无线网格网中关键技术的研究
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摘要
随着人们通信需求的提高,无处不在(Ubiquitous)、宽带(Broadband)和无线(Wireless)成为了当前通信领域最流行和最关键的三个词。在这种形势下,做为下一代无线网络关键技术的无线网格网由于有望满足以上条件而受到了越来越多的关注,成为了工业界和学术界的一个研究热点。
无线网格网中的关键技术涉及到网络中的方方面面,本论文的研究侧重点放在MAC层、网络层以及入侵检测方面的相关协议及算法。在对现有的相关技术进行深入研究的基础上,本论文完成了以下一些具有创新性的工作:
1.针对多跳多信道的无线网格网提出了基于快速转发的媒体接入控制方案。现有的媒体接入控制方案只考虑了一跳范围内的信道竞争,并不适合于多跳的无线网格网,尤其不适合于需要传输实时业务的无线网格网。因此,本文针对IEEE 802.11s在MAC层进行路由选择的特点,提出了一种基于快速转发的媒体接入控制方案,对提高实时业务的服务质量、减少端到端时延具有重要作用。
2.针对多收发器多信道无线网格网提出了基于未来信道预留的媒体接入控制协议。为了减轻多信道无线网格网中常见的“耳聋问题”和“多信道隐藏终端问题”,常用的方法就是设置一条公共控制信道。然而,控制信道的使用引入了信道利用率低、信道请求相对集中的问题。因此,本文提出了基于未来信道预留的媒体接入控制协议,对提高数据信道利用率、降低端到端时延、增加系统吞吐量具有重要作用。
3.针对感知无线网格网提出了基于频谱树的按需路由协议。无线网格网虽被认为是下一代无线网络的关键技术,它的性能却被拥挤的无执照频段所限制。而感知无线电技术支持无线频谱的灵活使用,允许无执照用户动态的接入空闲频谱。因此,本文将感知无线电技术与无线网格网有效结合起来,并提出了基于频谱树的按需路由协议,有效解决了路由选择和频谱决定之间的协作问题。此外,本文还提出了一个新的路由度量因子和频谱自适应的路由恢复算法。
4.针对感知无线网格网提出了基于能量节约的路由算法。在基于客户端网络结构的无线网格网中,能量问题显得尤为关键。因此,本文提出了一种节能的路由算法,该算法通过将按需频谱侦听和节省功率消耗的路由发现机制相结合,有效的解决了路由选择和频谱决定之间的协作问题并减少了不必要的功率消耗。
5.针对无线网格网中的分布式入侵检测提出了ConvexQuadratic优化合并算法。因为缺乏集中式的网络结构,分布式入侵检测成为保护无线网格网的必要手段。在分布式入侵检测中,一个常见的问题就是如何有效的整合从多个分散的节点接收到的不同的本地检测信息。因此,本文针对多个本地信息的整合提出了一种ConvexQuadratic优化合并算法,大大减少了对入侵检测的不正确判断。在该算法的基础上,本文还提出了节点可信度的计算方法和一个增强入侵检测可靠度的反馈机制。
As the increasing expectations for communication, "Ubiquitous", "Broadband" and "Wireless" have become the three most popular and important words in Telecommunication. In this situation, wireless mesh networks (WMNs), as a promising technology to meet the target, are attracting more and more attention from both industry and academia.
However, for a WMN to achieve the expectations, considerable research efforts are still needed. There are open issues in physical layer, medium access control (MAC) layer, routing layer, transport layer and application layer. This thesis focuses on the algorithms and protocols of MAC layer, routing layer and intrusion detection in WMNs. Based on the state of the arts in-depth studies, I have done the following innovative works:
1. Proposed a fast forward MAC (FFMAC) protocol for IEEE 802.11s based multi-hop multi-channel WMNs. Most of the current MAC protocols have been designed only for one-hop communication and they are not suitable for multi-hop WMNs, especially not suitable for multi-hop WMNs with real-time applications. Therefore, the FFMAC is proposed for quality of service (QoS) guarantee in multi-hop multi-channel WMNs. By providing higher priority for real-time applications, FFMAC reduces the end-to-end delay and increases throughput significantly.
2. Proposed a future channel reservation MAC (FCR-MAC) for multi-radio multi-channel WMNs. To mitigate the "deafness" and the "multi-hop hidden terminal" problems, a feasible solution is to equip each node with a control radio and fix it on a common control channel (CCC). However, the application of the CCC introduces other problems. Depending on the number of available data channels, the CCC may be under-utilized or may become a bottleneck. To address these challenges, a novel MAC protocol based on future channel reservation is proposed in this thesis. The proposed FCR-MAC guarantees higher utilization of channel resources and reduces the average delay in performing channel negotiation and reservation.
3. Proposed a spectrum-tree based on-demand routing protocol (STOD-RP) for cognitive wireless mesh networks. Although WMN is regarded as the key technology for next-generation wireless networks, its performance is limited by the crowded unlicensed band. Meanwhile, cognitive radio (CR), with its capability to support flexible usage of wireless radio spectrum, can let unlicensed users to access licensed band opportunistically. Hence, I used the CR capability to complement the WMN and proposed a spectrum-tree based on-demand routing protocol. The STOD-RP addresses the cooperation between spectrum decision and route selection in an efficient way. In addition, a new route metric is proposed as well as a spectrum-adaptive route recovery method.
4. Proposed a spectrum- and energy-aware routing protocol (SEA-RP) for cognitive wireless mesh networks. Energy is a crucial factor for client WMNs because many devices are powered by batteries with a limited lifetime. By combining the on-demand spectrum sensing mode with an energy-save route discovery scheme, the proposed SEA-RP addresses the cooperation between spectrum decision and route selection in an efficient way and eliminates unnecessary energy consumption.
5. Proposed a convex quadratic optimization approach for distributed intrusion detection in WMNs. Due to the lack of a centralized infrastructure, the distributed intrusion detection is necessary for protecting WMNs. A generic problem in distributed intrusion detection is to integrate a variety of local detection information from multiple dispersed nodes effectively. Therefore, a convex quadratic optimization approach is proposed to integrate the dispersed local detected information. The proposed approach can considerably reduces incorrect judgment and has low complexity. Moreover, an algorithm for node's trustworthiness and a feedback scheme is presented as well.
无线网格网中的关键技术涉及到网络中的方方面面,本论文的研究侧重点放在MAC层、网络层以及入侵检测方面的相关协议及算法。在对现有的相关技术进行深入研究的基础上,本论文完成了以下一些具有创新性的工作:
1.针对多跳多信道的无线网格网提出了基于快速转发的媒体接入控制方案。现有的媒体接入控制方案只考虑了一跳范围内的信道竞争,并不适合于多跳的无线网格网,尤其不适合于需要传输实时业务的无线网格网。因此,本文针对IEEE 802.11s在MAC层进行路由选择的特点,提出了一种基于快速转发的媒体接入控制方案,对提高实时业务的服务质量、减少端到端时延具有重要作用。
2.针对多收发器多信道无线网格网提出了基于未来信道预留的媒体接入控制协议。为了减轻多信道无线网格网中常见的“耳聋问题”和“多信道隐藏终端问题”,常用的方法就是设置一条公共控制信道。然而,控制信道的使用引入了信道利用率低、信道请求相对集中的问题。因此,本文提出了基于未来信道预留的媒体接入控制协议,对提高数据信道利用率、降低端到端时延、增加系统吞吐量具有重要作用。
3.针对感知无线网格网提出了基于频谱树的按需路由协议。无线网格网虽被认为是下一代无线网络的关键技术,它的性能却被拥挤的无执照频段所限制。而感知无线电技术支持无线频谱的灵活使用,允许无执照用户动态的接入空闲频谱。因此,本文将感知无线电技术与无线网格网有效结合起来,并提出了基于频谱树的按需路由协议,有效解决了路由选择和频谱决定之间的协作问题。此外,本文还提出了一个新的路由度量因子和频谱自适应的路由恢复算法。
4.针对感知无线网格网提出了基于能量节约的路由算法。在基于客户端网络结构的无线网格网中,能量问题显得尤为关键。因此,本文提出了一种节能的路由算法,该算法通过将按需频谱侦听和节省功率消耗的路由发现机制相结合,有效的解决了路由选择和频谱决定之间的协作问题并减少了不必要的功率消耗。
5.针对无线网格网中的分布式入侵检测提出了ConvexQuadratic优化合并算法。因为缺乏集中式的网络结构,分布式入侵检测成为保护无线网格网的必要手段。在分布式入侵检测中,一个常见的问题就是如何有效的整合从多个分散的节点接收到的不同的本地检测信息。因此,本文针对多个本地信息的整合提出了一种ConvexQuadratic优化合并算法,大大减少了对入侵检测的不正确判断。在该算法的基础上,本文还提出了节点可信度的计算方法和一个增强入侵检测可靠度的反馈机制。
As the increasing expectations for communication, "Ubiquitous", "Broadband" and "Wireless" have become the three most popular and important words in Telecommunication. In this situation, wireless mesh networks (WMNs), as a promising technology to meet the target, are attracting more and more attention from both industry and academia.
However, for a WMN to achieve the expectations, considerable research efforts are still needed. There are open issues in physical layer, medium access control (MAC) layer, routing layer, transport layer and application layer. This thesis focuses on the algorithms and protocols of MAC layer, routing layer and intrusion detection in WMNs. Based on the state of the arts in-depth studies, I have done the following innovative works:
1. Proposed a fast forward MAC (FFMAC) protocol for IEEE 802.11s based multi-hop multi-channel WMNs. Most of the current MAC protocols have been designed only for one-hop communication and they are not suitable for multi-hop WMNs, especially not suitable for multi-hop WMNs with real-time applications. Therefore, the FFMAC is proposed for quality of service (QoS) guarantee in multi-hop multi-channel WMNs. By providing higher priority for real-time applications, FFMAC reduces the end-to-end delay and increases throughput significantly.
2. Proposed a future channel reservation MAC (FCR-MAC) for multi-radio multi-channel WMNs. To mitigate the "deafness" and the "multi-hop hidden terminal" problems, a feasible solution is to equip each node with a control radio and fix it on a common control channel (CCC). However, the application of the CCC introduces other problems. Depending on the number of available data channels, the CCC may be under-utilized or may become a bottleneck. To address these challenges, a novel MAC protocol based on future channel reservation is proposed in this thesis. The proposed FCR-MAC guarantees higher utilization of channel resources and reduces the average delay in performing channel negotiation and reservation.
3. Proposed a spectrum-tree based on-demand routing protocol (STOD-RP) for cognitive wireless mesh networks. Although WMN is regarded as the key technology for next-generation wireless networks, its performance is limited by the crowded unlicensed band. Meanwhile, cognitive radio (CR), with its capability to support flexible usage of wireless radio spectrum, can let unlicensed users to access licensed band opportunistically. Hence, I used the CR capability to complement the WMN and proposed a spectrum-tree based on-demand routing protocol. The STOD-RP addresses the cooperation between spectrum decision and route selection in an efficient way. In addition, a new route metric is proposed as well as a spectrum-adaptive route recovery method.
4. Proposed a spectrum- and energy-aware routing protocol (SEA-RP) for cognitive wireless mesh networks. Energy is a crucial factor for client WMNs because many devices are powered by batteries with a limited lifetime. By combining the on-demand spectrum sensing mode with an energy-save route discovery scheme, the proposed SEA-RP addresses the cooperation between spectrum decision and route selection in an efficient way and eliminates unnecessary energy consumption.
5. Proposed a convex quadratic optimization approach for distributed intrusion detection in WMNs. Due to the lack of a centralized infrastructure, the distributed intrusion detection is necessary for protecting WMNs. A generic problem in distributed intrusion detection is to integrate a variety of local detection information from multiple dispersed nodes effectively. Therefore, a convex quadratic optimization approach is proposed to integrate the dispersed local detected information. The proposed approach can considerably reduces incorrect judgment and has low complexity. Moreover, an algorithm for node's trustworthiness and a feedback scheme is presented as well.
引文
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