underground openings are being excavated, the rock pillars between the caverns are apt to appear brittle failure, which constitute a threat to the stability of the caverns. Especially the deeply embedded caverns under high in situ stresses, they are more readily to appear longitudinal splitting cracks and even intense brittle deformation failure, like rock blast etc. Only a few scholars are interested in further studying these phenomena. This paper mainly studies these phenomena by means of the tools like experimental model tests, site monitoring, theory analysis, and numerical simulation and so on. This paper further studies and probes into the shape conditions and mechanism of the brittle failure, consequently attains a series of meaningful research achievements.
Through the analysis of monitoring data of Pubugou underground powerhouse, the distribution and the depth of brittle failure zone in the sidewall were obtained. Monitoring results showed that the method used to monitor was simple and rapid, which can test the brittle failure zone effectively.
Based on the fracture-damage mechanics, the collinear crack model was adopted for analyzing the critical length, interval and stress. The crack propagation, damage evolution equation of multi-crack rock mass in the pression-shearing stress field was derived. Moreover, the additional deformation due to the crack propagation was considered. The mechanical degradation index was introduced to reflect the degree of strength loss after attainment of the peak strength. The degradation index can also describe the postpeak degradation exhibited by a rock under different confining conditions (loading and unloading).
Based on the shear-lag model, the role of rockbolt was discussed from the point of view of changing the stress state of rock. The existence of rockbolt increased the confining pressure for the sidewall of underground opens. Relationship between fracture toughness and confining pressure was introduced to describe the anchoring effect.
Laboratory test based on SHPB(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)was carried out considering the stress state of multi-crack rock under with static-dynamic coupling load. The influence of crack angle and confining pressure condition on the additional lateral deformation of rock was discussed. The mechanical response of deep rock pillar, which is under complicated stress condition and then subjected to dynamic disturbance, is numerically simulated.
The static load in the sidewall increased after blasting and excavation. Changes of the stress state of rock under the complex load were investigated. The displacements, the depth of tensile stress zone and the maximum value of tensile stress under the complex load were calculated.
Based on the above theory, stability analysis of Dagangshan underground openings was carried out with numerical software FLAC~(3D). The position and depth of brittle failure zone were predicted effectively during rockmass excavation under high in-situ stress. Optimized support scheme was adopted to reduce the extent of brittle failure zone.
引文
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