应力波作用下岩石电磁辐射与声发射特性研究
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摘要
近年来,岩石破裂过程中产生的电磁辐射现象备受国内外学者们关注,而岩石破裂的声发射现象早已为人们所知,由于声发射与电磁辐射的产生被认为均与岩石受力过程中的变形破裂相关,有许多学者对两者进行同步研究,并取得了开创性的成果。目前对于电磁辐射的实验研究相对较多,而理论研究特别是关于其辐射机理的相关研究并不多见;对于声发射的实验研究基本限于静载情况,而对于动载和动静组合加载下的声发射研究严重不足。针对这些现状,本文作者在国家自然科学基金重大项目资助下,从应力波的角度入手,分别对完整及含节理岩石的电磁辐射与动静组合加载条件下岩石声发射特性进行了深入的理论和试验研究。论文的主要内容包括:
(1)基于含石英岩体的压电特性,从压电体中的压电本构方程出发,研究岩体分别在静应力和应力波作用下产生的电磁辐射。研究结果表明:岩体在静应力作用下,电磁辐射随应力水平的提高而增大,加载速率越大,电磁辐射强度越大;在应力波作用下,考虑应力波在岩体中的衰减,给出了在不同形式应力波下电磁辐射强度与岩体弹性参数及传播距离之间的关系表达式。结果表明,岩体中产生的电磁辐射强度不但与岩石的弹性模量与强度有关,且与岩体初始损伤有关。已有的大量室内实验与现场观测结果也证实了上述理论研究成果。
(2)依据所得到的电磁波与入射应力波之间的关系及应力波在节理面处的透射解,获得垂直入射应力波作用下产生的电磁波在线性变形节理面前后的强度关系。结果表明,电磁辐射的强度随节理初始刚度增大而增大;随传播距离的增大高频电磁信号衰减比低频信号衰减要快得多。对于节理面两侧岩体性质不同的情形,从理论上来讲,电磁辐射强度随单个参数的变化是明确的,但在多种参数的综合影响下,电磁辐射强度变化情况相对比较复杂。
(3)基于前两项研究工作的成果,进一步研究了非线性法向变形节理对电磁辐射强度的影响。依据电磁波与入射应力波之间的关系及应力波在非线性节理面处的透反射解,获得应力波作用下产生的电磁波在非线性法向变形节理面前后的幅值关系。结果表明,电磁辐射的幅值随节理变形增大而增大;同样,随传播距离的增大高频电磁信号衰减比低频信号衰减要快。这一研究结果能够较好地解释地震和岩石动力破裂过程中的电磁扰动现象。
(4)基于岩石破裂电磁辐射是由岩石破裂时传播裂纹引起原子扰动产生的假说,通过断裂力学理论中小范围屈服条件下张开位移法计算岩石破裂时的裂纹宽度,研究电磁辐射频率和幅值与岩石属性参数之间的关系,电磁辐射频率随弹性模量增大而增大;随岩样尺寸和强度增大而减小;随泊松比的变化还与岩石弹模有关;随裂纹初始长度的变化受试件尺寸的影响。通过计算,得出几种常见岩石破裂时电磁辐射频率值均达到10~5量级。电磁辐射幅值随岩石弹性模量增大而增大;岩石破裂的电磁辐射与岩石的尺寸有关,且岩石尺寸因素大于岩性因素。理论研究结果与现有的实验结果是吻合的。
(5)基于动静组合加载岩石试验系统,研究了组合加载条件下不同轴向静载和冲击动载对花岗岩声发射参数的影响,得到了动静组合加载条件下声发射规律。在对实验数据进行全面分析的基础上,提出了动静组合加载条件下声发射能量的经验公式,拟合结果和实测结果相吻合;在对岩石破碎的分形特性进行研究的基础上,得到了声发射峰值能量与破碎分维值的关系,岩石破碎分维值D越大,声发射峰值能量越小。
(6)通过对动载下岩石电磁辐射和声发射的研究,我们发现两者均与加载的方式、材料的属性、材料的初始损伤等因素密切相关,呈现出与静载情况完全不同的规律。两者均能反映材料的损伤破坏问题,如何将两者有利地结合起来对材料的失稳及矿山的安全进行预测监测,扬长避短,互相验证更具有工程实践意义。
本文所做研究工作,立足于学科前沿,运用最新数学力学方法和先进的实验手段,对应力波下岩体电磁辐射和声发射特性进行了系统深入的研究,对更好地把电磁辐射和声发射技术应用到工程实践正确地评价岩体工程动力稳定性有着重大的理论和实践意义。
The electromagnetic emission(EME) during rock failure attracted much interest of domestic and overseas researchers in recent years.The acoustic emission(AE) during rock failure is known much earlier,in fact, many scholars studied both the EME and AE at the same time because both of them are considered to be related to microfractures during rock deformation and obtained inaugurated achievements.At present,the study on the EME are mainly focused on the experimental work,however,there are few theoritical studies especially about its emission mechanism;the obtained results of AE are mainly about cases that rocks are experienced static load,while the study on the AE of rock subjected to impact and static-dynamic coupling loading is strictly not enough.Supported by national natural science foundation of china,the author studied the EME in intact rock and jointed rock subjected to stress wave and the AE in rock under static-dynamic coupling loading in the dissertation.
(1) The EME induced in the rock containing piezoelectric materials has been investigated both under static stress and stress wave in the view of piezoelectric effect.The results show that the intensity of the induced EME in the rock under static loading increases with the rising of the stress level and the loading rate;the relations between the EME amplitude and elastic parameters and propagation distance are presented under different modes of stress wave.The intensity of the EME relates not only to the strength and elastic modulus of rock masses,but also to the initial damage levle of the rock.The EME intensity induced by stress wave reaches to the highest in the explosion-center and attenuates with the propagation distance.The EME intensity increases with the rising of the elastic modulus and decreases with the rising the initial damage.The results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
(2) According to the obtained relation between electromagnetic wave and incident stress wave and the resolution of the transmitted coefficients in the joint,the strength variation of the EME before and after the joint when the normal incident stress wave propagates to the linear deformative joint has been presented.The effects of such parameters as initial joint stiffness,the electric parameters of the rock masses and incident frequency on the intensity variation of the EME are investigated. The results show that the EME intensity increases with the increase of the joint stiffness;the higher frequency EME attenuates much more rapidly than the lower frequency signals.In the case of the characteristics of two sides of the joint being different,the change of the EME intensity with a single parameter is clear,however,the intensity variation of the EME will be complicated due to the comprehensive effect of many parameters.
(3) Based upon the achievements(1) and(2),the further research on the effect of the nonlinear deformative joint on the EME strength is completed.According to the resolution of the transmitted and reflected coefficients when the normal incident P-wave propagates to the nonlinear normal deformative joint,the expression between the intensity variation of the EME and the parameters of the joint is obtained.And the effects of such parameters as the joint deformation and incident frequency on the intensity variation of the EME are investigated.The results in this dissertation explain some electromagnetic perturbations during seism and during rock failure.
(4) Based on the thesis of the EME induced by atomic perturbation due to propagating crack during rock fracture,the relation between EME frequency and rock's attribute parameters has been obtained through the relation between the EME frequency and crack width calculated using the Crack Opening Displacement method.The dependence of the EME frequency on each attribute parameter has been discussed.The results show that EME frequency increases with the increase of the elastic modulus and decreases with the increase of the size and strength of rock samples.The change of the EME frequency with the poisson ratio is affected by the elastic modulus as well.The effect of the initial length of the crack on the frequency correlates to the size of the rock.And the EME frequency values induced by several kinds of common rocks fracture have been calculated.It is shown that the order of the magnitude of the frequency of the single pulse EME reaches 10~5 Hz.The EME amplitude increases with the elastic modulus;the amplitude correlates to the dimension of the rock and the influence of the dimension is greater than lithology on the EME.The results in this dissertation are in agreement with the existing experiments.
(5) The experiments are completed under static-dynamic coupling loading on the SHPB system.The effect of different static load and dynamic load on the AE parameters is investigated and the AE law is obtained under static-dynamic coupling loading.The empirical formula of the AE energy is presented under coupling loading based on analyzing large experimental data and the fitting results are good agreement with the experimental results.The fractal property under coupling loading is studied and the relation between the peak of AE energy and fractal dimension value is obtained.The results show that the larger the fractal dimension value D,the smaller the peak of AE energy.
(6) Through the research on the EME and AE induced in rock under dynamic loads,we found that the features of both the EME and AE are related to the loading mode、material properties and initial damage level and are different from the characteristics under static loads.Both the EME and AE can reflect somehow the damage degree during material fracture,thus,it is more meaningful to combine their advantages to predict material failure and monitor the mine safety.
In short,the research of this dissertation,facecd to front of the subject, used the newest mathematical and mechanical methods and means to investigate the characteristics of the EME in rock under stress wave and the AE in rock under static-dynamic coupling loading,the results obtained are useful for both theory and practice to use the EME and AE technology to evaluate correctly the stability of rock mass engineering.
(1)基于含石英岩体的压电特性,从压电体中的压电本构方程出发,研究岩体分别在静应力和应力波作用下产生的电磁辐射。研究结果表明:岩体在静应力作用下,电磁辐射随应力水平的提高而增大,加载速率越大,电磁辐射强度越大;在应力波作用下,考虑应力波在岩体中的衰减,给出了在不同形式应力波下电磁辐射强度与岩体弹性参数及传播距离之间的关系表达式。结果表明,岩体中产生的电磁辐射强度不但与岩石的弹性模量与强度有关,且与岩体初始损伤有关。已有的大量室内实验与现场观测结果也证实了上述理论研究成果。
(2)依据所得到的电磁波与入射应力波之间的关系及应力波在节理面处的透射解,获得垂直入射应力波作用下产生的电磁波在线性变形节理面前后的强度关系。结果表明,电磁辐射的强度随节理初始刚度增大而增大;随传播距离的增大高频电磁信号衰减比低频信号衰减要快得多。对于节理面两侧岩体性质不同的情形,从理论上来讲,电磁辐射强度随单个参数的变化是明确的,但在多种参数的综合影响下,电磁辐射强度变化情况相对比较复杂。
(3)基于前两项研究工作的成果,进一步研究了非线性法向变形节理对电磁辐射强度的影响。依据电磁波与入射应力波之间的关系及应力波在非线性节理面处的透反射解,获得应力波作用下产生的电磁波在非线性法向变形节理面前后的幅值关系。结果表明,电磁辐射的幅值随节理变形增大而增大;同样,随传播距离的增大高频电磁信号衰减比低频信号衰减要快。这一研究结果能够较好地解释地震和岩石动力破裂过程中的电磁扰动现象。
(4)基于岩石破裂电磁辐射是由岩石破裂时传播裂纹引起原子扰动产生的假说,通过断裂力学理论中小范围屈服条件下张开位移法计算岩石破裂时的裂纹宽度,研究电磁辐射频率和幅值与岩石属性参数之间的关系,电磁辐射频率随弹性模量增大而增大;随岩样尺寸和强度增大而减小;随泊松比的变化还与岩石弹模有关;随裂纹初始长度的变化受试件尺寸的影响。通过计算,得出几种常见岩石破裂时电磁辐射频率值均达到10~5量级。电磁辐射幅值随岩石弹性模量增大而增大;岩石破裂的电磁辐射与岩石的尺寸有关,且岩石尺寸因素大于岩性因素。理论研究结果与现有的实验结果是吻合的。
(5)基于动静组合加载岩石试验系统,研究了组合加载条件下不同轴向静载和冲击动载对花岗岩声发射参数的影响,得到了动静组合加载条件下声发射规律。在对实验数据进行全面分析的基础上,提出了动静组合加载条件下声发射能量的经验公式,拟合结果和实测结果相吻合;在对岩石破碎的分形特性进行研究的基础上,得到了声发射峰值能量与破碎分维值的关系,岩石破碎分维值D越大,声发射峰值能量越小。
(6)通过对动载下岩石电磁辐射和声发射的研究,我们发现两者均与加载的方式、材料的属性、材料的初始损伤等因素密切相关,呈现出与静载情况完全不同的规律。两者均能反映材料的损伤破坏问题,如何将两者有利地结合起来对材料的失稳及矿山的安全进行预测监测,扬长避短,互相验证更具有工程实践意义。
本文所做研究工作,立足于学科前沿,运用最新数学力学方法和先进的实验手段,对应力波下岩体电磁辐射和声发射特性进行了系统深入的研究,对更好地把电磁辐射和声发射技术应用到工程实践正确地评价岩体工程动力稳定性有着重大的理论和实践意义。
The electromagnetic emission(EME) during rock failure attracted much interest of domestic and overseas researchers in recent years.The acoustic emission(AE) during rock failure is known much earlier,in fact, many scholars studied both the EME and AE at the same time because both of them are considered to be related to microfractures during rock deformation and obtained inaugurated achievements.At present,the study on the EME are mainly focused on the experimental work,however,there are few theoritical studies especially about its emission mechanism;the obtained results of AE are mainly about cases that rocks are experienced static load,while the study on the AE of rock subjected to impact and static-dynamic coupling loading is strictly not enough.Supported by national natural science foundation of china,the author studied the EME in intact rock and jointed rock subjected to stress wave and the AE in rock under static-dynamic coupling loading in the dissertation.
(1) The EME induced in the rock containing piezoelectric materials has been investigated both under static stress and stress wave in the view of piezoelectric effect.The results show that the intensity of the induced EME in the rock under static loading increases with the rising of the stress level and the loading rate;the relations between the EME amplitude and elastic parameters and propagation distance are presented under different modes of stress wave.The intensity of the EME relates not only to the strength and elastic modulus of rock masses,but also to the initial damage levle of the rock.The EME intensity induced by stress wave reaches to the highest in the explosion-center and attenuates with the propagation distance.The EME intensity increases with the rising of the elastic modulus and decreases with the rising the initial damage.The results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
(2) According to the obtained relation between electromagnetic wave and incident stress wave and the resolution of the transmitted coefficients in the joint,the strength variation of the EME before and after the joint when the normal incident stress wave propagates to the linear deformative joint has been presented.The effects of such parameters as initial joint stiffness,the electric parameters of the rock masses and incident frequency on the intensity variation of the EME are investigated. The results show that the EME intensity increases with the increase of the joint stiffness;the higher frequency EME attenuates much more rapidly than the lower frequency signals.In the case of the characteristics of two sides of the joint being different,the change of the EME intensity with a single parameter is clear,however,the intensity variation of the EME will be complicated due to the comprehensive effect of many parameters.
(3) Based upon the achievements(1) and(2),the further research on the effect of the nonlinear deformative joint on the EME strength is completed.According to the resolution of the transmitted and reflected coefficients when the normal incident P-wave propagates to the nonlinear normal deformative joint,the expression between the intensity variation of the EME and the parameters of the joint is obtained.And the effects of such parameters as the joint deformation and incident frequency on the intensity variation of the EME are investigated.The results in this dissertation explain some electromagnetic perturbations during seism and during rock failure.
(4) Based on the thesis of the EME induced by atomic perturbation due to propagating crack during rock fracture,the relation between EME frequency and rock's attribute parameters has been obtained through the relation between the EME frequency and crack width calculated using the Crack Opening Displacement method.The dependence of the EME frequency on each attribute parameter has been discussed.The results show that EME frequency increases with the increase of the elastic modulus and decreases with the increase of the size and strength of rock samples.The change of the EME frequency with the poisson ratio is affected by the elastic modulus as well.The effect of the initial length of the crack on the frequency correlates to the size of the rock.And the EME frequency values induced by several kinds of common rocks fracture have been calculated.It is shown that the order of the magnitude of the frequency of the single pulse EME reaches 10~5 Hz.The EME amplitude increases with the elastic modulus;the amplitude correlates to the dimension of the rock and the influence of the dimension is greater than lithology on the EME.The results in this dissertation are in agreement with the existing experiments.
(5) The experiments are completed under static-dynamic coupling loading on the SHPB system.The effect of different static load and dynamic load on the AE parameters is investigated and the AE law is obtained under static-dynamic coupling loading.The empirical formula of the AE energy is presented under coupling loading based on analyzing large experimental data and the fitting results are good agreement with the experimental results.The fractal property under coupling loading is studied and the relation between the peak of AE energy and fractal dimension value is obtained.The results show that the larger the fractal dimension value D,the smaller the peak of AE energy.
(6) Through the research on the EME and AE induced in rock under dynamic loads,we found that the features of both the EME and AE are related to the loading mode、material properties and initial damage level and are different from the characteristics under static loads.Both the EME and AE can reflect somehow the damage degree during material fracture,thus,it is more meaningful to combine their advantages to predict material failure and monitor the mine safety.
In short,the research of this dissertation,facecd to front of the subject, used the newest mathematical and mechanical methods and means to investigate the characteristics of the EME in rock under stress wave and the AE in rock under static-dynamic coupling loading,the results obtained are useful for both theory and practice to use the EME and AE technology to evaluate correctly the stability of rock mass engineering.
引文
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