城市用地—交通综合系统演化机理与优化研究
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摘要
土地利用作为交通需求的产生“源”,交通(网络)系统作为交通供给的“流”,城市交通总是在交通“供”与“需”,“源”与“流”两者互馈影响、相互调节的过程中不断发展演化。现象必有规律,解释现象是需要非事实的抽象理论的,目前的研究生硬的依据交通需求“源”来配置交通供给“流”,以期达到供需匹配,却忽视了“源”与“流”之间复杂的互馈作用关系,部分文献对两者相互作用关系的研究也仅从表象上进行表述,对两者互馈影响、自发调节的关系与现象背后所隐藏的本质原因与内在机理缺乏研究,其根本原因就在于缺乏综合系统的观念,孤立的去看待土地利用这个交通需求“源”与交通系统这个交通供给“流”,造成研究本体对象不全,无法正确认识系统的本质属性。故此,论文立足于对病理的探讨,针对当前城市规划、建设与管理上对土地利用与交通系统长期割裂的状况,及现状城市交通系统的狭义定义,基于供需匹配这一矛盾统一体提出了城市用地-交通综合系统(英文缩写IULTS,简称为城市L-T系统,下文有时直接简称为系统)概念,从系统内用地子系统与交通子系统之间所表现的互馈影响、相互调节现象出发,结合定性分析和定量研究,探究现象背后所隐藏的客观规律,揭示系统发展演化所遵循的固有规律与内在机理,从系统发展演化机理上提出系统优化的相关理论与方法,以期研究结论能为从机理上研究、分析、解决交通问题,深入认识系统是否可控、如何可控及控制发展的方向、理论与方法等问题提供了有意义的理论参考。
城市L-T系统是一个具有非线性、高度不确定性的开放复杂巨系统,遵循同质系统固有的演化规律。系统的耗散结构特征决定了系统具有自组织系统的自组织优化功能,用地与交通之间的互馈影响、相互调节过程实质就是系统自组织优化调节过程。但由于自组织的隐形特征,不易被察觉和认识,论文构建了系统自组织演化模型,通过模型模拟仿真进一步证实了系统自组织机制的客观存在。同时基于人的主观能动性对系统发展的他组织控制影响,论文首次提出城市L-T系统发展演化是系统自组织与他组织复合作用的发展演化过程,寻求自组织与他组织同向复合演化是系统发展的目标,并定义了同向复合、分向复合与反向复合的概念,初步树立了城市L-T系统自组织与他组织复合演化观。
为进一步深入认识系统自组织与他组织复合作用的发展演化过程,论文建立了城市L-T系统自组织与他组织复合演化模型。通过对反映系统自组织与他组织作用力的控制参数的不同取值,分别模拟得到城市用地空间规模与城市交通系统通达距离,及城市用地密度形态与城市交通模式之间的复合演化过程,仿真结果不仅较好的解释了现实城市L-T系统的复合发展演化过程,同时进一步表明了他组织机制的重要性,即随着系统复杂度不断提高,他组织力显得越发明显和重要,系统的有序发展需要自组织与他组织的协同作用。
系统演化机理探讨的目的是为系统优化奠定理论基础,论文从优化调整他组织力,实现自组织与他组织同向复合演化目标出发,基于用地子系统与交通网络子系统之间互馈影响、相互调节的自组织过程,分远期、近期两个阶段建立了系统同向复合演化集成优化模型。第一阶段从系统长远发展角度出发建立了用地功能空间布局与道路交通网络集成优化模型,第二阶段考虑用地功能空间布局一定的情况下,从城市近期发展角度出发建立了用地开发强度与道路交通网络集成优化模型,并分别设计了基于遗传算法和相继平均法的组合算法以及基于灵敏度分析的求解算法来求解上述模型,且通过算例验证了模型和算法的有效性。结果表明存在用地功能空间布局、用地开发强度与道路交通网络的最佳协调配置,政府兼有城市土地功能空间布局、土地开发、道路网络建设的供给方与管理者的双重角色,应综合考虑系统与个体利益最大化诉求,在规划控制上实现用地与交通的最佳耦合,促进系统同向复合演化。
最后,为从宏观上把握系统发展演化的方向及量化分析系统发展演化的有序度,论文一方面从自组织分形理论出发,通过对城市用地形态分维与道路交通网络形态分维的研究计算,提出协调因子概念及计算方法量化分析两者之间的协调匹配关系;另一方面基于系统自组织耗散特征分析,引入信息熵理论,建立了系统熵变评价指标体系及相关评价指标计算方法。最后通过对成都市L-T系统演化评价证实了以上评价指标与方法体系的有效性。
Urban transportation is always in a process of continuous development and evolution that there are extensive interaction and spontaneous mutual adjustment phenomena between the land use as traffic demand "source" and transportation (network) system as traffic supply "flow". There must be a law behind the phenomena, and the phenomena could only be explained by non-fact abstract theory. The current study plan traffic supply "flow" based on traffic demand "source" stiffly, ignoring the complex feedback relations between "flow" and "source", and the literatures to the relations between them give the description just from the phenomena, neglecting the research to the internal reasons and mechanism behind the phenomena. The fundamental reason lies in the lack of an integrated system idea, and isolating the land use of this traffic demand "source" and the traffic system of this traffic supply "flow", so the reality objects of research is incomplete and the essential attribute of system can not accurately understand. Therefore, based on the research of pathology, aiming at the long-term dissevered between the land use and transportation network system in the urban planning, construction and management fields, and the narrow definition of urban transportation system and matching supply and demand of this contradictions unity, this thesis define the integrated urban land use-transportation system (abbreviation IULTS, urban L-T system or system for short). From the interaction and the spontaneous mutual adjustment phenomena between the land use subsystem and transportation subsystem, this thesis explore the inherent laws and internal mechanism of IULTS evolution behind the phenomena, and proposed system optimization theory and methods from the mechanism of system development and evolution. It is expected that the conclusion can provide a meaningful reference for analyzing and solving traffic problems, and understanding deeply the matter that if IULTS is controllable, how to control and the direction, theory and methods of controlling.
IULTS is an open complex system with nonlinear and high degree of uncertainty, which follow the same system inherent laws. The dissipation characteristics of the system reveals the system "stealth" self-organization mechanism, and the essence of the process of fed affect and mutual adjustment is the self-organization optimization process of IULTS. Due to the stealth characteristics of self-organization, not being easy aware, the thesis put forward the self-organization evolution model of IULTS by simplifying transportation network growth model and land evolution model. The simulation results under the different initial (land use layout and traffic network) further confirm the objective reality of the stealth self-organization mechanism of IULTS. Based on the people's subjective initiative which influences the development of the system, the thesis proposed that the development and evolution of IULTS is the compound evolution process of self-organization and organization firstly, and the same-direction compound evolution is the goal of system evolution, and the idea of same-direction compound, different-direction compound and reverse-direction compound. The compound evolution concept of self-organization and organization of IULTS has been established initially.
To further understanding the compound evolution mechanism of self-organization and organization of IULTS, the compound evolution models of self-organization and organization have been established. The processes of compound evolution between the space-scale of urban land use and the reachable distance of urban transportation systems, and the density modality of urban land use and urban traffic patterns have been simulated under different parameters which reflect the forces of self-organization and organization respectively. The simulation results is not only giving a better explain to the processes of compound evolution of the actual IULTS, but also further indicate the importance of organization mechanism which is becoming clearer and more important as the increasingly complexity of IULTS, and the orderly development of IULTS needs the compound operation of self-organization and organization.
The research on the mechanism of the evolution of IULTS is to obtain the theoretical foundation to optimize the system. Based on the optimizing and adjusting the organization power to achieve the same-direction compound evolution of IULTS, the long- term and short- term integrated optimal models have been given which reflect the fed impact of mutual self-organizing process between the land use subsystem and transportation network subsystem. The first stage integrated optimal model has been proposed to coordinate the relation of land use layout and road transportation network from the macro and long-term development perspective of system, and the second stage integrated optimal model has been proposed to coordinate the relation of density of land use and road transportation network on the condition of the certain land use layout. The integrated algorithm of GA (Genetic Algorithm) and MSA (Method of Successive Average), and the SAB algorithm (Sensitivity Analysis Based Algorithm) have been designed to solve the models and the validity of the models and algorithm has been verified through an example. The results showed that there is the best coordination between the layout of land use, the density of land use and road transportation network. As the manager and supplier of land use and transportation network, the government should maximize the interests of system and individual in the planning to achieve the best coupling of the land use and transportation network for the same-direction compound of IULTS.
Finally, some indexes and methods have been taken to evaluate the direction of system evolution and give a quantitative analysis of system development. On the one hand, the thesis proposed the concept of coordination gene to give a quantitative analysis to the coordination degree between the modality of transportation network and land use based on land use dimensional and transportation network dimensional. On the other hand, the thesis put forward the entropy evaluation indexes of system and related evaluation indexes calculation methods with the help of entropy theory. In the end, the validity of evaluation indexes of system and related methods have been confirmed by taking ChengDu's IULTS as an example.
城市L-T系统是一个具有非线性、高度不确定性的开放复杂巨系统,遵循同质系统固有的演化规律。系统的耗散结构特征决定了系统具有自组织系统的自组织优化功能,用地与交通之间的互馈影响、相互调节过程实质就是系统自组织优化调节过程。但由于自组织的隐形特征,不易被察觉和认识,论文构建了系统自组织演化模型,通过模型模拟仿真进一步证实了系统自组织机制的客观存在。同时基于人的主观能动性对系统发展的他组织控制影响,论文首次提出城市L-T系统发展演化是系统自组织与他组织复合作用的发展演化过程,寻求自组织与他组织同向复合演化是系统发展的目标,并定义了同向复合、分向复合与反向复合的概念,初步树立了城市L-T系统自组织与他组织复合演化观。
为进一步深入认识系统自组织与他组织复合作用的发展演化过程,论文建立了城市L-T系统自组织与他组织复合演化模型。通过对反映系统自组织与他组织作用力的控制参数的不同取值,分别模拟得到城市用地空间规模与城市交通系统通达距离,及城市用地密度形态与城市交通模式之间的复合演化过程,仿真结果不仅较好的解释了现实城市L-T系统的复合发展演化过程,同时进一步表明了他组织机制的重要性,即随着系统复杂度不断提高,他组织力显得越发明显和重要,系统的有序发展需要自组织与他组织的协同作用。
系统演化机理探讨的目的是为系统优化奠定理论基础,论文从优化调整他组织力,实现自组织与他组织同向复合演化目标出发,基于用地子系统与交通网络子系统之间互馈影响、相互调节的自组织过程,分远期、近期两个阶段建立了系统同向复合演化集成优化模型。第一阶段从系统长远发展角度出发建立了用地功能空间布局与道路交通网络集成优化模型,第二阶段考虑用地功能空间布局一定的情况下,从城市近期发展角度出发建立了用地开发强度与道路交通网络集成优化模型,并分别设计了基于遗传算法和相继平均法的组合算法以及基于灵敏度分析的求解算法来求解上述模型,且通过算例验证了模型和算法的有效性。结果表明存在用地功能空间布局、用地开发强度与道路交通网络的最佳协调配置,政府兼有城市土地功能空间布局、土地开发、道路网络建设的供给方与管理者的双重角色,应综合考虑系统与个体利益最大化诉求,在规划控制上实现用地与交通的最佳耦合,促进系统同向复合演化。
最后,为从宏观上把握系统发展演化的方向及量化分析系统发展演化的有序度,论文一方面从自组织分形理论出发,通过对城市用地形态分维与道路交通网络形态分维的研究计算,提出协调因子概念及计算方法量化分析两者之间的协调匹配关系;另一方面基于系统自组织耗散特征分析,引入信息熵理论,建立了系统熵变评价指标体系及相关评价指标计算方法。最后通过对成都市L-T系统演化评价证实了以上评价指标与方法体系的有效性。
Urban transportation is always in a process of continuous development and evolution that there are extensive interaction and spontaneous mutual adjustment phenomena between the land use as traffic demand "source" and transportation (network) system as traffic supply "flow". There must be a law behind the phenomena, and the phenomena could only be explained by non-fact abstract theory. The current study plan traffic supply "flow" based on traffic demand "source" stiffly, ignoring the complex feedback relations between "flow" and "source", and the literatures to the relations between them give the description just from the phenomena, neglecting the research to the internal reasons and mechanism behind the phenomena. The fundamental reason lies in the lack of an integrated system idea, and isolating the land use of this traffic demand "source" and the traffic system of this traffic supply "flow", so the reality objects of research is incomplete and the essential attribute of system can not accurately understand. Therefore, based on the research of pathology, aiming at the long-term dissevered between the land use and transportation network system in the urban planning, construction and management fields, and the narrow definition of urban transportation system and matching supply and demand of this contradictions unity, this thesis define the integrated urban land use-transportation system (abbreviation IULTS, urban L-T system or system for short). From the interaction and the spontaneous mutual adjustment phenomena between the land use subsystem and transportation subsystem, this thesis explore the inherent laws and internal mechanism of IULTS evolution behind the phenomena, and proposed system optimization theory and methods from the mechanism of system development and evolution. It is expected that the conclusion can provide a meaningful reference for analyzing and solving traffic problems, and understanding deeply the matter that if IULTS is controllable, how to control and the direction, theory and methods of controlling.
IULTS is an open complex system with nonlinear and high degree of uncertainty, which follow the same system inherent laws. The dissipation characteristics of the system reveals the system "stealth" self-organization mechanism, and the essence of the process of fed affect and mutual adjustment is the self-organization optimization process of IULTS. Due to the stealth characteristics of self-organization, not being easy aware, the thesis put forward the self-organization evolution model of IULTS by simplifying transportation network growth model and land evolution model. The simulation results under the different initial (land use layout and traffic network) further confirm the objective reality of the stealth self-organization mechanism of IULTS. Based on the people's subjective initiative which influences the development of the system, the thesis proposed that the development and evolution of IULTS is the compound evolution process of self-organization and organization firstly, and the same-direction compound evolution is the goal of system evolution, and the idea of same-direction compound, different-direction compound and reverse-direction compound. The compound evolution concept of self-organization and organization of IULTS has been established initially.
To further understanding the compound evolution mechanism of self-organization and organization of IULTS, the compound evolution models of self-organization and organization have been established. The processes of compound evolution between the space-scale of urban land use and the reachable distance of urban transportation systems, and the density modality of urban land use and urban traffic patterns have been simulated under different parameters which reflect the forces of self-organization and organization respectively. The simulation results is not only giving a better explain to the processes of compound evolution of the actual IULTS, but also further indicate the importance of organization mechanism which is becoming clearer and more important as the increasingly complexity of IULTS, and the orderly development of IULTS needs the compound operation of self-organization and organization.
The research on the mechanism of the evolution of IULTS is to obtain the theoretical foundation to optimize the system. Based on the optimizing and adjusting the organization power to achieve the same-direction compound evolution of IULTS, the long- term and short- term integrated optimal models have been given which reflect the fed impact of mutual self-organizing process between the land use subsystem and transportation network subsystem. The first stage integrated optimal model has been proposed to coordinate the relation of land use layout and road transportation network from the macro and long-term development perspective of system, and the second stage integrated optimal model has been proposed to coordinate the relation of density of land use and road transportation network on the condition of the certain land use layout. The integrated algorithm of GA (Genetic Algorithm) and MSA (Method of Successive Average), and the SAB algorithm (Sensitivity Analysis Based Algorithm) have been designed to solve the models and the validity of the models and algorithm has been verified through an example. The results showed that there is the best coordination between the layout of land use, the density of land use and road transportation network. As the manager and supplier of land use and transportation network, the government should maximize the interests of system and individual in the planning to achieve the best coupling of the land use and transportation network for the same-direction compound of IULTS.
Finally, some indexes and methods have been taken to evaluate the direction of system evolution and give a quantitative analysis of system development. On the one hand, the thesis proposed the concept of coordination gene to give a quantitative analysis to the coordination degree between the modality of transportation network and land use based on land use dimensional and transportation network dimensional. On the other hand, the thesis put forward the entropy evaluation indexes of system and related evaluation indexes calculation methods with the help of entropy theory. In the end, the validity of evaluation indexes of system and related methods have been confirmed by taking ChengDu's IULTS as an example.
引文
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