城市地下空间集约化设计策略研究
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摘要
本文旨在从集约化设计的理论视角对城市地下空间展开系统的研究,探索城市地下空间发展中集约化设计的内在特征、发展规律及设计对策,力图构建一个具有清晰逻辑框架和较强现实针对性的理论体系及研究平台,为后续课题的深入研究奠定坚实的基础。
论文从当代城市空间发展模式入手,分析其所处的时代背景、国际环境以及自身的未来发展取向,客观得出其集约化发展的态势,并据此阐述了解决城市现实发展矛盾,进行城市地下空间集约化设计的现实意义,从而明确提出了城市地下空间集约化设计这一命题。接下来论文对城市地下空间和集约化这两个重要课题概念进行了解析,进而以城市土地集约化利用、城市经济集约化增长、城市空间集约化发展等城市范畴的集约化理论平台为基础,阐明了强调功能要素及空间规模高度集聚、与城市系统密切关联、大幅提升空间安全舒适性品质的城市地下空间集约化设计内涵。以此为基础,论文进一步提出了扩大城市空间容量、优化城市系统功能、保护城市环境、提高城市经济效益的城市地下空间集约化设计目标。自此,论文搭建起了以城市地下空间集约化设计内涵为主线、以集约化设计目标为经络的清晰、严谨的理论研究平台。
城市地下本体空间是集约化设计研究的主体,而功能要素及空间规模集聚是集约化设计的主要特征,为此论文首先提出并阐述了具有实践指导意义的“本体空间集聚策略”。本体空间集聚策略主要包括功能要素有机集中和空间构成立体聚合两部分内容,其中以功能要素有机集中为重点,以空间构成立体聚合为手段。针对功能要素有机集中设计,论文详细阐述了包容多元化的功能构成要素、理顺复杂的功能内在联系、实施高效的功能优化组合的设计对策;针对空间构成立体聚合设计,论文提出了通过选择适宜的平面空间集聚类型并确定合理的空间竖向划分标准,进而完成立体化空间集聚组合的设计对策。进而论文针对制约本体空间集聚的“广度”和“深度”问题进行了拓展思考,提出了超大型商业空间解决方案和大深度地下空间开发构想。
从宏观的角度来看,实现地下空间与外部城市系统密切关联是城市地下空间集约化设计的基本特征,为此论文提出并系统论述了“外部关联协调策略”,以求实现地下空间城市效能的最大化。外部关联协调策略从三个方面展开:针对与地上城市空间规模协调发展的目标,论文提出了准确评估地下空间资源量、合理预测地下空间需求量、协调城市地上地下空间规模均衡发展的设计对策;针对与地上城市空间功能有机整合的目标,论文提出了与城市建筑区位互动、与城市交通职能互补、与城市环境生态融合的设计对策;针对完善地下空间入口过渡机能的目标,论文提出了满足入口的主体使用功能、优化入口的中介转换职能、选择入口空间过渡方式的设计对策。
城市地下空间集约化设计的“内在品质强化策略”,则是从微观空间环境层面,强调在本体空间及外部关联条件不变的情况下,通过“质”的提高,实现提升城市地下空间内在价值的集约化设计目的。城市地下空间的内在品质概括起来包括空间安全性品质和环境舒适性品质两大方面:在空间安全性品质保障方面,论文提出了强化防火安全设计、提高综合防灾性能、完善安全管理制度的设计对策;在环境舒适性品质保障方面,论文提出了营造人性化健康环境、构建艺术化室内空间、创造室外化自然环境、设置国际化诱导标示的设计对策。
本论文采用理论思辨、对比考察和实例解析等研究方法对城市地下空间集约化设计进行了全面系统的研究,拓展了建筑学与城市学、城市规划学、城市经济学、生态学等交叉学科的研究领域,不仅为该课题的研究提供了崭新的研究视角和思路,更构建了崭新的研究框架和平台,因而具有相应的社会意义和实践价值,对于未来相关课题的深入研究具有借鉴意义。
Through the systematic study on urban underground space from the theoretical perspective of intensive design, the paper tends to explore the internal features, rules of development and devising strategies of intensive design in urban underground space evolution process. By constructing a theoretical system as well as a research platform taking on legible logic outline and considerable realistic pertinence, a solid foundation would be established for further research on subsequent problems.
Starting with the development patterns for contemporary urban space, the author has analyzed its background, international environment and intending evolution trends so as to objectively demonstrate its situation in intensive development. Based on this, the practical significance of resolving urban realistic development conflict and conducting intensive design for urban underground space is presented. Accordingly, the topic of intensive design for urban underground space is put forward explicitly. Furthermore, the article has analyzed the two essential concepts of urban underground space and intensivism. Taking the intensive theoretical platform in cities consisting of urban land intensive application, urban economic intensive growth, urban space intensive development, etc. as the foundation, the paper then has illustrated the significance for urban underground intensive design including accentuating functional elements and highly concentrated space scale, intimately correlation to urban systems, considerably improving the space quality of safety and comfort. On this basis, the objective for urban underground space intensive design, which contains expanding urban space capacity, optimizing urban systems, protecting urban environment and raising urban economic benefit, is provided. Thus, the paper has set up the definite, precise theoretical research platform applying significance of urban underground space intensive design as mainstay and the objective of intensive design as branches.
Since urban underground noumenal space is the main research object of intensive design and functional elements together with space scale concentration is the main characteristics of intensive design, in the first place, the paper has presented and explained the‘strategy for noumenal space concentration’provided with the significance of instructing practices. The design for noumenal space concentration mainly comprises complexity of functional organizations and three-dimension of spacial formation in which the former is the keystone while the latter is the measure to achieve it. Referring to the complexity of functional organizations, the paper specifically describes the design strategies of containing diverse functional component elements, coordinating complicated functional internal connections and carrying out efficient functional optimized combination. For three-dimension of spacial formation, the design strategy, which involves determining a reasonable standard for vertically dividing the space through selecting appropriate plane space concentration types and then accomplishing three-dimensional spacial concentration combination, is proposed. After extensive consideration on the problems of‘extent’and‘depth’restricting noumenal space concentration, the paper further demonstrates solutions for super-commercial space and exploitation concepts for deep underground space.
On one hand, from the macroscopical perspective, to achieve intimate connection between underground space and external urban systems is the fundamental feature for urban underground space intensive design. In order to realize the maximum urban performance of underground space, the paper has rendered and systematically illustrated‘external associated coordination strategy’. The strategy is demonstrated in three aspects: for the aim of coordinative development with overground urban space scale, the paper brings forward the design strategy of accurately evaluating resource amount in underground space, reasonably forecasting requirement for underground space and coordinating the harmonious development of underground and overground space scale; for the objective of functional integration in overground urban space, the paper has presented the design strategy, which contains interacting with urban constructions, complementing with urban transportation function and fusing with urban environment; for the goal of consummating transition function for the entrance of underground space, the design strategy satisfying main application function for the entrance, optimizing intermediary conversion function of the entrance and selecting space transition mode for the entrance is offered.
On the other hand, from the environmental perspective of microscopical space,‘intensification strategy for internal quality’for urban underground space intensive design achieves the intensive design objective of promoting internal value for urban underground space by improving the‘quality’under the condition of steadiness of noumenal space and external related factors. The internal quality of urban underground space could be summarized from two aspects, which are the quality for spacial security and the quality for environmental comfort. To ensure the quality for spacial security, the article has provided with the design strategy of reinforcing fireproofing security design, promoting comprehensive disaster-prevention functions and improving safety management system. Concerning with the quality for environmental comfort, design strategies embracing constructing humane and healthy surroundings, forming artistic interior space, creating exterior natural environment and setting up international inducing marks are showed.
This paper has conducted comprehensive and systematic research toward intensive design in urban underground space, applying the research methods of theoretical thinking, comparative observation and practical analysis. As a result, the research realms of interdisciplinary courses, such as architecture and urbanology, architecture and town planning, architecture and urban economics as well as architecture and ecology, are greatly expanded. This not only provides brand-new research perspectives and methods to study the problem, but establishes new research framework and platform, bearing corresponding social significance and practical value. Also, there might be referenced application for in-depth study on related topics in future.
论文从当代城市空间发展模式入手,分析其所处的时代背景、国际环境以及自身的未来发展取向,客观得出其集约化发展的态势,并据此阐述了解决城市现实发展矛盾,进行城市地下空间集约化设计的现实意义,从而明确提出了城市地下空间集约化设计这一命题。接下来论文对城市地下空间和集约化这两个重要课题概念进行了解析,进而以城市土地集约化利用、城市经济集约化增长、城市空间集约化发展等城市范畴的集约化理论平台为基础,阐明了强调功能要素及空间规模高度集聚、与城市系统密切关联、大幅提升空间安全舒适性品质的城市地下空间集约化设计内涵。以此为基础,论文进一步提出了扩大城市空间容量、优化城市系统功能、保护城市环境、提高城市经济效益的城市地下空间集约化设计目标。自此,论文搭建起了以城市地下空间集约化设计内涵为主线、以集约化设计目标为经络的清晰、严谨的理论研究平台。
城市地下本体空间是集约化设计研究的主体,而功能要素及空间规模集聚是集约化设计的主要特征,为此论文首先提出并阐述了具有实践指导意义的“本体空间集聚策略”。本体空间集聚策略主要包括功能要素有机集中和空间构成立体聚合两部分内容,其中以功能要素有机集中为重点,以空间构成立体聚合为手段。针对功能要素有机集中设计,论文详细阐述了包容多元化的功能构成要素、理顺复杂的功能内在联系、实施高效的功能优化组合的设计对策;针对空间构成立体聚合设计,论文提出了通过选择适宜的平面空间集聚类型并确定合理的空间竖向划分标准,进而完成立体化空间集聚组合的设计对策。进而论文针对制约本体空间集聚的“广度”和“深度”问题进行了拓展思考,提出了超大型商业空间解决方案和大深度地下空间开发构想。
从宏观的角度来看,实现地下空间与外部城市系统密切关联是城市地下空间集约化设计的基本特征,为此论文提出并系统论述了“外部关联协调策略”,以求实现地下空间城市效能的最大化。外部关联协调策略从三个方面展开:针对与地上城市空间规模协调发展的目标,论文提出了准确评估地下空间资源量、合理预测地下空间需求量、协调城市地上地下空间规模均衡发展的设计对策;针对与地上城市空间功能有机整合的目标,论文提出了与城市建筑区位互动、与城市交通职能互补、与城市环境生态融合的设计对策;针对完善地下空间入口过渡机能的目标,论文提出了满足入口的主体使用功能、优化入口的中介转换职能、选择入口空间过渡方式的设计对策。
城市地下空间集约化设计的“内在品质强化策略”,则是从微观空间环境层面,强调在本体空间及外部关联条件不变的情况下,通过“质”的提高,实现提升城市地下空间内在价值的集约化设计目的。城市地下空间的内在品质概括起来包括空间安全性品质和环境舒适性品质两大方面:在空间安全性品质保障方面,论文提出了强化防火安全设计、提高综合防灾性能、完善安全管理制度的设计对策;在环境舒适性品质保障方面,论文提出了营造人性化健康环境、构建艺术化室内空间、创造室外化自然环境、设置国际化诱导标示的设计对策。
本论文采用理论思辨、对比考察和实例解析等研究方法对城市地下空间集约化设计进行了全面系统的研究,拓展了建筑学与城市学、城市规划学、城市经济学、生态学等交叉学科的研究领域,不仅为该课题的研究提供了崭新的研究视角和思路,更构建了崭新的研究框架和平台,因而具有相应的社会意义和实践价值,对于未来相关课题的深入研究具有借鉴意义。
Through the systematic study on urban underground space from the theoretical perspective of intensive design, the paper tends to explore the internal features, rules of development and devising strategies of intensive design in urban underground space evolution process. By constructing a theoretical system as well as a research platform taking on legible logic outline and considerable realistic pertinence, a solid foundation would be established for further research on subsequent problems.
Starting with the development patterns for contemporary urban space, the author has analyzed its background, international environment and intending evolution trends so as to objectively demonstrate its situation in intensive development. Based on this, the practical significance of resolving urban realistic development conflict and conducting intensive design for urban underground space is presented. Accordingly, the topic of intensive design for urban underground space is put forward explicitly. Furthermore, the article has analyzed the two essential concepts of urban underground space and intensivism. Taking the intensive theoretical platform in cities consisting of urban land intensive application, urban economic intensive growth, urban space intensive development, etc. as the foundation, the paper then has illustrated the significance for urban underground intensive design including accentuating functional elements and highly concentrated space scale, intimately correlation to urban systems, considerably improving the space quality of safety and comfort. On this basis, the objective for urban underground space intensive design, which contains expanding urban space capacity, optimizing urban systems, protecting urban environment and raising urban economic benefit, is provided. Thus, the paper has set up the definite, precise theoretical research platform applying significance of urban underground space intensive design as mainstay and the objective of intensive design as branches.
Since urban underground noumenal space is the main research object of intensive design and functional elements together with space scale concentration is the main characteristics of intensive design, in the first place, the paper has presented and explained the‘strategy for noumenal space concentration’provided with the significance of instructing practices. The design for noumenal space concentration mainly comprises complexity of functional organizations and three-dimension of spacial formation in which the former is the keystone while the latter is the measure to achieve it. Referring to the complexity of functional organizations, the paper specifically describes the design strategies of containing diverse functional component elements, coordinating complicated functional internal connections and carrying out efficient functional optimized combination. For three-dimension of spacial formation, the design strategy, which involves determining a reasonable standard for vertically dividing the space through selecting appropriate plane space concentration types and then accomplishing three-dimensional spacial concentration combination, is proposed. After extensive consideration on the problems of‘extent’and‘depth’restricting noumenal space concentration, the paper further demonstrates solutions for super-commercial space and exploitation concepts for deep underground space.
On one hand, from the macroscopical perspective, to achieve intimate connection between underground space and external urban systems is the fundamental feature for urban underground space intensive design. In order to realize the maximum urban performance of underground space, the paper has rendered and systematically illustrated‘external associated coordination strategy’. The strategy is demonstrated in three aspects: for the aim of coordinative development with overground urban space scale, the paper brings forward the design strategy of accurately evaluating resource amount in underground space, reasonably forecasting requirement for underground space and coordinating the harmonious development of underground and overground space scale; for the objective of functional integration in overground urban space, the paper has presented the design strategy, which contains interacting with urban constructions, complementing with urban transportation function and fusing with urban environment; for the goal of consummating transition function for the entrance of underground space, the design strategy satisfying main application function for the entrance, optimizing intermediary conversion function of the entrance and selecting space transition mode for the entrance is offered.
On the other hand, from the environmental perspective of microscopical space,‘intensification strategy for internal quality’for urban underground space intensive design achieves the intensive design objective of promoting internal value for urban underground space by improving the‘quality’under the condition of steadiness of noumenal space and external related factors. The internal quality of urban underground space could be summarized from two aspects, which are the quality for spacial security and the quality for environmental comfort. To ensure the quality for spacial security, the article has provided with the design strategy of reinforcing fireproofing security design, promoting comprehensive disaster-prevention functions and improving safety management system. Concerning with the quality for environmental comfort, design strategies embracing constructing humane and healthy surroundings, forming artistic interior space, creating exterior natural environment and setting up international inducing marks are showed.
This paper has conducted comprehensive and systematic research toward intensive design in urban underground space, applying the research methods of theoretical thinking, comparative observation and practical analysis. As a result, the research realms of interdisciplinary courses, such as architecture and urbanology, architecture and town planning, architecture and urban economics as well as architecture and ecology, are greatly expanded. This not only provides brand-new research perspectives and methods to study the problem, but establishes new research framework and platform, bearing corresponding social significance and practical value. Also, there might be referenced application for in-depth study on related topics in future.
引文
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49 Godard , Jean-Paul.Underground Car Parks : International Case Studies.Tunneling and Underground Space Technology.1995.(3):23~26
50 Canto-Perello J, Curiel-Esparza.Human Factors engineering in Utility Tunnel Design.Tunneling and Underground Space Technology.2001.(6):56~57
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52 Choi , S. ; Krarti , M.Thermally optimal insulation distribution for underground structures.Energy and Buildings.2003.(3):251~265
53 Timothy Beatley.Green Urbanism:Learning from European Cities Island Press.2000:55
54 BOVINDJ.Underground Space Use and Planning in The Quebec City Area[J].Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,1990,5(1-2):69~83.
55 Franco Archibugi.The Ecological City and the City Effect.Ashgate Publishing Ltd,England.1997
56 Raymond L.Sterling , John Carmody.Underground Space Design[M].New York.1993
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58 Malone,A.W.Use of underground space in Hong Kong[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology.1996.11(1):57-64
59 Pasqual , Joan ; Riera , Pere.Underground land values.Land Use Policy.2005.(10):322~335
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62 Duffaut , Pierre.Site Reservation Policies for Large Underground Openings.Underground Space 3.1979
63韩冬青,冯金龙.城市建筑一体化设计.东南大学出版社.1999:22
64崔阳.地下综合体功能空间整合设计研究.同济大学硕士学位论文.2007:56
65 Durmisevic,Sanja.The future of the underground space.Cities.1999.(8):233~245
66李德民.城市空间的立体化和复合化.建设论坛.2002.(8):20~21
67陈志龙,伏海艳.城市地下空间布局与形态探讨.地下空间与工程学报.2005.(2):25~33
68 Hans Wohlin.Underground Planning.Tokyo : Urban Underground Space Center of Japan.1991
69设计组,北京西单文化广场设计,建筑学报2000.(3):51
70张芝霞.城市地下空间开发控制性详细规划研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文.2007:13~47
71 Kenneth Labs.The Architectural Underground--Part I.Underground Space.May/June 1976:1~8
72 Kenneth Labs.The Architectural Underground—Part II.Underground Space.July/Aug 1976:9~35
73童林旭.地下建筑图说.中国建筑工业出版社.2006:147
74韩冬青,冯金龙.城市建筑一体化设计.东南大学出版社.1999:128~149
75薛华培.简论地下空间的防火与安全疏散设计.地下空间.2003.(9):323~326
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77黄强.城市地下空间开发利用关键技术指南.中国建筑工业出版社.2006:55
78 Sanja Durmisevic.The future of the underground space.Cities.1999.16(4):237
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46 Nishi , Junji ; Seiki.Planning and design of underground space use[J].Memoirs of the School of Engineering,Nagoya University.1997.(1):12~17
47 Patrick Horsbrugh.Urban Underground Utilization.Proceedings.1991
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49 Godard , Jean-Paul.Underground Car Parks : International Case Studies.Tunneling and Underground Space Technology.1995.(3):23~26
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51 DELENBOSJ,etal.Strategic Study on The Utilization of Underground Space in The Netherlands[J] . Tunnelinq and Underground Space Technology,1998,13(2).159~165.
52 Choi , S. ; Krarti , M.Thermally optimal insulation distribution for underground structures.Energy and Buildings.2003.(3):251~265
53 Timothy Beatley.Green Urbanism:Learning from European Cities Island Press.2000:55
54 BOVINDJ.Underground Space Use and Planning in The Quebec City Area[J].Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,1990,5(1-2):69~83.
55 Franco Archibugi.The Ecological City and the City Effect.Ashgate Publishing Ltd,England.1997
56 Raymond L.Sterling , John Carmody.Underground Space Design[M].New York.1993
57周增华.地下空间开发市场化运作研究——以地下街为例.同济大学硕士学位论文.2006:11~38
58 Malone,A.W.Use of underground space in Hong Kong[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology.1996.11(1):57-64
59 Pasqual , Joan ; Riera , Pere.Underground land values.Land Use Policy.2005.(10):322~335
60吕莉莉.加拿大蒙特利尔的城市地下空间开发利用.地下空间.1998.(11):425~428
61 Monque Labbe.巴黎地下空间计划——重点发展复合式基础设施的远大前景[J].地下空间.2004(3).
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63韩冬青,冯金龙.城市建筑一体化设计.东南大学出版社.1999:22
64崔阳.地下综合体功能空间整合设计研究.同济大学硕士学位论文.2007:56
65 Durmisevic,Sanja.The future of the underground space.Cities.1999.(8):233~245
66李德民.城市空间的立体化和复合化.建设论坛.2002.(8):20~21
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74韩冬青,冯金龙.城市建筑一体化设计.东南大学出版社.1999:128~149
75薛华培.简论地下空间的防火与安全疏散设计.地下空间.2003.(9):323~326
76 Brennan Michael,and L.Trigeorgis,eds.Flexibility,Natural Resources,and Strategic Options.Oxford.University Press,1998
77黄强.城市地下空间开发利用关键技术指南.中国建筑工业出版社.2006:55
78 Sanja Durmisevic.The future of the underground space.Cities.1999.16(4):237
79 Maeda,Masahiro;Kushiyama,Kotaro.Use of compact shield tunneling method in urban underground construction.Tunneling and Underground Space Technology.2005.(3):155~159
80 Kojima , Keiji.Underground space use in Japan.Recent and near-future developments[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology.1990.(5):3-7
81 J.Edlenos , The future of civil underground space.Tunneling and Underground Space Technology.1998.(13):5~8
82蔡夏妮,陈志龙.解析城市中心区地下空间一体化设计.地下空间与工程学报.2007.(4):204~212
83童林旭.为21世纪的城市发展准备足够的地下空间资源.地下空间.2000.(3):4
84 Monique Labbe.Underground space planning in the City.Tunneling and Underground Space Technology.2004.(3):406~408
85 Jaakkoy.Spatial planning in subsurface architecture.Tunneling and Underground Space Technology.1998.(4):5~9
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